محمد یوسفی شاتوری

Today, water is considered as a way of survival and gaining power. The upstream countries of the international rivers are thinking about managing the water that comes out of their soil, as the GAP project in Turkiye is an example. The present study seeks to answer the question of what is the role of the GAP project in the hydropolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and what is Turkiye’s strategy for the implementation of this project? The results of the present study, based on the theoretical approach of hydraulicity, show that Turkiye, as a hydro-hegemonic country upstream of the Tigris and Euphrates transboundary rivers, has adopted a unilateral (self-interpretive) strategy in the pattern of hydropolitical relations with other watersheds in the basin. Therefore, strengthening water diplomacy with a conciliatory approach in the hydropolitical relations of the countries of the region, changing the military and security attitude to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to an interactive and cooperative attitude, reforming and developing the hydropolitical relations of the basin countries for bilateral or multilateral negotiations are important.

Today, according to the role, importance and position of the border in political geography, as well as in determining the limits of jurisdiction and sovereignty of governments on the one hand and their management to protect the country on the other hand, it can be considered as one of the most critical parameters and effective indicators about border security and preventing challenges existing in the border areas. In this regard, border management is considered one of the most important topics in political studies, despite the consequences of the globalization era, border control and management on both national and transnational scales have been wholly affected, so far, many views and theories have been formed directly and indirectly in this regard. Therefore, to better recognize and understand these related and generalizable views and theories in border management at both national and transnational scales, the present research seeks to answer the question of what the existing theories and views related to border management at national and international scales. Aspects have differences and similarities. Therefore, the current research was conducted with a fundamental-theoretical objective and descriptive-analytical method. In the analysis of the data, an attempt has been made to address the most important differences and similarities arising from the existing opinions on border management on both national and transnational scales. Based on this, the results of the research indicate that the best and most desirable approach to border management at the national scale is the "integrated and comprehensive" approach to the border, and at the transnational scale, the "coordinated and integrated border management" approach and its application by A few countries in the world can be considered as the most efficient point of view to ensure global security and away from violence and border security threats

The structure of political organization of space and political divisions in Iran, by influencing the emergence and dominance of the center-periphery pattern, has caused the marginal regions of the country, along with increasing deprivation and underdevelopment, to suffer from spatial, political and social rapture with other parts of the country over the last few decades. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to identify the main problems of political organization and administrative-territorial organization in Iran affected by the model of a unitary centralized governance system. This study seeks to answer the question: What are the most important challenges and problems affected by the unitary centralized governance structure for the organization and administrative-territorial organization of the country? According to the results of this study, the most important problems of political organization of space in Iran are; Ignorance of spatial-geographical justice, weak national development, infiltration of informal factors, formation of inappropriate administrative-managerial structure, weakness in the formation of national solidarity and structural unity and geographical homogeneity, extreme political-spatial centralism in the center and insufficient attention to geographical-human quality factors in political organization of space. This is an applied study and tries to provide an efficient pattern of political organization and territorial-administrative organization for the country with a descriptive-analytical method. According to the results, it seems that the "unitary decentralized or unitary regional governance-territorial model" is more compatible with the natural and human conditions of Iran and can to a large extent solve the problems of the current system of political divisions in Iran.

Today, security and development are two unstable components in the management of border areas. As Sistan and Baluchestan province in terms of growth and development in the country's development ranking indicators, is always at a low level and on the other hand, regional and spatial imbalances between the central and border areas of the province seems very obvious, this underdevelopment has created conditions for the creation and growth of the phenomenon of trafficking. Thus, instead of solving the problem of underdevelopment as one of the main reasons and underlying problems of the province, due to security problems, governments have considered the issue of increasing border security as a short-term solution for these areas. In this regard, the present study, which is analytical-explanatory in nature and has been obtained by collecting documents and the latest reports of government organizations in 2020 and 2021, documents and information in books and scientific documents and their content interpretation. , Has tried to analyze the effective factors and indicators in the research findings as well as the relationship between the three components of underdevelopment, trafficking and intensification of border security, as well as in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The findings of the study revealed that issues such as lack of social justice, instability of security, the phenomenon of smuggling of goods, spatial and geographical imbalances, instability of residence and population, reduced political participation and political development, increased political violence and terrorist activities, neighborhoods with underdeveloped and undeveloped countries. They have affected the development cycle and security of the region.