محمد سعید حمیدی

The existence of spatial interactions of border areas in all countries has made these areas sensitive centers. The border areas of Kurdistan Province have been able to establish extensive connections with the Iraqi border areas in the shadow of comparative and competitive advantages. In this regard, the study of interaction between settlements, spatial pattern of interactions and its development effects at the level of these areas can provide the necessary framework for sustainable spatial development planning. The present study seeks to identify and analyze the pattern governing spatial interactions in the border areas of Kurdistan province. This research is descriptive-analytical based on method, and fundamental based on purpose. Its statistical population consists of households in 207 villages and 8 border towns. Determination of sample size for rural settlements was obtained using Cochran's formula of 135 villages. For some reason such as (inaccessibility of some villages, security issues and restrictions in border areas the final sample size was confined to 46 villages. Samples were selected using two stratified and quota random methods.  In relation to urban areas, in this study, all cities in the border areas of Kurdistan province were studied by full counting method. The results indicated that there is an inequality in distribution of facilities and services.  This situation indicates the lack of network pattern formation and mutual flows in the area. The results showed that the flow of goods and capital in a trans-regional form and in relation to the national cross-border points of the west of the country such as (Sulaimaniyah and Erbil) and capital points (Tehran), have the greatest effects on the formation of spatial pattern of border interactions in the study area. It can be compared to a rhombus pattern (center-periphery-center). Also, service and information flows within the region have had the greatest impact on the formation of the polar or center-peripheral pattern in the study area.

The geographical location of Yazd province has greatly influenced the creation of spatial and climatic diversity and the provision of appropriate facilities for the formation of various natural and cultural attractions. Nevertheless, these areas need more attention in terms of the potential of tourism development for social sustainability. This research is done with the aim of spatial analysis of tourism capacity of desert areas and its role in social sustainability, and according to its nature, it is an applied type. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Documentary and field data are used to collect data. The data were analyzed quantitatively (one-sample T-test, Pearson test and AHP and Barda methods). The findings show that according to the experts' opinion, the effective indicators in identifying tourism capacities are distance from roads, distance from historical attractions, distance from residential centers, distance from natural attractions, type and soil suitability, distance from water resources , Elevation, direction of gradient, slope, land use and precipitation. The results show that 24 percent of the total area of the area has relatively good capacity and is located in the central, eastern and northeastern parts of the province. The most important criteria that have made these areas selected as optimal areas are the density of natural-ecological elements such as the existence of diverse deserts and deserts, geotops, glacier cirques, and historical-cultural elements such as traditional water reservoirs, markets, shrines and temples And so on. Also, 26% of the area has average power, which is mostly located in the east and northeast of the province. Finally, areas with inappropriate and relatively inappropriate power are found in parts of the eastern province of Karshra that occupy 51% of the total area of the zone. The results of measuring the social sustainability status of desert and desert areas based on indicators (population distribution, transport infrastructure, immigration status and deprivation rate) show that Yazd city has the highest ranking and Ardakan, Bafgh, Mehriz , Taft Meybod and Abarkuhh moderate sustainability, and finally Khatam, Saduj and Bahabad are among the unstable and less developed cities of Yazd province. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between tourism development and social sustainability in different regions of Yazd province at 99% level. This means that areas with demographic, demographic, and low levels of social sustainability have lower attraction and tourism capabilities than other Yazd province cities.

Increasing employment and reducing unemployment are considered as one of the important indicators of the development of societies. One of the basic requirements to meet this demand is development of value networks in the export of agricultural products. The purpose of this study is to analyze the export of Basmati rice value network in India, as the largest producer and exporter of this type of rice in the world which can have valuable experiences for Iran. Results showed the export of Basmati rice value network has brought India a lot of business development and entrepreneurship and, consequently, very high exchange rate and income. Long experience of rice production and export along with the process of liberalization of world trade for Basmati rice has been able to considerably expand the network of export value of this product. This is strengthened by the appropriate environmental and climatic conditions and the proper knowledge of the Basmati rice brand around the world. On the other hand, changes in the price of export products and its disproportion in some cases with production prices have reduced the economic efficiency of rice cultivation. While the threats are more focused on changes in the domestic laws of destination countries, including Iran, which in some cases has led to the cancellation of import licenses and has caused losses to producers. In addition, the sensitivity of some countries, especially in the European Union, to the consumption of a healthy product has created many restrictions on the import of this product.

Among the various environmental hazards, flood is the greatest and most important climate crisis which takes every year the lives of thousands people and impose severe damages on human society and environment. Today, it is clear that controlling all hazards, including floods is not possible. Suitable management can only minimize the damages. The literature on natural disasters management indicated that in the process of natural disaster management and their vulnerability mitigation, there are two dominant paradigm: technic-based approach and community-based approach.
Community-based approach welcome the local cooperation and participation in disaster management process and calls for strengthening local capacity through the participation of all individuals and groups at the local level. This approach is not only appropriate to provide solutions for disaster reduction, but build disaster preparedness. Because disaster preparedness planning requires special attention to local participation. In the geographic area of Bashar River Basin, due to the lack of suitable agricultural land and greater quantity of water for rice crop, villages have been built at rivers edge. So that, most of the houses and farms in the villages are located very close to the river. However, these locations are extremely vulnerable to flooding. This study reviews the status of local participation and its impact on reducing flood risks. Also, this research focuses on factors influencing local community trends and choices in the participation rate.
This study is applied research in terms of purpose and uses descriptive-analytical method. According to the nature of the study, data were collected through fieldwork and library research methods using observation, interview, questionnaire and evaluation card techniques. To understand different characteristics of community, Likert scale and one-sample t-test were used and measurement scale for data was ordinal. Also. The method of selective experimental approach based on profit was taken to evaluate the level of different trends in Community's financial participation for reducing detrimental effects of flood. To recognize the community awareness and perception toward flood risk and the probability of its occurrence in the future, the willingness level to participation and to explore the effective factors on villager’s decisions and to utilize modern management techniques the selective experimental approach based on evaluation card and logit model were employed.
The results of statistical analysis showed that in the study area, 86.5% of the community have experienced the damages caused by flooding and forecasted the likelihood of heightened chance of flooding in the future. Finding showed that although the people use traditional methods for managing flood, but they tend to employ modern methods such as dam building for reducing flood risk. This help them to increase the safety factor for their locations and farm lands. In spite of the fact that the villagers expressed the higher safety factor for new management methods such as (dam building, river broadening and preventing the destruction of forest and environment), but it seems that improper functioning, adverse consequences (environmental and socio-economic) of projects implementation (dam building) as well as the inability of villager's financial participation (high cost of this kind of methods), are barriers to using them for lowering the flood risks and damages.
The review of the possible role of some intervening variables to predict local communitie's participation in decision-making processes showed that low-income, old age of the samples with high average (47.61) and education with lower average (3.16) are the most important factors influencing community decision making. The results of binominal logit model showed that the proposed variables is significant at the 5% level. If the offer price increase, the chance of resident's acceptance of participation will decrease and vice versa.

Geographical inequalities (socio-economic inequality) specially in rural areas, has caused. the intense pressure to get a variety of services and facilities in urban areas. Space imbalances and inequalities in the distribution of facilities and services as the main property of city settlements spatial structure is observable in Saqqez. avoiding spatial inequalities and instabilities in areas, studying, evaluation and classification of settlements in terms of access to facilities and services and analysis of these inequalities is essential to achieve the required knowledge for planning and management of land. This study is descriptive – analysis in method. The main purposes of this study are the holistic and integrated leveling of Saqqez rural districts and analysis of inequalities there. The results indicate that the entitlement Status of this rural arease is different and unequal and has significant differences.

One of the ways to achieve a balanced urban development is equitable distribution of services in different areas of the city. Inequality in the distribution of services has a significant impact on the urban space and management costs. Therefore، the spatial planning and organization of space in order to optimize the management of urban space، has made necessary equitable distribution of urban facilities and services. In the present research، the 8 regions of Ahwaz city in terms of development indicators have been studied. The research method is descriptive – analytical and use of Resource documents. Also، applying of «Multiple criteria decision making» method (ELECTRE) based on 12 indicators of urban development. AHP model is used for weighting of criteria. The results of the study show that the distribution of the resources and facilities are not proportionate with the population distribution of Ahwaz. Areas 3 and 4، in terms of development and having mentioned indicators of urban services، are ranked developed and developing upward and Region 5 has the development rate of 6 and is placed in the lowest rank. This leads depending areas with low development level to the areas with high levels of development and consequently، ended in social and economic gap in urban system.