محمد ملایی

In Quranic verses, reason is characterized as the main distinctive feature of humans versus animals. However, the Quran does not clarify the definition and implications of reason. In their interpretation of verse 70 of Surah al-Israʾ pertaining to the dignity and superiority of humans, exegetes of the Quran state that reason is the criterion for the human superiority, and then provide implications and characteristics for reason, including speech, perception of universal concepts, resurrection, and belonging to a nation. Nevertheless, all these characteristics are apparently imputed to animals in verse 38 of Surah al-Anʿam, 15-26 of Surah al-Nam, and verse 5 of Surah al-Takwir. This has raised debates over the apparent inconsistency of these verses, presenting the exegetes with the question of how humans may be superior to animals, and yet animals have all the distinctive features of humans, such as reason, speech, community, and resurrection. Exegetes of various philosophical, theological, and mystical folds have addressed the inconsistency by constructing theories to interpret the apparent meanings of verses concerning the human superiority over animals, but they failed to provide a consistent account of the distinction. In fact, the definition and implications of reason, as offered by exegetes, have resulted in this confusion.

The positions and multilateral interaction of the Revolutionary Council as the first implementing body of the cultural revolution in universities between 1979 and 1981 with other groups that play a role in the cultural revolution, which include the leader, academics, the government and the people, have a direct effect on the institutionalization of this cultural revolution. The main goal of this research is to investigate the role of the Revolutionary Council in the non-fulfillment of the goals of the Cultural Revolution in the time frame of its responsibility, using the descriptive-analytical method and the review of existing documents, sources and press. The findings of the research show that the failure of the Revolutionary Council to achieve the success desired by Imam Khomeini in implementing the cultural revolution in universities can be summed up in a few effects: firstly, the excessive busyness of this institution in the early days of the victory of the Islamic Revolution, secondly, its vague and incomplete perception and as a result, the non-comprehensive planning of the members of that institution from the category of cultural revolution, and thirdly, the lack of cooperation and obedience of the first government of the Islamic Revolution and the presidents of the universities in the work process. Meanwhile, only the leadership of Imam Khomeini and the people's support with the actions of this institution have been done correctly. Another strategic point is that the leader of the revolution's attention to the coexistence of institution-building and the institutionalization of the cultural revolution category in universities made it not to be bound by a specific institution and, due to the existing shortcomings, handed over its responsibility to the new institution of the Cultural Revolution Headquarters.

The reality of animal suffering in nature has raised the suspicions of evil, which atheists see it as evidence of the existence of an exaggerated evil that is incompatible with God, or His attributes. Resolving this discrepancy has always been of interest to theists, but Islamic theologians have faced a more serious problem due to their emphasis on monotheism and the consideration of absolute attributes of "Knowledge", "Power" and "Pure Benevolence" to God. Desk-research studies show that the historical course of theologians' encountering with this issue is very different. Some of these views are, denying the resurrection of animals, believing in animals' reincarnation, calling their fate insignificant to God, believing in their resurrection and disagreeing on whether they are obligated or not. According to Allame Tabatabai in Al-Mizan Comantary, it seems, on a weaker level, animals are perceptive, autonomous and obligated, and on the Day of Resurrection, they will receive a ransom and cultivation of the soul for the suffering they endure.

The genesis of pluralities from the unit has always been at the center of attention of philosophers since the formation of philosophy. Thomas Aquinas and Mulla Sadra have also expressed their views on it based on their philosophical and ontological foundations. How many beings originated from a simple unit preoccupied the minds of both, and they, like other philosophers, had to find a way out of this problem. The present article intends to survey the works of Thomas Aquinas and Mulla Sadra and their commentators and researchers in an analytical way to probe their views on the genesis of pluralities from the unit and as a result determine how each of them justified the genesis of pluralities from the unit. Do they pay attention to the rule of the One in this way? How did multiple being came into being? What was the first thing that came from God? The findings suggest that Thomas Acquinas, based on his ontology, denies the rule of the One and criticizes those who believe in it. But Mulla Sadra, by accepting the rule of the One, has restored it and based on his philosophical principles, has presented a new plan for it and introduced the extending existence as the first thing issued by the Supreme Being.

Animal pain and suffering in the domain of nature are undeniable facts, which give rise to the problem of incompatibility of such facts with divine attributes of omniscience, omnipotence and absolute benevolence of God in Abrahamic faiths. Theologians have endeavored to meet this challenge by both explaining the compatibility and persevering their traditional faith in divine attributes. Mark Maller, however, attempted to solve the problem by reinterpretation of divine attributes and abandoning theorthodox beliefs. The problem with Maller and his like Christian theologians was to rely on nonreligious presumptions rather than on theistic foundations in finding a solution for the problem. The critique of their stance is that one cannot formulate a logical consistent argument by adopting some premises from religious fources and other premises from nonreligious ones. It seems that a holistic view and looking into scriptural thrives can provide a better and more coherent solution for animal suffering

spiritual health are considered as one of the dimensions of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between congregational prayer and spiritual health of medical students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.  In this study, a cohort study (cohort) were used. The population of the study consisted of male and female students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Among them, 160 individuals were selected as a research sample by objective sampling method and using easy sampling. To collect information, the Spiritual Health Questionnaire of the Academy of Medical Sciences was applied.T-test and chi2 tests were used to analyze the findings and p value less than 0.05% was considered significant. The results of the study showed that the average total score of students' spiritual health divided by groups of prayer and control groups was 19.75 ± 9.5 and 70.6 ± 14.6 respectively. There was a significant difference in the level of spiritual well-being between two groups of observer prayer and control students (p <0.001). . Also, the average of the scores for the insights, behaviors and spiritual tendencies showed that Congregational prayer students had more spiritual insights, spiritual tendencies and spiritual behavior than the control group. According to the findings of the study on the relationship between the congregation prayer and spiritual well-being of the students It is possible to improve students' spiritual well-being through better planning and promotion of community prayer at universities.,

The evaluation of the country past earthquakes show that many reinforced concrete buildings in Iran are not earthquake-resistant. Damage to buildings against earthquakes, changing land use, changing guidelines and the development of building, are among the reasons that necessitate the retrofitting. In this research, retrofitting the reinforced concrete frames with conventional concentric and eccentric and buckling restrained braces was analyzed and by changing the distance between core and steel sheath, the effect of these parameters on the behavior of bracing and consequently the structural behavior has been studied. The results showed that by increasing the distance between the core and steel sheath, the deformability of steel core of buckling restrained braced frame is reduced, and localized strength degradations are caused in the retrofitted structure that it was observed reduce of structural energy dissipation by 5-20 %.

The permanent miracle of the Great Prophet (may God bless him and his household) has a high status among all Muslims. However, the Islamic nation has not been able to make the expected advances in its material and spiritual life based on the teachings of this Holy Book. In this paper we examine the status of the Quran from the viewpoint of Imam Ali (PBUH) as well as the dos and donts in the relation between the Quran and us. In the eye of Imam Ali, the Quran is the book of life and the constitution of Islam; it guides us to the soundest path, heals individual and social pains of mankind, is the basis for the performance of Muslims and offers a style of thinking and living. To save the Quran from abandonment, the only way is to appreciate and put into practice all its teachings in both individual and social life.

A fundamental study was carried out to explore the canola stalks properties in order to increase the use of abundant agricultural residuals in pulp and paper production. In this study, the morphological, chemical composition and soda pulping properties of Canola stalks were investigated. The results showed that except the thicker cell wall, the morphological properties of Canola stalks fibers were comparable to those of nonwoods and hardwoods fibers. Chemical analysis indicated that Canola stalks contains lower amount of cellulose (44%), while the lignin, hemicelluloses and ash content of Canola stalks are comparable to other non-woods. In comparison with most of non wood fiber resources, soda pulping of Canola stalks required higher chemical charge and pulping time. Soda pulping of Canola stalks in 22% active alkaline and 100 min in max temperature produced pulp with 82.6% ISO of brightness The strength properties of bleached Canola stalks soda pulp include tensile index (Nm/g), burst index (kpam2/g) & tear index (mNm2/g) showed respectively 63.6, 2.22 & 4.9.