فهرست مطالب محمد صادق دهقان

Sustainability helps the environment by reducing the consumption of non-renewable natural resources. Concrete uses a significant amount of non-renewable resources. Efforts aimed at producing environmentally friendly concrete can play a major role in securing sustainable construction. Candidate technologies for sustainable concrete materials include the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, silica fume and granulated blast furnace slag as a partial replacement for portland cement; the incorporation of recycled materials in concrete production. As a result, an experimental investigation was conducted to study the hardened properties of concrete constructed with 10% and 15% recycled tires (coarse and fine) as well as 6% silica fume. This experimental program consisted of ten mix designs. The hardened properties (compressive strength and tensile splitting strength) of concrete were compared with the provisions of the international design codes (U.S., Australia, Canada, Europe, and Japan). Results of this study show that using coarse recycled tires in the mix designs decreases compressive strengths between 35% and 45% and splitting tensile strength up to 20%. To overcome inferior hardened properties of recycled tire concrete mixes, silica fume (6%) has been added to the recycled tire concrete mixes. Results of the mixes including both recycled tire concrete and silica fume show better hardened properties compared with the mixes without silica fume, but still the hardened properties of the mixes with recycled tire and silica fume are less than the conventional concrete.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of monotheism in moral education based on the view of Allameh Tabatabai. The research was performed by descriptive-analytical method. The research community was the volume of al-Mizan Interpretation, which was analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. The results showed that according to Allameh's view, the guarantee of morality depends on the belief in monotheism, and on the other hand, adherence to moral virtues is possible despite believing in God Almighty. Another is that in monotheistic moral education,people who believe in the existence of a single God, who created man in order to achieve perfection and happiness, regulate their moral vision, tendency and action with a firm view of monotheism They paint and paint in the color of God. Also, "monotheism in creation" works such as avoiding the feeling of inferiority,avoiding ridicule of others, avoiding wonder and self-esteem,"monotheism in secrecy"works such as abstaining from non transcendence, eradicating jealousy, eradicating greed, opening the door to prayer, "Monotheism in Lordship" works such as Patience in the face of adversity, trust, attaining the status of submission,attaining the status of contentment and contentment, "Monotheism in obedience" works such as sincerity,disappearance of hypocrisy sugar "Monotheism in ownership" such works as Charity, self-sacrifice, the disappearance of arrogance and rebellion, the payment of trust, humility,"monotheism in seeking help" works such as recourse, repentance,"monotheism in love" works such as kindness to the servants of God, healthy treatment of the ignorant and loyalty in moral education it has.

The curriculum of the Master of Science in parasitology was initially prepared in 1984 and was reviewed in 2001 and 2010. Considering the development of medical technology, requirement of society, and the necessity of curriculum revision, The present study was conducted with the aim to assess the curriculum contents of the Master of Science of parasitology.
This descriptive study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, university professors were asked to give their opinions concerning the need for curriculum revision (addition or elimination of courses) in this field. In the second stage, based on the findings of the first stage and the current curriculum, a questionnaire was prepared and was distributed among the professors through email. Then, 30 completed questionnaires were evaluated. Based on the criteria of compulsory courses, prerequisite or compensatory courses, and importance of the courses, data analysis was performed in EXCEL software and the results were reported in the form of descriptive statistics.
After summarizing the comments and verifying the compliance of the currently approved curriculum courses with those proposed by participants, the addition of the prerequisite courses of New technologies of parasite detection and Taxonomy, and the compensatory courses of Biotechnology, Technical language, Geography of parasitic diseases in Iran, Bioinformatics, and Teaching methods was proposed. Moreover, the elimination of the courses of Preliminary bacteriology, Histology of the human body, Clinical biochemistry, Basic genetics, Preliminary hematology, and Principles of health services was proposed.
Based on the results of this study, among the 10 currently approved prerequisite courses, 8 are necessary and desirable in the view of the participants. However, the compensatory courses require modification.

In addition to teaching pre-designed courses, physicians are usually expected to participate directly in designing curriculum during their professional life. Today, traditional education systems are not sufficient for developing the expected competencies in physicians. One of the applications of new advancements by cognitive sciences in curriculum design is the development of strategies for improving the quality of the undergraduate medical education curriculum. Educational strategies are “fundamental-oriented decisions in teaching which are aimed to achieve educational goals.” This was a narrative review that introduced and explained the most important educational strategies in undergraduate medical curriculum, through surveying valid electronic and library resources. Now, the most important educational strategies in undergraduate medical curriculum are: a series of student-centered, problem-based learning, integrated or inter-professional teaching, community-based, elective-driven and systematic strategies (SPICES), and also a set of strategies that are product-focused, relevant, inter-professional, short courses, multisite locations and symbiotic (PRISMS); and a group of realistic, integrated, feedback, learning and evaluation strategies (RIFLE), as well. Each strategy is represented as a spectrum. In each spectrum, the educational planner must define the position of every component of the curriculum. In order to apply these strategies, the curriculum must be intervened according to the selected strategy; so that the results of the evaluations and evidence of interventions ensure the planners that the quality of the curriculum is improved.

Among different branches of professional ethics, medical ethics has a specific position due to the high and special level of professional ethics. Medical ethics is also considered especially in Islamic teachings. Due to novelty advancements in medical science in recent years, new and deep discussions have proposed on medical ethics field that considered issues on medical ethics can be specified via investigating articles as well as the domains searching on these issues and also one can infer the priorities considered by the authors of above articles and domains regarding medical ethics that have not been nor studied or investigated up to now will be determined in that investigators can have participation on these fields based on their national and regional priorities. This article is the review study that by referring to PubMed data base, the articles were investigated based on 19 titles includes 15 titles of 24 titles related to the introduced bioethics by health information section of Medline Plus as well as 4 titles related to war, research, education and medical ethics principles, indexed in PubMed that published by investigators in Islamic countries in Eastern Mediterranean region (EMRO) of WHO. The articles were categorized and compared based on the year of publication, country and the study title. The minimum number of articles based on the country in Time Zone from 1971 to 2012 with one article related to countries such as Djibouti and Palestine and the maximum amount that were 71 were related to country of Iran. Also, the minimum number of article based on year was one article in years of 1971, 1978, 1979 and 1984 the maximum ones were 39 in 2012. The minimum number based on title was an article on clinical trials and fraud in health and the maximum number were 64 on the principles of medical ethics. This survey is only to investigate the articles related to index medical ethics on PubMed in Islamic countries of Eastern Mediterranean region of WHO. Although additional studies are necessary to complete the information on this field but this article is considered as the first one with categorizing medical ethics articles with the approach of variability of issue and since the origin of their publication is in Islamic countries, is exclusive can be the basis of wider studies and investigating different dimensions in the future. The studies containing medical ethics in our country should be based on goal as well as national and regional priorities to meet the needs of Islamic Iranian nation.

Moral development has been a noticeable social issue. The holy Quran as the most complete guiding book for humankind endorses deep teachings regarding morality. On the other hand because of importance of ethical issues, many theorists and philosophers have been trying to develop ethical and moral theories, according to their ideological and cultural back grounds. But most of them could not go beyond institutional life of human beings and failed to consider spiritual and motivational underpinnings of morality, which are deeply rooted in God creation and human nature. Although studying moral development in Quran view required a wide and deep reflection in various dimensions, this paper tries to open the discussion as an introduction for future works by analyzing the Kohlberg’s theory of moral development from Quran point of view. This is a review article, which is done using library and webbased sources and deriving relevant references. According to Quran, human beings pass through some stages during their lives. A similar step wised approach to moral development has been discussed in theories such as Kohlberg and Pageant’s. According to Kohlberg, steps and levels of moral development are fixed and unchangeable. In addition he mentioned that moral arguments and judgments are related to cognitive properties. But from Islamic and Quran viewpoint, moral regulations and principles are factual and abstract (Not-relative). Therefore in some dimensions views of western Theorists is completely different and even contradictory with Islamic tradition. One of These major differences is lack of a holistic approach to human moral development and lack of enough attention to spiritual and supererogatory moral ideals. The most important critique against Kohlberg’s theory is its relative weakness in explaining multi-dimensional nature of moral development because of its theoretical and experimental limitations. Using such western theories and instruments for evaluating moral development is not completely compatible with our religious and national culture. Although there are a number of works that try to explain moral development from Islamic (Shi’a) point of view, but very few works have used a comparative approach toward this issue. We recommend more detailed future studies about this issue.