فهرست مطالب محمدامین امینی

When legislating its rulings based on the international customs of the time, Islam introduced a tax called jizya on a group of non-Muslim combatants who applied for residence in Islamic lands. The amount of this tax was much less compared to the taxes collected by non-Islamic countries, and in return for it, the lives and property of non-Muslims were protected by the Islamic state. The jizya system in Islam is based on three principles: mutual agreement of the parties of the contract; the small amount of the jizya, and the exemption of committed non-Muslims from participation in the defense of the Islamic land. The reason, conditions, instances of lapse and the philosophy of jizya collection show that Islam was not seeking to insult and humiliate non-Muslims.

Determination of the behaviour factor and displacement amplification factor is one of the most important issues in the seismic design of structures. Seismic codes use the behaviour factor to consider the inelastic behavior of structures. The inelastic behavior of structures is defined by ductility factor. This factor refers to the ratio of the maximum structural displacement to the displacement corresponding to the yield strength. So, the determination of the behaviour factor is directly dependent on the ductility factor so that a greater ductility factor leads to the greater behaviour factor. The behaviour factor is related to other factors such as the overstrength, degrees of redundancy and damping. The calculation of the real lateral displacement of structures including the elastic and inelastic parts is essential for design purposes. Seismic codes use displacement amplification factor for the determination of the maximum real lateral displacement of structures  The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the height of the structure and the length of the link beam on the seismic response modification factors including the behaviour factor and displacement amplification factor in eccentrically braced frames (EBFs). Since the seismic behavior of eccentrically braced frames depends on the link beam length, several eccentrically braced building structures with different lengths of the link beam and various numbers of stories including 2, 5, 10 and 15 story buildings were considered. The ASCE 7-10 code was used for seismic loading and the AISC 360-10 and AISC 341-10 codes were used for the design of structural models. The nonlinear static and nonlinear time history analyses were used to obtain the behaviour factor and displacement amplification factor. The values obtained for the behaviour factor and displacement amplification factor were compared with those prescribed by the ASCE 7-10 code. The seismic codes recommend constant values for the behaviour factor and displacement amplification factor for eccentrically braced systems. The results of this study show that the behaviour factor and displacement amplification factor for eccentrically braced structures significantly depend on the height of the structure and the length of the link beam. So, considering constant values for the behaviour factor and displacement amplification factor for eccentrically braced frames in seismic codes is not reasonable. Then, the effects of the height of the structure and the length of the link beam should be considered in these factors. Finally, with regard to the values obtained in this study, some equations were proposed to calculate the mentioned factors based on the length of the link beam and the fundamental period of structures. The results indicate that the behaviour factor and the displacement amplification factor decrease with the increase in the height of the structure and also by the increase in the length of the link beam.

Non-Muslim is a member of the Islamic community, who does not believe in an essentially-accepted principle of Islam, i.e., acknowledging Muhammad as the last prophet of God. According to Islamic jurisprudence, non-Muslims can obtain the citizenship of an Islamic country by accepting the ‘Dhimmah’ contract and enjoy its legal privileges as long as they do not commit any crime there. In crimes committed against individuals, in addition to retaliation and amnesty, paying the blood money to innocent victim(s) is also legitimate. Most of Islamic jurisprudents from the sects of Imamiyyah, Malikiyyah, Shafi‘iyyah, Hanbaliyyah, Dhahiriyyah, and Abadhiyyah believe that the blood money of non-Muslims is lower than that of Muslims. However, it seems that reasons given for this theory is not compatible with the significantly-expressed goal of the God in realizing social justice. The majority of documents referred to for such inequality have invalid references. It seems that the issues like ‘Dhimmah’ and ‘Jizya’, which have been considered in Islam for non-Muslims, have been all related to the certain time and situation in which these issues have appeared for the first time, and there is not any rationale for generalizing such cases to other times and situations. The blood money-related rules for non-Muslims are sub-clauses of other changeable rules; thus, they may vary in different times and situations. A clear difference among various references for non-Muslims’ blood money proves the above-mentioned issues. Conducting a descriptive study on the opinions of both Shia and Sunni jurisprudents and analyzing the way of their reasoning, the present research rejects the influence of a victim’s religion on the amount of his/her blood money.

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. Recently, LINC00961, TPT1-AS1, and SAMMSON Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs)have been discovered, which significantly contribute to the occurrence of various cancers. This study aimed to determine the expression levels of these genes in GC tissues, compared to healthy adjacent tissues, and the relationship of their expressions with clinical characteristics.

In this case-control study, the expression of LINC00961, SAMMSON, and TPT1-AS1 were evaluated in 40 pairs of cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples in GC patients using qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis and graphing of the relationship between RNA levels and the clinic-pathological characteristics of GC were carried out using SPSS and Prism 5.00 software. Furthermore, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to represent the sensitivity and specificity of LINC00961, SAMMSON, and TPT1-AS1 expression as biomarkers of GC.

The expression of TPT1-AS1 and SAMMSON were significantly up-regulated, and the expression of LINC00961 was significantly decreased in GC specimens, compared to adjacent control samples. Our results showed that TPT1-AS1 and SAMMSON RNA levels in GC were significantly related to the tumor size and histopathological grade. Moreover, the ROC curve analysis of LINC00961 and SAMMSON RNA level demonstrated that these two lncRNAs had an appropriate sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis goals.

Based on the results, LINC00961, SAMMSON, and TPT1-AS1 may play critical roles in exacerbating and even initiating GC due to their cellular pathways.

In the present study, we used 27 precipitation average monthly data from synoptic, climatologic, rain-guage and evaporative stations located in Zayandeh-Rud river basin for the period of 1970-2014. Before interpolating, the missing data in the time series of each station was reconstructed by the normal ratio method. Also, for the data quality control, the Dickey-Fuller and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the data stationarity and normality. Then, these data were interpolated by six interpolation methods including   Inverse Distance Weighting, Natural Neighbor, Tension Spline, Regularized Spline, Ordinary Kriging and Universal Kriging; then each method was evaluated using the cross-validation technique with MAE, MBE and RMSE indices. The results showed that among the spatial interpolation methods, Natural Neighbor method with MAE of 0.24 had the best performance for interpolating precipitation among all of the methods. Also, among Ordinary Kriging, Universal Kriging, Spline and Inverse Distance Weighting methods, respectively, Exponential Kriging with MAE 0.54, Quadratic Drift Kriging with MAE of 0.5, Tension Spline with the MAE of 0.54 and Inverse Distance Weighting with the power of 4 with MAE of 0.57 had the least error compared to other IDW methods.

Understanding the concept of water balance is one of the most important prerequisites for sustainable management of water resources in the watersheds. Therefore, the components of water resources in a catchment system should be compared at different time periods, and also the effect of each of them should be identified on varied hydraulic components of the hydrological systems. The SWAT model is an example of a physically based hydrologic model which can be used for large-scale simulating and monitoring of water cycle processes based on the characteristics of the catchment area and its climatic conditions. The main object of this study is the hydrologic simulation and water balance estimation for the period 2000-2009 in the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. The Zayandeh-Rud River Basin is located in the arid and semi-arid central region of Iran. This area is very variable in terms of rainfall. As well as the state of water resources and water consumption is very complicated in this catchment. In the present study, the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) used to simulate water balance in the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. The input required data included digital elevation model, land use map, soil texture map and meteorological information including daily rainfall data and minimum and maximum temperature data were introduced to the model and the model was implemented with these data. The sensitivity of the flow-effective parameters was determined using the p-value and t-state criteria by the SUFI2 algorithm in the SWAT-CUP program. The model was calibrated monthly and validated with the selected parameters in the sensitivity analysis using the Nash-Sutcliff criteria and the coefficient of determination by the application of the data of six stations including. Calibration of the model was conducted for 2000-2006 and validation of the model for the years 2007-2009. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that considering the characteristics of the study area, the SWAT model is more sensitive to the 17 effective parameters on runoff. The selected parameters also confirm the results of previous research carried out in the region. The sensitive parameters selected in the sensitivity analysis step were used to calibrate the model. In the next step, the parameters of SWAT-CUP software were entered. After that, these parameters were repeated 1000 times with the SUFI2 algorithm, and the optimal value for each parameter was determined. The Nash-Sutcliff coefficient and the coefficient of determination in the six hydrometric stations are greater than 0.56 and 0.69 in calibration and verification periods respectively, which indicates that the model has a satisfactory ability to run in runoff simulation. The contribution of the components of the water balance including evapotranspiration, surface runoff, lateral flow, groundwater flow, and deep aquifer recharge was calculated from annual basin precipitation. The amount of extracted water from the hydrological components indicated that the largest share of the water balance was related to actual evapotranspiration, the range of variations in the type of precipitation in the study area ranged from 60.1% (2000) to 92.7 % (2007). After evapotranspiration, surface runoff with a change of 22.2% (2005) to 8.6% (2009) and groundwater flow with a change of 14.2% (2000) to 20.5% (the year 2007) had relatively high fluctuations and a large share in the basin balance. These results indicate that the lateral flow with a range of 3.1 to 1.9% had no significant change in these years. Also, the deep aquifer recharge with the range of 1.2 to1.5% was the lowest in 2003 and 2009, respectively. The results showed that the calibrated model for the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin had a desirable performance for both calibration and validation periods. Therefore, the SWAT model has acceptable performance for simulating the water balance of the area. In addition, the results of this study showed that 65.98% of the total annual precipitation in the basin is in form of evapotranspiration, which compares to the other water balance components has the highest part. As well as surface runoff with 15%, groundwater flow with 13.7%, lateral flow with 1.5%, and deep aquifer recharge with 0.8% have other parts of the water balance components in Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. The results also indicate that the highest water losses in the soil and groundwater resources of the basin are due to evapotranspiration. Therefore, serious measures to prevent the loss of water through evapotranspiration in the region to be necessary. The results of this research can be used to predict the effects of climate change and the applicable management practices in the region, which are presented in scenarios to the model.

A non-Muslim citizen is a member of the Muslim community, who despite holding non-Muslim beliefs has the right to participate actively in promoting the affairs of his community and enjoy individual, civil, political, social and religious rights. Based on the prior literature of jurisprudence, non-Muslims by accepting the treaty of ahl al-ḏhimmah can be citizens of the Islamic community and sponsored by the Islamic government. In Islamic law, restrictions are mentioned about the religious freedoms of non-Muslim citizens in an Islamic state, on the expression of religious rituals and promoting it, setting up a house of worship, repairing and renewing the ruined temples. In addition to explaining the religious rights of non-Muslim citizens, it strives to mention the above restrictions and explains the limitations of such laws that have been variable and the basis of all these constraints is interest.

Today Non-Muslims, with diverse religious beliefs, live in Muslims countries along with Muslims. Islam has provided instructions regarding relationship of Muslims with individuals whose religions orientations are against Muslims. Islam has provided Muslims with comprehensive set of rules regarding the method of encountering the Non-Muslims. According to the Quranic Surrah: Momtahene, verse eight, Muslims shall coexist with Non-Muslim in peace, unless the Non-Muslims start to move against Muslims. Major principles of coexisting with the Non-Muslims are human dignity, generosity, kindness, justice-seeking, keeping promises, not to forcefully encouraging others to accept a religious belief and inviting others to Islam not forcing them to do so. Some individuals believe that merely Muslims enjoy human dignity and the non-Muslims do not have such a right. Other individuals have a warfare policy and base their international relations on hostility. This paper intends to show that Islam accepts the entire human principles and believes in peaceful coexistence with Non-Muslims.

The divine religions have legislated compelling laws to procure coexistence. The religion of Islam has obligated the Muslims to interact peacefully with their doctrinal opponents and exercise justice in this regard. However, if the non-Muslims commit treason and do hostile actions against Muslim's life, wealth, honors, women and children, then the lawful policy is based on the repellence of aggression and punishment of betrayers. Focusing on the verses on the war, neglecting the verses on the peace and coexistence, and neglecting the Holy Prophet's practical conducts have led some people to consider the Islamic policy about the non-Muslim nations as based on the war and regard the reason of the progress of Islam in the early centuries as based on sword force.Using a theoretical and documentary approach and referring to the genuine Islamic recourses, the present paper proves that the principle of interaction with non-Muslims is based on peace and coexistence, and Islam is the inspirer of religious coexistence with the followers of other religions.