فهرست مطالب محمد ملک محمدی

In the current water crisis, the use of springs has helped to mankind in many areas. The application of indexes and statistical methods provide useful information for understanding water quality and planning for its proper management. When water resources have unique characteristics in addition to conventional use; this issue becomes more important, including the river, hot springs and Dehloran bitumen springs. In this study, 28 samples of hot spring water, 4 samples of river water and 4 samples of bitumen spring water were collected. The temperature, pH, EC, sodium, potassium and nitrate parameters were measured. One-way analysis of variance and one-sample T-test were used to compare the three regions and compare with WHO standard and Iranian national standard, respectively. Wilcox, WQI and INWQS indices were also used to classify water quality. Based on the results, bitumen spring water had a statistically significant difference with the other two regions in terms of all parameters and all parameters in the three regions had a statistically significant difference with WHO standards and Iran's national standard and lower than these standards. According to the Wilcox index, all specimens were unsuitable for irrigation; based on the data of the WQI index calculation, water quality can be classified as excellent quality and according to INWQS in terms of pH for aquaculture of sensitive species do not need treatment and in terms of nitrate are only suitable for irrigation. Considering the management and protection of the region as a national natural monument, it seems that the role of natural factors such as geology and the occurrence of floods in the chemical composition of water resources is much more important and based on the results of used methods with the exception of Wilcox index, the water quality was assessed as suitable. However, considering the health use of hot springs and the possibility of constructing welfare facilities for tourists, the role of human factors on the water quality of resources in the region should not be overlooked.

The Armenian-Turkish conflict except the disagreement between the two countries has also developed in the regional and international levels. It is becoming the conflict of interests and competition of superpowers in regional and international sphere, which has its great influence on the complication of the process of the conflict between the two countries. Taking into consideration the disagreement between the two countries, it seems that this conflict doesn’t have a political solution and any mechanism of the conflict resolution. Taking such situations as the experiment of the international conflict resolution into consideration shows that the conflict transformation will reflect the important results of each level for the two countries. In the study, we discussed the development of the economic relations as the strategy of conflict transformation between the two countries, the programs and events about the development of Armenian-Turkish economic relations in the period of post-Soviet Union, the activities of NGOs and economic Relations Commission.

Nurses’ knowledge and awareness about religious orders is undoubtedly so important in their relationship with patients in hospitals. So, the aim of this study is to compare the knowledge and attitude of nurses before and after their participation in religious orders workshop.

In this cross-sectional study, religious knowledge and attitude of 480 nurses working in the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) were evaluated. The research tool was a questionnaire and such factors as nurses’ age, sex, educational level, and type of employment were considered. The data were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software version 19.

Nurses demonstrated a higher level of knowledge and attitude in hospitals where Islamic orders workshop was held than the ones in other hospitals. In total, there was no significant difference among nurses regarding their age, sex, educational level, and type of employment; however, nurses working in surgical wards and those with a postgraduate degree showed a higher level of knowledge and attitude than others.

It is necessary to provide nurses with knowledge about religious orders because such knowledge may increase patient's satisfaction with the care they receive.

Existence of many effective parameters and the variation range of suspended sediment load cause low accuracy of sediment rating curve. So the novel approaches such as artificial neural networks since it consider many independent variables are suitable. In this study, three various cases were used for estimation of suspended sediment load. In the first case, as compared with sediment rating curve, the suspended sediment discharge was considered as a function of flow discharge. In second cases the suspended sediment discharge was considered as a function of water discharge in mentioned time and water discharge occurred one day before. In third case the suspended sediment discharge was considered as a function of water discharge in mentioned time and water discharge occurred respectively one, two days before. The results showed that the artificial neural networks with (R2=0.979, MSE=0.0011) can be used for estimation of suspended sediment load in comparison with sediment rating curve approach with (R2=0.778, MSE=0.043).