فهرست مطالب محمد دهقان

In this research, the numerical simulation of the scouring of the downstream bed of two types of trapezoidal and triangular piano key series in the same geometric and hydraulic conditions has been done using the Flow-3D numerical model. To carry out the calibration process of the desired numerical model, the laboratory study of Ghodsian et al. (2021) was used in the conditions of sediment transfer. After the software calibration, the accuracy of the R2 criterion for the longitudinal profile of scour and the maximum depth of scour downstream of the weir was equal to 0.9338 and 0.873, respectively. Eighteen numerical simulations for scour downstream of two types of trapezoidal and triangular piano key weirs were carried out under the conditions of changes in discharge and depth of abutment, and the local changes of scour in a trapezoidal piano key weir at a depth of 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1 meters and all three The flow rate of 25, 35 and 45 liters second was observed less than the weir of the triangular piano key. By doubling the depth of the weir in the trapezoidal weir up to 29% and in the triangular weir up to 26.6%, the scour depth decreases. Also, with a 44% decrease in discharge at a constant depth of the aquifer, a 40% and 37.4% decrease in the maximum scour hole depth was observed in the trapezoidal and triangular weir, respectively. The increase in the depth of the floodplain causes the loss of energy of the falling jets from the weir, and by reducing the capacity of the bed sediments carried by the water flow, it causes a decrease in the maximum scour depth downstream of the desired weirs. It was observed that with the increase of the flow through both types of trapezoidal and triangular piano key weirs in the condition of constant depth of the abutment, the scour rate in the sedimentary bed for both types of weirs approaches.

Poverty is an undesirable socio-economic phenomenon that endangers the political stability, social solidarity, and mental health of the different sections of society. The literature on poverty in recent years has not been limited to income poverty, but also to other aspects such as health, education, and living standards. By identifying patterns of poverty, instead of prejudging the suitable economic and social policies to combat poverty, we can explain the appropriate and effective policy on poverty at the community level in accordance with the nature of these patterns.

In the present study, with a multidimensional approach to poverty (including educational poverty, housing poverty, food poverty, health, and income poverty), the vulnerability of government-supported households in Iran were investigated. For this purpose, the expenditure information of government-supported households in 2017 was the basis of the study.

The results showed that nearly 47% of the households surveyed are below the food poverty line. In terms of depth and quality of dominance of different dimensions of poverty among the studied households, housing poverty has the largest poverty gap, followed by education poverty with a poverty gap of nearly 40%. In summary, the poverty gap in income and health dimensions in this study is very low compared to the mentioned dimensions. In general, it was found that government-sponsored households, in addition to income poverty, also suffer from poor health, housing, education, and food poverty.

Based on the findings, it is suggested that policy makers adopt and formulate policy-support tools in which the various dimensions of poverty are considered in the form of a comprehensive system.

Hoarding is as a Qur'anic attitude Will be evaluated in the Area of Knowledge of interpretation, but in addition it needs to be studied as an illegal behavior with a jurisprudential approach. The analysis of the semantic connection between Hoarding and other economic teachings of the Qur'an has an effective role in recognizing the nature of Hoarding and the formation of its semantic system in the realm of jurisprudential issues.The present study, while critically examining different perspectives, with an analytical look at verses and hadiths, concludes that Hoarding has a semantic relationship with the teachings of " charity payment for the sake of God", "alimony", "extravagance", "zakat" and "khums". When alimony and spending for oneself and one's family exceed the legal limit, extravagance is realized, and by storing property in excess of one's legitimate alimony for one year, the forbidden Hoarding is realized, and in order to avoid it, this property should To be spent with the intention of closeness to God in charitably's consumptions and obedience to God and this obligatory charity is not in conflict with zakat and khums.Keywords: Hoarding, charity payment For the Sake of God, alimony, Extravagance, Economic Teachings

The area under cultivation of watermelon in Iran is 1.2 percent of total area of agricultural land or 42.3 percent of the total area under cultivation of different species of cucurbits in this country. Unfortunately, the share of mechanical devices in watermelon cultivation, particularly in harvesting period, is low. Harvesting of watermelon, especially in loading stage, is extremely costly and time-consuming because of absence of appropriate machines. Based on what have been derived from questionnaire completed by some farmers of Fars province, of total manpower required to harvest watermelon, 70% goes for loading of this product. The aim of this study is designing and testing the deployment of the watermelon harvesting machine to improve harvesting efficiency. Farm experiments were carried out with different ways of machine working, including: harvesting and loading watermelon at the same time, loading pre-harvested products, different belt speeds (0.25, 0.4 and 0.55  m/s), and different number of labors for loading (putting harvested watermelon on conveyor belt) and for unloading (receiving watermelon from moving belt to fill up trailer). Loading capacity and losses of products (during loading and unloading) were also calculated. The highest rate of loading capacity (13.2 tons per hour) was in loading pre-harvested products with 7 labors and belt speed of 0.55 m/s. The highest losses (0.38%) was also in this case. The lowest rate of farm capacity (6.15 tons per hour) has been found when harvesting and loading of watermelon were done at the same time (three labors, 0.25 m/s belt speed). No losses could be found when 5 or 7 labors were involved in harvesting and loading and speed of belt limited to 0.25 and 0.4 m/s. Results indicated that combination of 7 labors and the speed of belt equal to 0.4 m/s was the best way of harvesting the products in terms of maximum field capacity and minimum losses. In this method, the manpower needed to pick up and to load one ton of watermelon reduced to 0.61 labor-hr. compared with 1.14 labor-hr.  in traditional way of harvesting.

Achieving to the higher out-of-plane displacement for a piezoelectric microcantilever enhances sensitivity and accuracy of the related microsensors and causes increase in displacement and performance of the related microactuators. In this paper, out-of-plane displacement of a piezoelectric microcantilever with T-Shaped cross section has been modeled using finite element method. With the aim of increase in out-of-plane displacement of this microcantilever, effect of the geometrical parameters on the out-of-plane displacement of the microcantilever has been investigated using the Taguchi method. Optimum levels of the piezoelectric microcantilever geometrical parameters to achieve the maximum out-of-plane displacement were obtained using analysis of the signal to noise ratios and order of the effect importance of geometrical parameters on the out-of-plane displacement was specified using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Among the studied parameters, length of the microcantilever (L) has the most influence on the out-of-plane displacement. The higher the length of the microcantilever,the more the out-of-plane displacement. Then, beam web depth (h) has the most effect on the out-of-plane displacement of the microcantilever. The less the web depth, the more the out-of-plane displacement of the microcantilever. Using optimum levels of the geometrical parameters, out-of-plane displacement of 296.3 µm was obtained that is about 2.3 times of the result of the latest research conducted in this field.

Vitiligo is one of the most frequent skin disorders with a prevalence of 1-2% in different populations. Although many theories have been suggested for its pathogenesis, but the most popular hypotheses is the role of autoimmunity in Vitiligo. This study was done to evaluate the thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoantibodies in patients with Vitiligo.
This case-control study was carried out on 45 patients with Vitiligo and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals as control group. Age, gender, duration of the disease and type of Vitiligo were collected through a standard questionnaire. Thyroid autoantibodies including thyroglobulin antibody, anti- thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase antibody, and anti-TPO thyroid hormones Tetraiodothyronine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in Vitiligo patients and healthy volunteers were measeared.
Serum level of T4 was significantly reduced in Vitiligo patient compared to controls (P This study showed that the thyroid dysfunction particularly hypothyroidism and anti-TPO is more common in Vitiligo patients.

Vitiligo is an acquired chronic skin disease which shows itself as depigmented areas. Among the theories about the etiology of vitiligo, autoimmunity theory is the most accepted. One of the issues raised is whether smoking could have an influence on the vitiligo or not. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of smoking on the disease. The study population consisted of 100 patients with vitiligo and two control groups of 100 patients with non-vitiligo skin problems and 100 normal individuals. Individual interviews were completed according to the questionnaire of smoking (active / passive / non smoker). Using the instrument of detecting CO levels in the breath, PPM2 and CoHb of the participants in the study and control groups were recorded. In terms of distribution of smokers among three studied groups, in people with vitiligo 10 cases were smokers (10%), 24 cases were exposed to cigarette smoke (24%) and 66 cases were non-smokers (66%) and in patients with other skin diseases, 13 cases were smokers (13%), 14 cases were exposed to cigarette smoke (14%) and 73 cases were non-smokers (73%). Healthy individuals were 10 smokers (10%), 16 cases were exposed to cigarette smoke (16%) and 74 cases were non-smokers (74%) and by chi-square with p=0.38 there was no significant difference among three studied groups based on smoking. Based on the results of our study, there was no significant difference between three groups considering smoking history.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that typically affects the skin and peripheral nerves and can cause irreversible disabilities. The objective of this study was to assess the status of disability caused by leprosy in the Golestan Province in Iran. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, patients affected with leprosy whom were referred to Health Network in Golestan Province from April 1971 to September 2008 were studied. Sampling method was simple census method. Data collected from the medical records of patients were statistically described and analyzed. In this 38-year period, from 100 leprosy patients investigated, 68% were men. Average age was 35.6?16.4 years. The majority of cases were in rural areas (78%) and mostly were labor jobs (39%). Clinical type of the disease was multibacillary (MB) in 64% cases. 62% of patients had MDT treatment. The majority of lesions in patients were macules (15%). Performance problem were positive in 6 percent and was negative or uncertain in others. Disability was more common in male patients, and most disable patients were 35-55 years old.Conlusion: Most leprosy patients in Golestan Province had grade 0 or 1 disability.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is a relatively uncommon form of extra pulmonary TB. Even in countries where TB still commonly occurs، cutaneous TB is rare. In our country accurate statistics of the forms of cutaneous tuberculosis are not available. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of cutaneous tuberculosis during the years 1997 to 2012 in Gorgan، Iran. In this retrospective cross-sectional study، patients affected with cutaneous tuberculosis referred to 5 Azar Hospital in Gorgan from April 1997 to September 2012 were studied. Data collected from the medical records of patients were statistically described and analyzed. In this study، 30 cases of cutaneous TB were found that 18 (60%) of them were women. The disease was most commonly observed in age group of 21 to 40 years. Lupus vulgaris (18، 60%)، papulonecrotic tuberculid (6، 20%) and scrofuloderma (3، 10%) were the most common types of cutaneous tuberculosis in these patients. Lupus vulgaris is the most frequent form of cutaneous tuberculosis in Gorgan.

Mucocutaneons manifestations are common in hemodialysis patients.The aim of this study was evaluate the prcvalence of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations in end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who are on the maintenance hemodialysis. This cross sectional study was performed on 100 (51 males, 49 females) hemodialysis patients in 5 Azar hospital in Gorgan, North of Iran during 2009. Patients selected on randomly based an all of them completely examined by a deramatologist for any changes in skin, hair, nail and mucous membrane. If necessary biopsy perform and refer to a pathologist. Data analysed with SPSS-13, mann-whitney, t-test, Chi-Square and Fisher tests. The average age was 49±12.3 years. The most common causes of ESRD was dibetes mellitus. The most common skin lesion was xerosis (78.3%), after that pruritis (39.1%) lentigo (34.8%) skin discoloration (32.6%) leukonychia (32%) thining of nail bed (24%) were common lesions. Lentigo was more common in female than male 42.85% vs 21.50% (p=0.042). Xerosis (p<0.01), scaling (p=0.042), lentigo (p<0.01), folliculitis (p<0.01), idio pathic guttate hypopigmentation (p<0.01) leukonychia (p<0.01) and half and half nail (p<0.01) have meaningful correlation with age. There was also meaningful correlation between dialyis duration and skin discoloration (p<0.031) and leukonychia (p<0.041). Clubhing and ca-p product also have meaningful correlation (p<0.027). Pruritis (p<0.048) and skin fungal infection (p<0.047) (tinea versi color) also have meaningful correlation with serum ferritin level. Mucocutaneous manifestation were common in end stage renal disease patients.

Even though there are different treatments for patients with pityriasis versicolor, there are not enough information about using new topical systemic treatments. In this study, the effect of clotrimazole VS topical fluconazole in treating patients with pityriasis was investigated. A double blind randomized controlled trial was designed in dermatologic clinic of 5th Azar hospital Gorgan North of Iran, from April 2006 to May 2007. 120 patients were randomly divided into two groups: In the first group (G1), patients underwent treatment with single - dose of fluconazole capsule (400mg) and placebo cream. In the second group (G2), patients underwent treatment with clotrimazole cream (twice daily) and placebo capsule. The course of treatment was 2 weeks. All subjects were re-evaluated 2, 4 and 12 weeks after the end of the therapeutic course. In group one there were 50 patients and in group two 55. After 2 weeks, the rate of complete resolution of disease was significantly higher in G2 group than G1 (49.1% vs. 30%). After 4 weeks, 41 patients (81.2%) of G1 and 52 patients (94.9%) of G2 showed complete resolution. After 12 weeks 46 patients (92%) in G1 group and 45 patients (81.8%) in G2 group showed complete resolution. Recurrence rate in G1 and G2 groups were 6% and 18.2%, respectively. No complications were seen in the two groups. In this study, clinical response at 4th week, in clotrimazole group was greater than fluconazole group. Recurrence at 12th week after treatment with oral fluconazole was less than clotrimazole cream.

Granuloma faciale is an uncommon cutaneous lesion characterized by asymptomatic skin nodules and plaques without any systemic presentation. The lesions mainly seen in middle aged males. We report an uncommon presentation (multiple cutaneous lesions) in trunk,upper arm and face)of a 32 years old male.

Pityriasis rosea is an acute inflammatory dermatosis with an unknown cause. Although it is a self limitted disorder and has no chronic side effects (nevertheless it will take between 3-6 weeks) but it may continue for two months. In order to shorten pityriasis rosea course and remove itching and skin lesions, it is advisable to cure the disease with an appropriate drug. Based on the above, the present study was performed to investigate efficacy of Erythromycin in comparison with placebo and improve this disease period. A randomized double blind clinical trail was carried out on typical pityriasis rosea patients who had referred to 5th Azar clinic Gorgan-Iran during December 2004-May 2005. 46 patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups (23 patients in each one). Since it was a double blind study, treatment for two weeks was prescribed then the cure rate was measured during second, fourth and sixth week. In case group, Erythromycin 1gr/day was prescribed and continued for two weeks. In the other group only placebo was prescribed. Statistical analysis: Pearson chi-square analysis with 2- sided p value was applied to compare the distribution of pityriasis rosea between patients by using Sspss-11.5 software Regard to the kind of study and qualitative attribute, we used comparison between ratios in order to analyze them. Meaningful level for these tests was α=0.05. Even though we gained good results in case group during second, fourth and sixth week after treatment, but there was no significant difference between these two groups at α=0.05. This investigation shows that Erythromycin has little effect on pityriasis rosea period. Therefore we suggest complementary study with larger samples in future.

Interoduction. T-2 toxin, an important member of trichothecene mycotoxins family, disturbs ‎structures and functions of many parts of human and animal immune system. Our previous ‎studies showed that peritoneal inoculation of T-2 toxin changes normal proportion of mouse ‎peripheral blood lymphocytes and antioxidants may affect the phenomenon. In the present study, ‎the effects of two well-known antioxidants, Selenium and Vitamin E, on these T-2 toxin induced ‎abnormalities are compared.‎‏ Material and Methods. A single sub lethal dose of T-2 toxin (2 μg/Kg) inoculated to a group ‎of mice and at different times after intoxication the peripheral blood lymphocytes counted by ‎flow cytometry method. Then, 4 separate groups of mice received T-2 toxin and selenium ‎sulphide or vitamin E, and proportion of the lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in their ‎peripheral blood samples. Results. The results showed that T-2 toxin affects normal proportion of all studied lymphocytes. ‎CD19+ and CD8+ lymphocytes decreased and CD4+ cells increased after receiving a single sub ‎lethal dose of the toxin. Peritoneal injection of selenium in both condition, concomitant or before ‎T-2 toxin, prevented CD19+ cells reduction but, vitamin E had no effect on reduction process of ‎this subpopulation. When, selenium inoculated at intoxication time, the increasing of CD4+ ‎population prevented completely but, vitamin E had no efficacy in this condition. In contrast, ‎injection of vitamin E, 24 h before the toxin, significantly affected the CD4+ proportion and ‎prevented the increasing of the subpopulation while, selenium was ineffective in this manner. ‎Receiving of vitamin E in both condition, before and at intoxication, prevented reduction of ‎CD8+ cells while selenium repair the problem only when received concomitant with the toxin.‎ Discussion. It is concluded that to cure T-2 toxin induced abnormalities in lymphocyte ‎subpopulations, efficacy of selenium and vitamin E varies depending on inoculation time of ‎these antioxidants as well as type of disturbed lymphocyte, and it seems that selenium received ‎immediately after intoxication provides more efficacious results while usefulness of vitamin E is ‎more when received prior to intoxication.‎