فهرست مطالب محمد باقر رضایی

Identifying different habitats and evaluating the effect of environmental factors on the performance of active ingredients in medicinal plants is a basic help to maintain the genetic diversity of these plants. This research was done in three habitats in Isfahan province during 2017–2020. The aerial parts of Tanacetum lingulatum Boiss. Bornm were harvested at the full flowering stage and transferred to the laboratory of the Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured by the Follin-Ciocalteu reagent and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by measuring the reduction of radical capacity with the help of DPPH. The essential oil from T. lingulatum plants was extracted by water distillation using Clevinger and analyzed by GC/MS. According to the results, the amounts of total phenol and flavonoids, the antioxidant activity and the essential oil content were only affected by population treatment. The maximum content of total flavonoids (0.289 mg QE/g dry weight), the antioxidant activity (53.67%), and the essential oil content (0.15% v/w) were related to the Kooh Sefid habitat. Compared to the other two habitats, the Kooh Sefid region has the lowest altitude above sea level, the lowest average annual temperature and soil acidity, and the highest soil organic carbon and annual rainfall. The highest amount of total phenol was obtained from the Lashtar habitat (0.051 mg GAE/g dry weight). The most important compounds identified in the essential oils were cis-sabienene hydrate (12–24%), camphene (3–15%), n-decanal (11–24%), dihydro-linalool (1–9%), cis-β-terpineol (7-9 %), nerol oxide (1–16%), and cis-pinocarveol (8–20%). Variation observed in the examined traits in different habitats can be caused by differences in ecological characteristics. Finally, the Kooh Sefid population can be one of the target habitats for preserving the genetic diversity of the T. lingulatum medicinal plant due to having more essential oil and antioxidant activity.

The genus Anthemis L. is the second largest genus in the Compositae family, which consists of 39 annual and perennial species scattered throughout Iran. In this research, a species of Anthemis lorestanica Iranshahr was collected from two regions in Isfahan province, namely Makdin region (sample 1) and Badum Valley region (sample 2) in 2017.  The samples were identified in the herbarium of the Research Institute of Forests and Pastures in the Department of Botany. The essential oils were extracted from its flowers and leaves by water distillation method (Klenger method). Then the essential oil samples were measured and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography connected to mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The amount of essential oil in sample 1 was 0.12% for flower and 0.08% for leaf. Major compounds in the flower consisted of methyl decanoate (18.6%), α-cadinol (11.1%), and n-tricosan (9.1%). Major compounds in leaves were neryl acetate (13.4%), α-cadinol (12.9%), and dihydro eudesmol (8.5%). Essential oil contents of sample 2 were 0.2% for flower and 0.08% for leaf. The main flower compounds included spathulenol (68.8%), dehydro-aromadendrane (5.2%), and oplopanone (3%). The main compounds of the leaves were oplopanone (12.3%), 1-icocen (11.5%), and dihydro eudesmol (10.9%).

Tanacetum pinnatum Boiss. is a perennial plant native to Iran belonging to the Asteraceae family. Which has been used to treat migraine, rheumatism and anti-inflammatory diseases. In this study, phytochemical charchterisic of different populations of T. pinnatum in natural habitats was evaluated by multivariate methods. First, the aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Tehran, Alborz, Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces in mid-June to mid-August 2016. The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation clevenger device and were analysed by using GC/MS. The results were showed that the effect of population on leaf and flower essential oil was significant (P<0.01) which seems to be due to geographical factors and type of climate. According to the results, 50 compounds were identified in the flower and leaf essential oils of the populations, of which 13 compounds had the highest frequency among the populations and the highest percentage in the leaf and flower essential oils. Based on the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, populations 1, 2, 9, 3 and 5 had the highest composition of flower essential oil, while populations 4, 8 and 10 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds. Populations 6, 7, 11 and 12 also had moderate amounts of compounds in flower essential oil. However, for leaf essential oil, populations 1, 2, 6, 3, 5 and 10 had the highest essential oil composition, while population 4 had the weakest values for most essential oil compounds and only had a high amount of cubenol. Populations 9, 12, 7, 8 and 11 also had moderate amounts of compounds in leaf essential oil. Population grouping based on their phytochemical assessment did not match their geographical distribution. However, areas with higher E, Z-geranyl acetate،ß-eudesmol and cubenol levels in flowers and leaves had average annual rainfall and higher altitude, average sunshine, and lower annual temperatures (populations 4 and 1). While in areas where populations had higher levels of α-cadinene in flowers, they had the highest average relative humidity, the lowest rainfall and annual temperature. Population 1 had the highest amount of flower ß-eudesmol and was one of the populations that showed a positive correlation between the amount of flower and leaf essential oil and essential oil components. As a result, the best population in the natural habitat was population 1.

Quality and quantity of medicinal plants essential oils is significantly influenced under biological and ecological factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the active ingredient of Anthemis wiedemanniana Holub (Fisch. & C.A. Mey.) In its different habitats in West Azerbaijan province at different growth stages. For this purpose, the main habitats of this plant in West Azerbaijan province (Qiz Ghaleh of Miandoab, Rajan, Oshnavieh, Qushchi and Anhar) and during three growth stages, including vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting, were identified in 2019. Then the aerial branches of this plant were harvested in each habitat. Essential oil extraction was performed using Clevenger apparatus and essential oils were analyzed using GC and GC/MS apparatus. Data were statistically analyzed in a completely randomized design with four replications. The highest amount of essential oil of apical shoots was obtained at the three stages of vegetative, flowering and fruit stage from Qiz Ghaleh of Miandoab, which was 0.70, 0.88 and 0.75%, respectively. Cluster analysis divided the studied habitats into two groups. Grouping of populations by cluster analysis showed that genetic diversity and geographical origin can be the reason for grouping the population of the south of the province (Qiz Galeh of Miandoab) in a separate group from the population of the north of the province (Oshnavieh , Anhar, Qushchi and Rajan). According to the results of this study, in order to obtain more active ingredient of essential oil, Miandoab habitat was the superior habitat and in order to obtain essential oil compounds with valuable medicinal properties, such as caryophyllene oxide, eudsemol and isoaromodendron, sampling of Oshnavieh, Qushchi and Anhar habitats in the vegetative growth stage; High levels of farnesene, Miandoob habitat in vegetative growth stage and high amount of T-cadinol and beta- Sesqui Phellandrene compounds, Rajan and Miandoab habitats in fruiting stage are recommended.

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a woody and perennial plant belonging to the Theaceace family. In this study, we evaluated the diversity of tea plant ecotypes from Langroud, Lahijan and Siahkal regions (ten ecotypes in each region) as three major tea growing regions in Iran during 2019. Traits such as fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total, caffeine, polyphenols, percentage of total ash and water soluble and insoluble ash were measured. The analysis of variance showed a significant difference (P≤0.01) between tea ecotypes for all traits. The highest dry and fresh leaf weight was obtained in Siahkal ecotype (code 11). Siahkal ecotype (code 13) had the highest percentage of caffeine (7.63%), whereas Lahijan ecotype (code 21) represented the maximum amount. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll was observed in Siahkol ecotype (code 18) and the highest amount of chlorophyll b was observed in Lahijan ecotype (code 30). The maximum (9.45%) and minimum (3.1%) polyphenols (9.45%) were obtained in Siahkal (code 16) and Lahijan (code 21), respectively. Siahkal (code 18), Siahkal (code 12) and Lahijan (code 21) represented the optimum total ash, soluble and insoluble ash in water, respectively. In general, ecotypes belonging to Siahkal region (codes 11, 13, 16 and 18) can be used in planning breeding projects and deciding to select suitable parents in hybridization to increase tea yield and phytochemical properties.

Beta vulgaris belongs to the family Amaranthaceae and was found to have halophytic ancestors. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium chloride on seed germination, therefore the early stages of seedling growth of Beta vulgaris grown under different salinity levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 mM of NaCl) were studied. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. It was revealed that as concentration of NaCl increases, the rate and percentage of germination, length and fresh weight of radicle & plumule and seedling vigour index decrease. In conclusion, our results indicated that salt stress decreased Beta vulgaris seed germination and early seedling growth while induced changes in the anatomical characteristics such as increased level of cutin synthesis on epidermal leaves cells and altered the thickness of vascular system, epidermis and parenchyma in leaves, roots and petioles.

In this project, in order to evaluate and compare the most important phenolic compounds in extract of different artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) organs under water stress and planting density, an experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sarabelle-Ilam Agricultural Research Station during 2014-2015. The treatments comprised four irrigation regime (25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the water requirement of the plant) in the main plots and four densities(10, 20, 30 and 40 thousand bushes in hectare with 0.5, 0.67, 1 and 2m interval within the row, respectively, and 0.5m between rows) in sub plots. herbal sampels were harvested in the second year, and after drying in room temperature were used for methalonic extract. Identification and amount of naringin, caffeic and chlorogenic acid was done with HPLC methode. According to the obtained results, increasing drought stress caused 78 and 11% reduction in naringin amount compared to control treatment of bud and leaf extract, respectively. The maximum amount of caffeic acid (0.74 mg/g dry matter) was observed in leaf extract and interaction effect of full irrigation and 10 thousand bushes in hectare. Drought improved caffeic and chlorogenic acid biosynthesis of bud, but in interaction effect with density, only chlorogenic acid had the highest amount in sever water stress and 10 thousand bushes in hectare .Among consumed organs extract, caffeic acid and naringin had the highest amount in leaf extract, and chlorogenic acid in bud extract

To study the effect of different irrigation levels and plant densities on yield, yield components and morphological traits of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), a field experiment was conducted at Sarabelle Agricultural Research Station in Ilam province, Iran, during 2014-2015. The experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were four irrigation levels including 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % (control) of the plant water requirement that assigned to the main plots and four plant densities of 10000, 20000, 30000 and 40000 per hectare that assigned to the sub plots. The results showed that the highest plant height (242 cm), 1000-seed weight (36 g), number of buds (10 per plant), lateral shoots (10 per plant), total shoot dry weight (20872 kg.ha-1) and grain yield (2781 kg.ha-1) were obtained under 100 % plant water requirements. The highest total plant height (228.2 cm), 1000-seed weight (37 g), total shoot dry weight (20306 kg.ha-1) and grain yield (2830 kg.ha-1) were obtained at 40000 plant.ha-1. The highest number of buds per plant (10) and number of lateral branches (12) were observed at the density of 10000 plants.ha-1. The highest oil yield (694 kg.ha-1) was obtained at 40000 plants.ha-1 and under 100 % of the plant water requirement. According to the results, the highest grain yield was obtained at 40000 plants.ha-1 and under 100 % of the plant water requirement, but even under severe water deficiency conditions, it had high ability to produce forage, seed, bud and shoot. Under severe drought conditions(25 % of the plant water requirement) more than 9.8 ton shoots dry matter, 1.7 ton grain yield and 0.7 ton oil seed per hectare were obtained.

Hyperlipidemia and high level of serum total cholesterol are risk factors contributing to prevalence and severity of cardiovascular complications like coronary heart diseases. Lamiaceae plants have terpenoids and flavonoids can reduce triglyceride and cholesterol, therefore. This study was done to evaluate the effect of feeding with essential oil of Thymus deanensis Celak. on lipid profile, blood urea and liver enzymes in hyperchlostrolemic male Wistar rats. This experimental study was performed on 36 male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups (there were 6 rats in each groups). The groups including control, sham, two groups receiving 200 and 500 ppm Thymus deanensis essential oil and hyperchlostrolemia groups treated with doses of 200 and 500 ppm of Thymus deanensis essential oil. Hyperchlostrolemia was induced by giving high cholesterol (2%) and sweet almond oil (97.5%) diet. The animals were treated for 32 days with essential oil of the thyme. At the end of the 32-day trial, blood sampling was performed. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) liver enzymes were measured. The level of ALT and AST in hypercholesterolemia rats were significantly increased in comparison with the control group (P˂0.05). Thymus daenensis essential oil significantly reduced level of triglycerides and cholesterol (P˂0.05). The high dose of Thymus daenensis (500 ppm) essential oil more than a low dose (200 ppm) significantly reduced the level of cholesterol and triglyceride (P˂0.05). Blood urea nitrogen significantly increased in hypercholesterolemia group in compare to control group (P˂0.05). After the administration of essential oil with a minimum and maximum dose in hypercholesterolemia rats, the level of urea in the blood significantly decreased (P˂0.05). The level of ALT and AST in hypercholesterolemia rats significantly increased in comparison with the control group (P˂0.05). AST level significantly reduced in the groups of rats which received minimal and maximal doses compared to the group hypercholesterolemia (P˂0.05). By lowering blood lipids, urea and liver enzymes after the use of essential oils, it seems that the Thymus daenensis dose-dependent is effective in improving liver function, kidney and high level of  lipid.

Presence of seconder metabolites and some elements in medicinal and aromatic plants led to they played important role as a source of medicines all over the world. The objective of this study was to investigate on levels of some elements and carbohydrates kind in which six Astragalus gossypinusFischer.The gums were collected from six different provinces (West Azerbaijan, Hamedan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Yazd, Kerman, and Isfahan), Iran. The plants gum were collected during June to September, 2013. Elements content such as phosphorus, potassium, iron, magnesium and zinc were measured by using Flame photometer, spectroscopy and atomic absorption. To determine carbohydrates kind such as glucose, fructose and sucrose, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used. The results were showed that in terms of elements, potassium (93.28 mg per gram of DM), and iron (0.000119 mg per gram of DM) were the highest and lowest content respectively. In terms of carbohydrates kind, glucose (87 units) and sucrose (23 units) were recorded as the highest and lowest respectively. According to the results of this study, the tragacanth gum can be used in various industries such as pharmaceutical, healthcare and food.

In this research, apical shoots of Achillea wilhelmsii and A. millefolium at three different developmental stages including thevegetative, flowering and fruiting stages from natural habitat, Martyrs Valley, in West Azerbaijan were collected. Essential oil samples were extracted by water - distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that at different harvest times, in addition to yield, quality and quantity of essential oils were also reported to differ. Of the total compounds identified in the essential oil of A. wilhelmsii, 36 and 16 constituents belonged to monoterpenes (69.23 percent) and sesquiterpens (30.76 percent), respectively. So monoterpenes had the highest share in compounds. In the essential oil of A. millefolium, 37 compounds identified as monoterpene (56.92%) and 28 compounds (43.07%) as the sesquiterpene. The most important compounds in the essential oil of A. millefolium, were 1-8 cineole, camphene, borneol and camphor that 1-8 cineole, camphene & borneol and camphor in May, June and July had the highest value, respectively. Among the major constituents of the essential oil of A. wilhelmsii, compounds camphor, camphene, 1-8 cineol, borneol, 3,5 heptadien 2 ol, 2,6 dimethyl and α-pinene were the highest in the vegetative stage. 1-8 cineole, borneol, myrtanol and thujone were the highest in the fruiting stage. α- linalool, ocimenol, borneol, myrtanol and camphor were the highest in the flowering stage. The results showed that quality and quantity of the essential oils vary in different species and phenological stages. As a result, they havedifferent pharmaceutical actions

Recent progress in preparing the aromatic fragrance with new technology, including methods of trapping by Headspace trapping techniques (HTT) can be cited. In this study the design and manufactured of fragrance absorption by Vacuum headspace (VHS) were recorded with authors and then the device to absorb aromas (herbs) were selected in three aromatic species (Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet; Polianthes tuberose L. and Rosa damascene Mill.) and the chemical compounds of absorb aromas were analyzed by by GC and GC/MS. Results were showed that the chrysanthenone (28.8%), santolina ( 22.9% ), undecanal (21.9%) and n-tridecane (11.9% ) were the main volatile components identified in Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet while in Rosa × damascena Herrm. Include: santolina (65%) (E)-2-hexenal (18%) and cis-pinene hydrate (3.5%.). In finaly the 2,4-(E, E)-hexadienal (83.4%), 3-octanol acetate (3.8%) and propyl butyrate (3.6% ) were the main component in Polianthes tuberose L. respectively. According to these results, data were confirmed that in this method we can distinguish these aromatic compounds from plants economically with this technique are advised.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common virus in human. The rate of drug resistance is increasing in HSV-1. In this study¡ anti-viral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract was evaluated against acyclovir resistant HSV-1 before¡ during and after the infection of Hela cell line.
In this experimental study¡ the trypan blue and 3-[4¡5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2¡5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) tests were used to rule out the potential toxic effects extract on the Hela cell line. Antiviral effects of the extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 were evaluated before the infection and at different concentrations of the extract. The effective minimal cytotoxic concentration was assessed at different times of virus replication after virus adsorption. Virus titer was determined by tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) method.
The CC50 value and effective minimal cytotoxic concentration were determined at 780 µg/ml and 390 µg/ml respectively. Treatment of HSV-1 with extract resulted in 1 log10 TCID50 reduction in virus titers after 3 and 4 hour. The highest reduction in acyclovir resistant HSV-1 infectivity was obtained 2 and 4 hour after the infection of the cells with virus resulting in 1.7 log10 TCID50 reduction as compared with control.
The antiviral effects of Rhus coriaria L. fruit extract on acyclovir resistant HSV-1 after virus infection was more remarkable than the treatment of virus with the extract before virus adsorption. Keywords: Sumac extract¡ Antiviral effects¡ Herpes simplex virus type 1.

In this study due to evaluate the morphological and phytochemical diversity of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. essential oils, the seeds of six populations of plant from Azerbaijan Province (Damraji and Gereh Zagh), Alborz (Gachsar), Qazvin (Alamut), Isfahan (Tangeh Saiad) and Lorestan (Nour Abad Delfan) were obtained from gene banks of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (Tehran), so after that the aerial parts of plants were collected before flowering in July 2013, which were cultivated from the research farm of Alborz province. The essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation method and were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results of variance analysis were showed significant differences in plant height, crown diameter, stem diameter, leaf length and width, number of leaves per plant and dry weight, respectively. The highest plant height (103.9 mm), stem diameter (3.6 mm) and number of leaves per plant (19) were showed in Alborz population (Gachsar) and the populations were classified in to two groups. Three components explain 89.6% of variation of all data and some traits such as stem diameter, leaf number and fresh and dry weight were attributed to first component. The lowest (0.015%) and the highest (0.049%) yields belonged to the Alamut and Gereh Zagh population, respectively. The composition of γ-terpinene, β-pinene, α-Pinene, germacrene-D and bicycle -germacrene were dominant in all essential oils of plant in different regions.

Moringa peregrine (Forssk.) Fiori is one of the species growing in tropical and desert areas and is distributed in the southeastern of the country in Hormozghan and Sistan and Balochestan provinces. Moringa peregrine is a desert shrub that can grow in areas with little rainfall، andit has a great nutritional، pharmaceutical، environmental، industrial and economic values. This research was aimed to determination of fatty acids in Moringa peregrina seed oil from different locations in Sistan and Balochestan province in 2009. Five samples were collected from five natural research stations. The oil content was determined by the Soxhlet method. The oil content obtained from Tong Fonoj، Keneshky، Bent، Begaband، and Dorahy Chanf sations were measured to be 54. 6%، 50. 4%، 52. 4%، 53. 2%، and 53. 6% respectively. According to the obtained results، fatty acids content varied as follows: oleic acid (71. 5-74%)، palmitic acid (12. 6-14. 7%)، Iso-oleic acid (3. 6-4. 5%)، palmitoleic acid (3. 3-4. 7%)، stearic acid (1. 9-2. 4%)، Behenic acid (0. 9-1. 5%)، gadoleic acid (0. 4-10. 9%) and Arachidonic acid (0. 4-1. 3%). Over 90 percent of the oil consumed in the country is imported from abroad. Our results clearly indicate that due to the amount of fatty acids in Moringa peregrina seeds، this plant can be considered as a new source for the production of vegetable oil and widespread food consumption.

Hypericum genus is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran. Currently in Iran, there are 17 herbaceous, perennial and shrub species of Hypericum of which three species are endemic to Iran. This research was aimed to investigate Hypericine content in nine species of Hypericum. For Hypericine content 1 gram of plant was extracted in two steps, chloroform extraction then methanol extraction using a Soxhlet device. Hypericin content was measured by HPLC, using the following condition, mobile phase: (methanol 68%, ethyl acetate 20% and sodium hydrosulphate (0.1 M) 12%) and stationary phase C18, and UV detector: set on 590 nm. Generally, no hypericin was detected in different organs of H. androsaemum L. Hypericine content detected in flowers, leaves and stems were: H. apricum Kar. & Kir. (in flowers 0.061% and leaves 0.005%), H. armenum Jaub. & Spach (flower 0.003%), H. asperulum Jaub. & Spach (in flower 0.025%, leaves 0.004% and stems 0.003%), in H. hirsutum L. (flower 0.007%), in H. linarioides Boss. (flower 0.007%), in H. tetrapterum Fries (flowers 0.008%, leaves 0.014%, and stem 0.001%), and H.vermiculare Boiss. & Hausskn. (flowers 0.005%), in H. perforatum L. (flowers 0.124%, leaf 0.028%, stem 0.003).

Identification and plant speciation survey were the base ecological researches to keeping of general resources in per region. Rineh region (2300 m), with 700 hectares area from 79 km of Amol-Tehran road in South of Mazandaran province, on the north slops of the Alborz Mountain. In this study and in many field observation, 70 plant species of medicinal plants belongs to 46 genus and 21 family were collected and identified by Raunkiaea, Zohary and Takhtajan methods, in May to July 2013. Results showed that Asteraceae family with 16 species (22.78%), Lamiaceae with 12 sp (17.14%), Fabaceae with 6 sp (8.57%), Poaceae with 6 sp (8.57%) and Brassicaceae with 5 sp (7.14%), respectively were the must dominant families which more belongs to hemicryptophytes (51.43%) and therophytes (34.29%) life forms, respectively.

The aim of this study was to identify the various active compounds present in thecapsule of Papaver bracteatum Lindl. belongs to Papaveracaae family and to determine the effect of slope, altitude and soil on these compound's level. To do this, the capsules of 50 plants were collected at before and after capsule maturity stages, in two slopes of 4-10 and >40% and altitudes of 2400-2500 and 2900-3000 m, and soil samples were collected as well. The percentage of active substances was measured by of TLC method, soil texture by hydrometric method, acidity by pH meter and electrical conduction by EC meter. Results showed that soil indices values in both altitudes and slopes did not significantly differ (P 40%) and lower altitude (2400-2500 m).