محمد گیوه چی

The Water Column Separation phenomenon is one of the transient flow regimes, which is created under conditions such as the sudden closing of the valve or the shutdown of the pump in the water supply network. Hard pressure fluctuations and damages caused by the mentioned phenomenon require identifying and providing a solution to prevent it. By this purpose, the present article investigates the possibility of Water Column Separation in a Loop Water Supply Network using Computational Fluid Dynamics method. Next, the Effect of the inlet velocity on the pressures created due to the Water Column Separation was investigated. For software validation, the Loop system provided by Wang et al. (2017) was selected. After ensuring the efficiency of the software to model the phenomenon of Water Column Separation, simulation was performed at different speeds. Checking the simulation results indicated the occurrence of Water Column Separation in the Intended Network. Also, the Results indicated that with the increase of the input Velocity, the maximum value of the Pressure in the Network increases and its minimum value decreases. In such a way that with a 12% increase in the input velocity, the maximum pressure value changes by 11.8% and the minimum value by 14.26%. In general, it can be said that by controlling the Velocity as an effective factor on the pressure fluctuations of the Water Column Separation, this phenomenon and the resulting damages are prevented.

The various methods have been extensively studied by different researchers to reduce scouring around bridge piers, such as riprap, concrete blocks (CAU), collars, sacrificial piers, creating slot and roughness on the pier, and flow guide vanes, and their results generally relate to determining the size, location, and scope of installation and other geometric characteristics of the devices. Many countermeasures to prevent or reduce local scour around bridge piers, did not have the desired effective, and the concrete armor units (CAUs), which are made to protect shores from erosion caused by waves, have received very little attention in terms of bed armoring around the bridge piers.Therefore, the aim of the present research is to experimentally investigate the hydrodynamics of flow around a new element designed to protect the bed around bridge piers from local scour. The F-jacks, a concrete armor unit (CAU), is introduced and its role on flow characteristics is evaluated for the first time in this study. This concrete element is a new design of the A-jacks concrete model, with one leg and five branches on top, and the angle between the branches surrounding the leg and the central branch is 30 degrees to ensure minimum contact between the legs of the element and the sediment surface. The selection of a 30-degree angle for the branches of the F-jacks element is due to its similarity to the diameter of the bridge pier, to provide complete coverage around the pier.

The experiments of this research were performed in a 7-meter long, 50-centimeter wide, and 0.0001 slope flume with a rigid bed. A wooden cylinder with a diameter of D = 45mm and the same height as the flume was used as a model for a bridge pier and installed at a distance of 4.5 meters from the beginning of the flume (to develop the flow). The water depth (h) in the experiments was constant and equal to 15 centimeters, the flow rate (Q) was 0.021 m3/s, and the flow regime was fully turbulent and subcritical.In order to understand the physics of flow in relation to three-dimensional velocity variations, a Nortek Acoustic Doppler velocimetry (ADV) with a frequency of 25 Hz and a sampling duration of 120 seconds was used. In order to evaluate the hydrodynamics of the flow around the protected pier with F-jacks units, three different placement patterns around the pier were considered: 1) a non-dense arrangement (P1), in which 24 F-jacks elements were placed next to each other around the pier, 2) a dense arrangement (P2), in which 22 F-jacks elements are interlocked around the pier, and 3) an SP arrangement, which refers to a situation where the single pier is placed in the central axis of the flume.In addition to the measurement grid on the vertical XZ plane, a set of measurements was taken on the horizontal XY plane at Z/h=0.47 for each of the three selected patterns. To ensure the development of the flow in the test area, normalized meanvelocity component profiles were shown to follow a similar trend for two 4 and 4.3 meter-long sections from the beginning of the flume, and the velocity data conforms to the logarithmic law of velocity distribution that confirms the validity of velocity data for developed flow conditions. Also, to verify the accuracy and sufficiency of measurements in the developed flow region under investigation, the power spectral density (PSD) of time series for all three velocity components shows that the slope of the power spectrum agrees well with the Kolmogorov -5/3 law in the inertial sub range.

Contour and vector plots of the time-average streamwise velocity component (u ̅) indicated that when the F-jacks elements were placed according to the P2 pattern around the pier, the flow pattern around the pier changes completely. Where, in the upstream of the pier, the average velocity significantly decreased from the water surface to the bottom, indicating the growth of the minimum and weakening of the downflow and horseshoe vortices. In the downstream of the pier, the high-velocity flow region at rear the pier disappeared, and the flow turbulence was significantly reduced, and the region of flow recirculation in the wake of the pier completely disappeared.With the placement of F-jacks units around the pier, a strong upward vertical velocity (w ̅ ) is obvious around the pier compared to the single pier (SP pattern), which is stronger in the dense arrangement of the elements (P2 pattern). This factor refers to the positive effect of the presence of elements in reducing the growth of downflow (negative vertical velocity), reducing bed disturbances, and turbulence transfer away from the bed region in the wake area around the bridge pier.The streamwise and vertical components of flow turbulence intensity (u_rms 〖,w〗_rms ) significantly decreased with the placement of F-jacks units around the pier according to the P2 pattern. Where, in the near-bed region around the pier, the turbulence intensity decreased by an average of about 93% compared to the SP pattern, indicating the high ability of F-jacks elements in controlling and reducing flow fluctuations and turbulence in this region and diverting flow fluctuations towards the water surface and away from the bed.Comparison of Reynolds shear stress on XY plane at Z/h=0.47 for the three mentioned patterns revealed that -ρ(u^' w^' ) ̅ in the SP pattern is approximately 95% higher than P1 and P2 patterns, at the vicinity of the bridge pier. Furthermore, the magnitude of -ρ(u^' w^' ) ̅ has significantly decreased with the placement of F-jacks units as the P2 pattern around the pier.

The laboratory results presented in this paper provide a new understanding of flow behavior details around the bridge pier model with a new design of F-jacks armor units surrounding it on rigid bed conditions. The overall conclusion of this study showed that when F-jacks units are placed densely (P2 pattern) around the pier, the flow turbulence in this area is significantly reduced.

Pollution entrance into water resources systems, such as urban drinking water distribution networks, can cause irreparable damage to human health as a result of the suction phenomenon.Awareness and understanding of pollutant sources and transport of contamination process in the water network cause suitable modeling of this phenomenon as well as perform a proper crisis management when the contaminants enter the network. In order to simulate the movement of nitrate in the soil, the nitrate advection-dispersion equation was programmed in MATLAB. Zahedan drinking water distribution network has been considered as the study area and potential points with high concentration of pollutants in the network have been identified. Scenario of 24-hour water network simulation, after two hours of contamination, was tested for water contamination by using WATERGEMS, EPANET and EPANET-BAM software., to manage the network pollution crisis, two tools were proposed including detention time and dilution flow. To calculate detention time, the network was divided into four parts including: near, middle, far and very far. The results demonstrated that nitrate concentration near the pipe is unallowable and greater than 50 mg/l and required detention time to treat the quality of water in the nodes of the middle, far and very far decreased 33 to 50, 58 to 62.5 and 75 percent compared to the near nodes, respectively. Moreover, efficiency and positive performance of dilution flow as a tool for quality management was proved. Required dilution flow to treat the quality water was determined from 10.6 to 15.9% of the base pipe flow.

In the current state of the country, the shortage of food in animal nutrition can reduce the cost of supplying the nutrients needed by humans and eliminating costly waste from industrial residues from the three aspects of reducing livestock dependency on cereals consumed by humans. The conversion of agriculture and the prevention of environmental pollution from the accumulation of these residues should be considered. Date palp is a product that is obtained after the extraction of the date palm and includes the meaty part of the fruit and the palm kernel. Date palp can be the successor to more expensive carbohydrate sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adding different levels of date pulp on the quality, fermentation and digestibility of alfalfa silage, and determining the best level of date pulp in alfalfa silage.

This research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments were: alfalfa (control), alfalfa, 97.5% + date palp 2.5%, alfalfa 95% + date palp 5%, alfalfa 92.5% + date palp 7.5%, alfalfa 90% date palp 10%, alfalfa 87.5% + date pulp 12.5%, alfalfa 85% + date pulp 15%, alfalfa 72.5% + date pulp 17.5%, alfalfa 80% + date pulp 20%. Sample composition was determined using standard methods. Gas production test was used to estimate gas production parameters. The alfalfa silage stabilizer was evaluated at different hours after opening the silage door.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in chemical composition between treatments. Among the treatments, alfalfa silage contained 15% of date palp, which had the lowest amount of ammonia nitrogen compared to other treatments. Adding different levels of date pulp to alfalfa silage significantly decreased pH of silage compared to control (P <0.05). The pH value in the treatment containing 12.5% ​​of the date pulp compared to the control treatment significantly decreased (4.14 vs. 5.31). The date pulp at 10% level in alfalfa silage increased aerobic stability by 188 hours versus 38 hours of silage control. Date pulp did not affect the dry matter of alfalfa silage. The highest amount of crude protein was found in the treatment containing 12.5% ​​of date pulp. The lowest and the highest amount of produced gas were 20 and 10 percent date pulp treatments, respectively. The date pulp at levels of 7.5% and 12.5%, respectively, increased the degradability of dry matter and the crude protein of alfalfa silage.

According to the results of this study, the use of date pulp is recommended to improve nutritional value, fermentation parameters, digestibility and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage.

The sewage pumping station (SPS) serves as the most important structure for the sewage disposal system. The acceptable performances of SPS for reliable design and optimal energy consumption under uncertainties are of great importance for the transformation of wastewater. At a sewage pumping plant, pumps are commonly used on various lines to provide additional head to transport domestic and non-domestic sewage out of towns and villages or to the entrances of treatment plants. Today, the issue of energy management and consumption efficiency is one of the major challenges in water resources and wastewater treatment systems. This dissertation focuses on the planning of sewage pumping energy optimization, which is subject to changes in the rotational speed of the pump and the frequent pattern of inlet flow rate and, the energy consumption of pumping system of Zabol Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was determined and compared using constant speed and optimal speed of pumping rotation. Several models as machine learning approaches were developed to approximate the efficiency of the pumping system in multi-objective optimization approaches (Gao et al., 2012; Marques et al., 2015; Puleo et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2013). It is shown by results from Refs. (Castellet-Viciano et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2014; Molinos-Senante et al., 2013; Pannirselvam and Gopalakrishnan, 2015) that machine learning approaches have high-ability for accurate approximation of energy cost for wastewater treatment. The artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized to estimate the energy efficiency and flow rate for optimization of pumping station (Achieng, 2019; Jamieson et al., 2007; Rao and Alvarruiz, 2007). Using ANN, Rao, and Alvarruiz, 2007 (Rao and Alvarruiz, 2007) approximated the hydrostatic pressures, tank-storage water levels, flow rate, and energy consumption for pumping networks. There conducted that the ANN was reduced the computational burdens about 10-time compared to conventional methods. Using input variables of demand conditions, control settings, and initial starting conditions, Jamieson, 2007 (Jamieson et al., 2007) applied ANN for predictions of storage levels, hydrostatic pressures, and flow rates. Torregrossa et al., 2018 (Torregrossa et al., 2018) simulated the energy consumption using ANN for the pumping station of wastewater and concluded that the ANN was performed with highaccuracy compared to the mathematical relations. For simulating the pumping systems, artificial intelligence techniques are useful tools to reduce computational burdens.optimized the energy of the pumping system using three performance strategies including i) minimizing power consumption, ii) balancing the flow rate, and iii) maximizing efficiency pumping system. Thus, the optimum condition for pumps, which can be determined based on soft computing approach using energy consumption, can be used to approximate the failure modes of SPS in reliability analysis. Therefore, variable speed control was determined for a single-pump pumping station and the optimal rotation speed of the pump was determined using a hybrid optimization model, based on the pump on/off sequence. Then, a machine learning process based on the combined reliability method was developed to estimate the probability of pump failure under the multi-probability performance function and based on the optimal energy conditions of the pumping system. Hourly data measured at Zabol pumping station was generated using the Monte Carlo method based on a probabilistic model in minutes. Comparison of coefficient of determination (R2) of real and computational data showed that the probabilistic normal log model in both Zabol plant of 0.98. In the next step, using the genetic algorithm, the optimal values of the variables of flow rate, load, and power of the pump and thus the efficiency of the pump were calculated. The efficiency resulted from the optimal rotation and the constant rotation for both Zabul stations was 0.86, .In the next step, using the neural network (ANN) model pump rotation speed is simulated based on input variables including pumping flow rate, inlet flow rate, and static height and pumping height. The results showed the accuracy of the models in simulating the pump rotation speed. The value of R2 at the Zabul pumping plant changed from 0.97 to 1 for the ANN method.

In order to detect pollutants in water distribution systems, sensors are used which, in addition to detecting pollution, also provide useful information to identify the source of pollutants. This information is useful for finding a suitable solution for quality management of the distribution network. The purpose of this study is to determine four characteristics of the pollution source to the system by a simulator-optimizer approach with optimally allocating two sensors in EPANET Example 2. These characteristics are: the contaminant injection node, injection mass rate, injection starting time and injection duration time. EPANET and genetic algorithm were linked as the simulator and optimizer tools to achieve these goals, simultaneously. For this purpose, first ten different pollution events were generated randomly, then the best place to install sensors in the network for identifying the source of pollution was found. Moreover, the shortest time of detection was selected among fourteen different combinations with a contamination source identification likelihood equal to 90%. The results showed that by placing sensors in two nodes 15 and 27 of the benchmark problem, the highest contamination source identification likelihood equal to 90% and the minimum detection time equal to 58 minutes were achieved.

Sistan and Baluchestan province is one of the water-scarce regions of Iran with hot, dry climate and very little rainfall, and water shortage is one of the most common problems in this province. Sistan and Baluchestan University is one of the water consumers in the region, which spends a lot of money annually to water consumption. In this regard, a study was conducted to investigate water supply facilities and water consumption in the dormitories of Sistan and Baluchestan University. As an example, dormitory No. 5 was selected from the Efaf and Hejab Dormitory Complex of Sistan and Baluchestan University and field studies and objective observations were performed. The results of the observations indicate problems such as broken and old valves and their connections, old heads, improper siphons, improper use of water by people living in dormitories and improper irrigation of green space. The above are important factors in wasting a large volume of water. In this study, replacing dormitory valves with lever valves was suggested as the main solution. In order to investigate the effect of the proposed solution, the dormitory water supply network with two types of normal and lever valves was simulated with WaterGEMS software. The simulation results showed that the use of lever valves reduces water consumption by about 23% and can have a significant impact on reducing water consumption and water costs. Therefore, it can be concluded that replacing lever valves, while being practical and economical will significantly reduce water consumption.

Urban water distribution systems constitute a large part of urban infrastructure. Awareness and understanding of pollutant sources and transport of contamination process in the water network cause suitable modeling of this phenomenon in the water network as well as perform a proper crisis management when the contaminants enter the network. In order to simulate the movement of nitrate in the soil, the nitrate advection-dispersion equation was programmed in MATLAB in this research. The second water distribution network of Zahedan has been considered as the study area and potential points with high concentration of pollutants in the network have been identified. Network simulation, after two hours of contamination, was tested for water contamination by linking EPANET and MATLAB software. to manage the network pollution crisis, two tools were proposed including detention time and dilution flow and were used along with polluted water discharging. The results of discharging of the polluted water showed that by closing pipes from 1.25 to 2.4 of the pollution injection time and also discharging water at a rate of 5% of the base pipe flow can prevent the entering of the pollution to other parts of the network. To calculate detention time, the network was divided into four parts including: near, middle, far and very far. The results of the qualitative analysis of the network indicated that required detention time to treat the quality of water in the nodes of the middle, far and very far decreased 25 to 30, 50 and 67 to 75 percent compared to the near nodes, respectively. Moreover, efficiency and positive performance of dilution flow as a tool for quality management and control of water distribution network, was proved. Required dilution flow to treat the quality of water was determined to be nearly 20% of the base pipe flow.

Finding optimal pipe diameters in water supply networks for minimizing design costs due to the constraints and high decision variables is one of the major challenges for designers. In the last few decades, the development and introduction of new optimization methods, the good performance of these methods in solving complex engineering problems has led engineers to develop these methods in the design of water networks. In the present study, the performance of one of the emerging metaheuristic algorithms called Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) in solving the problem of optimizing the diameters of water supply networks was considered. For this purpose, a multi-objective optimization-simulation model based on the ALO and the EPANET simulator model was developed. The developed model was used to optimize the diameter of Ismail Abad network pipes. The results were presented as a Pareto front between the design cost and the sum of the pressure difference squares. The results showed that using this model in addition to saving design costs about 15% compared to the existing design conditions; it has been significantly successful in reducing overload pressure in the nodes. As a result, this method can be used with confidence as an efficient method in designing water supply networks.

muddy flows are gravitational flows, which are the difference in density or difference in weight of unit volume between two fluids due to suspended sediments. Due to the abundance of these streams in nature knowing and studying the characteristics and factors affective it is imperative and unavoidable. The creation of obstacle in the flow path can affect on the muddy flow character such as flow mixing rate and flow density. In this paper by the Flow 3D software the effect of trapezoidal obstacle in the characteristics of the muddy flow especially its mixing rate has been studied. : In order to Verification, results of the this numerical model Were compared with the results of laboratory work Naji Abhari et al. The results showed that the presence of the obstacle caused the kinetic energy of turbulence to increase by almost 1000% more than Without obstacle. the depth-density variation diagram for two channels showed that the current density in channel With obstacle was less than obstacle-free type. also by increasing 1% the height of obstacle, an average of 2% would be added to the turbulence energy and one-percent increase in the angle of entrance prevented an increase of 1.366 % of the energy of turbulence. Simulation for obstacle with different velocities indicates that with increasing the velocity of the pure water, the amount of maximum energy of turbulence and as a result of flow mixing increases.

In this research, optimal design of trapezoidal labyrinth spillway has been investigated using Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm with respect to hydraulic conditions. By choosing the assumed volume of spillway concrete as the objective function, after several running the model and trial & error, parameters of the algorithm such as iteration, number of wolves and the penalty coefficient were determined to be 1000, 30 and 〖10〗^11, respectively and by five times of testing, at the 996th iteration, the optimal response of objective function was achieved. The obtained value from the proposed algorithm was compared to the real value and also the results of the Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Differential Evolution (DE) in previous studies. Using GWO algorithm for designing the considered dam's spillway, made reduction of 40.928% in amount of assumed concrete volume and increase the rate of discharge to 10.71% than to real value, which showed a better performance compared to above algorithms. Significant reduction of the consumed concrete volume in the proposed spillway by using GWO algorithm indicates ability and necessity of using this algorithm to solve optimization problems in the field of spillways.