فهرست مطالب محمد نوبخت

Acknowledging that preventing accidents and natural disasters is not always feasible, the presence of a well-prepared hospital can significantly mitigate fatalities and injuries resulting from such events. This study aimed to evaluate the readiness of naval hospitals in responding to accidents and natural disasters.

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019-1400 at three selected Navy hospitals using Heydaranlou et al.'s (2015) functional preparedness tool for handling natural disasters and accidents.

Hospital A scored 465, Hospital B scored 442, and Hospital C scored 378, placing them in the average range (60%-41%). The study assessed 17 dimensions across the hospitals. Hospital A excelled in risk assessment and rapid warning systems with a perfect score (100%), while Hospital B lagged in security preparedness with a score of 13.91%. Hospital C demonstrated weak recovery capabilities post-disaster with a score of 27/27, falling within the weak category (40%-21%). Hospital A scored exceptionally well in risk assessment (100%) but poorly in security preparedness (2.27%).

The evaluation of the three naval hospitals indicates they are moderately prepared compared to civilian hospitals. The findings suggest a focus on hospital accreditation standards. Collaboration among these hospitals could enhance preparedness, reduce costs, and improve future evaluations to achieve higher scores.

Marine medicine is one of the medical science fields that deals with the health and safety of people related to the sea but marine medicine syllabus for education to students is not specified yet. The present study aimed to specify the syllabus of marine medicine education.

 This qualitative study was conducted through inductive content analysis approach between 2021-2022 in Tehran, Iran. A total of 12 person that were expert and have experience with marine medicine were selected by purposive sampling method. A semi-structured interview was conducted, then carefully transcribed and analyzed using Graneheim & Lundman qualitative content analysis approach.

Six category and twenty-five subcategories emerged after data analysis. Categories include introduction to the sea and marine medicine, health at sea, common diseases and injuries in the sea, diving and hyperbaric medicine, emergency care at sea and psychology at the sea.  

 Marine medicine is an extent and specialized medical field and medical science students in their general course just needs to educated by its main topics.

Tetradotoxin is a powerful and deadly poison that has poisoned and killed countless people. The distribution of Tetradotoxin and its analogs is very wide and this toxin has been identified in many organisms. Increasing its detection in marine species such as bivalves and gastropods has drawn scientific and legal attention to this toxin. While Tetradotoxin is structurally completely different from saxitoxin, another marine toxin, their sodium channel blocking mechanism is the same and it has been shown that the potency of both can be combined. Google Scholar, Scopus and PubMed databases were applied for selecting the most relevant papers with the keywords "tetradotoxin", "poisoning", "mechanism of action", "bivalves", "edible gastropods" and "origin of tetradotoxin". The purpose of this review was to evaluate the public health risks that have endangered the lives of many people due to the consumption of tetrodotoxin and its analogs in bivalves and gastropods. The results of this study showed that this toxin is very resistant to heat and there are new and more accurate methods for its detection. Also, poisoning with this toxin can be both acute and chronic, and both of these cases can lead to the death of the consumer.

Marine medicine is one of the medical fields that deals with the health and safety of people related to the sea. However, it is an isolated profession which, despite its importance, has received less attention and the skills and competencies required are still debated. By searching and gathering information in published papers in this field, three main areas of marine medicine including marine therapeutic applications, diseases and health problems caused by the marine environment and diseases and health problems caused by marine occupations were identified. Therapeutic applications of the sea include the two main areas of thalassotherapy and marine therapeutic products. In addition to the direct use of climate and sea environment in the treatment of diseases, a variety of products obtained from the sea also have unique properties and can be used to treat many diseases. Diseases and health problems caused by the marine environment include animals related issues, scuba diving related issues and toxins related issues. Animal-related illnesses and health problems include marine animals that cause serious injuries, marine animals that cause severe electric shocks, marine animals that are poisonous, and marine animals that have venomous stings. The most important diseases and health problems related to diving include oxygen poisoning, carbon dioxide poisoning, pulmonary barotrauma, barotrauma of the ear and sinuses, and decompression sickness. Toxins-related diseases and health problems include neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, ciguatera fish poisoning, edible crab poisoning and mercury poisoning. Also, diseases and health problems caused by marine occupations include health problems and diseases related to safety, physical and mental health. Therefore, in the marine medicine education, the three main areas of marine medicine and the topics related to each of them should be considered.

Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of highly pathogenic biological agents including a variety of microorganisms or biological toxins that kill a large number of people. By training self-care programs about bioterrorism, the severe effects and consequences of bioterrorism actions can be reduced to some extent. The present study outlines the importance and role of self-care programs in bioterrorism attacks.

In this review, published papers related to self-care programs in bioterrorism attacks were searched in the library resources and databases of Google, SID, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Civilica and the CDC website from 2015 to 2020. Keywords of microbial agents, bioterrorism, biological warfare, self-care and self-rescue, bioluminescence, nanosensor and detector and training were used. The retrieved papers were critically reviewed and evaluated in line with the objectives of the study.

A total of 186 papers were found in the search. After excluding the papers without full text, 91 articles remained. In the screening stage, 34 papers were removed due to the non-relevance of the title and abstracts. Then 23 papers were removed due to invalid methodology, inconsistency of title and text, and finally, 34 papers were critically evaluated.

Considering the effective role of training in self-care programs to deal with bioterrorism agents; it is recommended that in addition to the national media, these programs be included in the curriculum of all academic disciplines

Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous photosynthetic microorganisms that cause blooms in surface waters; some species endanger the health of humans and other animals. To date, more than 65 cyanobacterial neurotoxins have been discovered, of which Saxitoxins (STXs) is the most well-known and have many variants. Saxotoxins target voltage-gated ion channels that cause skeletal or respiratory muscle block and cause death due to the inability to breathe. Saxotoxins, by accumulating in marine food sources such as snails, shellfish, and finfish, cause poisoning of aquatic mammals and humans. The incidence of saxitoxin has been reported in several different regions, including the Persian Gulf, Australia, and North and South America, which should be given special attention due to the high lethality of this type of poisoning. In addition to the risk to human health, it is also very dangerous for wildlife, especially aquatic animals. Due to the high toxicity of saxitoxin and some reports in Iran, more precise and extensive preventive and control measures should be taken for this dangerous toxin, which has been somewhat facilitated due to sensitive diagnostic methods.

Preparation for dealing with human crises has various aspects and one of the most important of which is the readiness to face military crises. Having a fast rescue boat can be very important and decisive. There is always the concern that if a relief vessel is to be purchased, what characteristics should it have to be able to keep up with the combat and to be properly present in unexpected maritime accidents.

In today’s asymmetric wars, it is very important to have comprehensive information about the aid vessels available in the country. This study aimed to compare the existing relief vessels in the country according to the climatic conditions of the Persian Gulf and naval missions.

Library information and the following databases includingSID, Google Scholar, Iran Medex, PubMed, and Web of Sciences were searched using the keywords including “rescue”, “naval ambulance”, and “emergency”, and “equivalent”. Their English Relief and Rescue, Marine ambulance Emergency, was performed between 2010 and 2020.

The results showed that the lifeboat has more facilities in terms of features such as safety and crew comfort than the 115th floating ambulance and rescue ambulance.

Considering the possibility of military clashes on the waterways of the Persian Gulf, due to the special situation of the region, in most cases, military and law enforcement forces are sent to the crisis point. In this regard, none of these relief media will be carried out unless a proper and efficient relief and transfer chain is established, which will be the first equipment loop of this route, standard, specialized, and fast relief vessels. In the field of relief equipment in the field of naval health, it is recommended to provide a suitable “naval ambulance” in line with the war.

The bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L, 1758) is one of the most important health pests which have very closely related to the human environment. This study aimed to review and collect information on the identification and control of bed bugs.

In this review, papers found in scientific databases were used after removing old ones as well as duplicate content. The information obtained from Iran and other countries of the world was categorized and presented in the fields of identification, level of infection, ways to control bed bugs and prevent their spread.

Many studies have shown the widespread spread of bedbugs in homes and other places such as student dormitories and military sanatoriums in Iran and other countries. Some factors such as increased travel of people as well as bed bug resistance to pesticides can be effective in the outbreak of this insect. Many methods have been proposed to control and limit the growth and expansion of the population of this insect. Control of this pest in small populations will be very easy and fast, therefore, detection of bed bugs in the early stages of infection is very important.

Contrary to expectations, bedbugs have become very common in urban areas in recent years, and it seems that the spread of this insect is still increasing. Although this insect does not play a role in transmitting a specific pathogen to humans, its bites, especially at night, cause insomnia and loss of comfort, which is sometimes associated with psychological effects. The use of any of the control methods alone is not able to control this insect and a combination of control measures should be used. In addition, regular monitoring of this insect in areas prone to infection can be very effective in preventing the spread and recurrence of bed bugs.

Spiritual training is now regarded as a type of training by religious and non-religious approaches. This study is aimed at investigating the lifestyle of spiritual people from Islamic point of view. The statistical population includes researches, articles, dissertations and books related to the foundations of axiology and spiritual education, from which the sources referring to the purpose of this research were selected as the sample. Using document mining method, the researchers reviewed all available books, documents, databases, and articles assessing the concepts of evaluation and spiritual education, including Islamic and non-Islamic researches, for data collection. The data were then analyzed through inferential and interpretive methods. Any educational foundation is influenced by a philosophical foundation. The research findings indicated that the spiritual people’s lifestyles are concentrated to love, participation and generating, and creative construction. It is not based on material ownership, power, and domination. Based on these findings, it is suggested that this type of training be made available to educators and educational administrators for implementation in schools at different levels of education.

Healthy diet has an important role in the success of military operations, so the commanders and all forces must understand the relationship between proper diet and the physical ability to perform physical activity. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the nutritional status of the military in order to provide strategies to improve the health status and increase the efficiency of individuals.

This study has been done on 89 navies in the cities of Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh, south of Iran in 2019. Demographic information, IPAQ and FFQ168 questionnaires were used to collect data.

There were 89 navy men with an average age of 32.6 years. The average daily calorie intake was 2973 kcal. The average daily intake of milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, cereals and meats were 1.2, 3.15, 3.55, 1.2 and 1.6 units per day, respectively. The highest deficiency of the main groups of the pyramid was related to the dairy group (77.5%). In the evaluation of micronutrient status, deficiency of calcium (48.3%), vitamin A (83%), zinc (52.8%), omega 3 (46.1%) and vitamin C (33.7%) were reported.

This study showed that the navy in the field of food intake, especially in the consumption of dairy products and sources of calcium, vegetables, fruits, protein sources, omega 3 and energy intake needs to intervene to increase access and consumption of food items.

In times gone by, militaries have pursued to increase the lethality of weapons to better achieve military success and political objectives. In the current political environment, this approach may not be the most effective means to achieve stability. Political, societal, and operational factors have limited the effective use of traditional military response. Emerging non-lethal weapon technologies may offer the means to meet today’s security problems. Definition of non-lethal weapons provided by NATO are: Non-Lethal Weapons are weapons, which are explicitly designed and developed to incapacitate or repel personnel, with a low probability of fatality or permanent injury, or to disable equipment, with minimal undesired damage or impact on the environment. Unlike conventional lethal weapons that destroy their targets principally through blast, penetration and fragmentation, non-lethal weapons employ means other than gross physical destruction to prevent the target from functioning. Non-lethal weapons are intended to have one or both of the following characteristics: 1) they have relatively reversible effects on personnel or material, 2) they affect objects differently within their area of influence. Some expressions used for these capabilities are: Non-injurious, disabling measures, system disabiling, immobilizers, discriminate force, less letal, less-than-lethal, minimum force, strategic immobilizers, mission kill, new age weapons, soft kill, stabilizing technology, denial of services concepts, limited effects technology, neutralizing technology, reduced lethality weapn, low collateral damage, weapons which do not cross the death barrier, and pre-lethel. Non-lethal technologies cover a broad, diverse range of capabilities. The technology ranges from biological, chemical, information warfare, crowd control measures, to the latest offerings of exotic weapons. The paper will review and introduce all kinds of non-lethal weapons, including anti-personnel and anti-material weapons and the ways of defending them.

In crises and accidents, sometimes due to various reasons, such as road destruction, road and street traffic, crowded roads, lack or absence of fuel and the impossibility of vehicle traffic, medical staff cannot travel to the scene or crisis point with conventional vehicles. They have to use special vehicles, one of which can be a bicycle. In the present study, for the first time in Iran, a bicycle ambulance is designed.

The present applied study was conducted in 2016, in Marine Medicine Research Center, Tehran, Iran. The experiences of the research team of the Marine Medicine Research Center and the expert panel opinions were used to collect data. In choosing the right bike, strength, lightness, reasonable price, good maneuverability, ease of use and domestic production were taken into account. Then, the portable medical contents in the back and front pouches of the bicycle, the size and material of the pouches, the package and the relief bags for installation in the bicycle pouches were determined in the expert panels.

Bicycles made in Iran were selected from light and strong aluminum furnaces with soft auxiliaries and a smooth and suitable gear system. Two bags on the front of the bike were chosen to accommodate light but bulky medical equipment. Equipment such as ambobags, splints, catheter tubes and serum were placed in these two bags. The larger back bag contained small examination, sutures, dressings, catheters, injections and serum therapy bags as well as medications. Also, communication equipment was placed in the back bag.

In the present study, as a pilot, an Iranian bicycle ambulance was designed to provide assistance to patients and injured people at maritime bases, piers and islands, as well as critical situations. In this study, both the selection of bicycles and medical equipment and how to install them were considered.

In addition to having an acceptable academic level in the field of self-relief and other relief, the combatant must have the necessary available supplies and equipment in sufficiently to prevent injuries from escalating before the medical team arrives and takes care of your life. The present study was conducted to design a military self-relief bag in the Navy.

The present study is applied research. Thematic literature was used to collect the required data and based on it, as well as the experiences of research team, the modeling was developed. The opinions of the experts were asked by a questionnaire to design a self-relief bag.

The self-relief bag, in size of 15x18 cm and made of soft military and waterproof tarpaulin, was sewn in such a way that it could be installed on the thighs, belts, cuffs, back straps and backpacks. Based on the results of the analysis of the experts' opinions, a list of pharmaceutical items and medical and health equipment items gained the necessary credibility to be included in the Iranian military self-relief bag. The weight of the bag will be 1200 grams in full charge mode (containing all drugs and equipment).

Due to the appropriate weight of the designed bag, the appropriate material and resistance to water and fire, the appropriate location of the bag on the body surface as well as the appropriate and practical contents can be a suitable tool for combatants.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the differential effect/s of three different planning time scenarios (i.e. 0 min, 10 min, & 20 min), as well as three task conditions of (1) topic given, (2) topic and ideas given, and (3) topic, ideas and macrostructure given on EFL learners L2 writing complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF). One-hundred-eight male and female participants were randomly assigned to three time-conditions, each with 36 members. Each time-condition group was itself divided into three smaller groups of 12, each with a particular task condition. The results of the comparison of the groups who were engaged in the argumentative writing task revealed that planning time significantly influenced the complexity of the essays, and the writers in the 20-minute planning time group produced more complex texts compared with those in the zero-minute planning time group. However, no significant effect of task conditions, as well as no interaction between planning time and task conditions were found. Moreover, task conditions affected the general accuracy of the writers’ performance in all tasks. The pairwise comparisons showed a marginally better accuracy of texts in the condition of topic, ideas, and macrostructure given as opposed to the topic given condition. The findings of this study provide beneficial implications for language teachers and learners in developing their writing quality particularly with regard to the CAF triad, and stress the significance of planning time before conducting a written output task in the complexity of the output.

Food poisoning caused by eating seafood is considered as an important and potential danger to human health and directly and indirectly threats the health and life of individuals. This becomes even more important when we know that about 48% of the world's population lives within 15 kilometers of the beaches, and more than 79% of the world uses seafood (fresh to canned) and fish and other seafood in their food basket. Apart from poisonings from canned foods, fish or other seafood such as clams, shrimp and crabs can be potentially toxic sources that could seriously threat one's health and life. Therefore, for physicians who are related to marine medicine or are practicing near the sea, identifying toxic species, ways to diagnose seafood poisoning, and familiarity with relief and treatment strategies are essential.The Persian Gulf, as a hydrothermal marine region, is home to a variety of fish species, including edible and non-edible crustaceans. Sometimes this variety is difficult to recognize even for the native inhabitants of the Persian Gulf. How many travelers and tourists come to these beaches and generally catch and eat the fish without knowing the toxicity or non-toxicity that may result in severe gastrointestinal injury, even coma and death. This study provides a prognosis and training based on the introduction of toxic Gulf species that are morphologically close to the edible species.

The flies are medically importance insects for military forces, especially in tropical climate. The aim of this study is determination of medically important fly diversity and its abundance in Triple Iranian Islands (TII) in the Persian Gulf, Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu-Muosa. Flies trapping was done in TII by using fly traps including EAG Sintuz fly trap and Plastic water bottle fly trap from March 2010 to March 2011. The captured flies identified with using valid flies systematic keys and species description. The fly relative abundance was estimated by means of flies captured per each trap. In this study, 10 species of medically important flies including Lucilia sericata, Chrsomyia megacephala, Ch.albiceps, Calliphora vicina, Sarcophaga aegyptica, S.africa, Wohlfartia magnifica, Passeromyia spp, Muscina stabulans and Musca domestica were captured and identified. The relative abundance of flies in three mentioned islands (TII) was estimated 6.8 (SE= ± 1.2).There are two peaks of activity in a year and more abundant in March to May and September to October. In studied islands, the fly diversity and its abundance especially in spring and early fall is high and control programs must be made at this time of year.

Ants with the ability of biting and injecting poison to human body are called sting ants. This study was conducted to identify and determine the ant types and the prevalence of ant sting and related epidemiological factors in three Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu-Musa islands, Iran. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed during Jan-July 2010 in Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Abu-Musa islands on 318 military individuals who were selected by random sampling method. The ant collection was done by active hand-catch method. The ant sting prevalence and related epidemiological factors were determined by questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods including Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman and Gamma correlation by SPSS 12 software. The species of sting ant was Pachycondyla sennaarensis Mayr, 1862. The mean prevalence of sting was 70.1%. The seasonal incidence of sting in three islands had the same pattern and was more common in spring and summer. 84.4% of ant sting had occurred in limbs. The main symptoms caused by the ant stings include pain, severe itching and local inflammation and blisters in some cases. Although sting bite is not much dangerous in the studied islands and does not lead to anaphylactic shock and death, the pain and itching and burning would cause discomfort for soldiers and reduce their efficiency. Therefore, preventive measures and control of these ants should be considered.

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common diseases and occupational injuries and the main cause of labors’ disability all over the world. Various studies have shown the relationship between whole body vibration and skeletal disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate musculoskeletal complaints among motorboat staff. This descriptive-correlative study was done on 149 of motorboat staff of Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in 2010. Sampling was carried out based on purposive and convenience sampling methods. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and NMQ (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire) and analyzed by SPSS 16 software using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-square and independent T-test. The most complaints were lumbar pain (61.1%) and knee pain (60.4%). There was statistically significant relationship between age, height, weight, total work experience and work experience on motorboats and pain in the lumbar region (p=0.001). There was statistically significant correlation between knee pain and age, total work experience and work experience on motorboats (p=0.03). The most common musculoskeletal complaint of motorboats staff is lumbar region and knee pain. Regarding the high prevalence of lumbar and knee pain among motorboats staff that causes decrease in productivity and performance and increase in treatment costs of early disability, the special attention of relevant authorities is required.