محمدتقی دلخموش

The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration (P-F) Study, Children's Form: Persian Version (Last Part) Instruction and Scoring, Reliability and Validity, and pictures

round a decade ago, while studying the structure and content of human values in Iranian students (Delkhamoush, 2005), some deviations from the theoretical model of Schwartz’ Basic human values (1992, 2006) were identified. The present study aims to explain the alterations in structure of Iranian students’ values dealing with an approach to the original theoretical model in terms of causal effects of socio-political conditions, particularly the increasing impact of mass communication during last decade. 400 students (200 females, 200 males) completed the 40–item version of Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40, Schwartz et al., 2001) and using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA), value structure relations were determined. Compared with previous sample structure, as well as the original theoretical model, the following cross-cultural similarities and dissimilarities were recognized: 1) in spite of previous study, the achievement value appeared in its expected position, 2) a new alteration in the order of hedonism value, in regard to circular arrangement of values was observed, and 3) national security and social order items were transferred to universalism value as before. The study demonstrated that despite the impact of modernization and convergence process on the students’ values, tendency towards idealizing senses of certain values still remains.

The aim of the study was to identify culture-specifics of Iranian values and to explain the origins of Iranian specific value model in terms of causal impacts of socio-political conditions. In three separate studies, three age groups (15-17, n=1532; 18-28, n=600; 24-62, n=821) were assessed using the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS; Schwartz, 1992) and the 40-item version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-40; Schwartz et al. 2001). Through separate Smallest Space Analyses (SSA) regarding value structure relations for all samples and comparing them with the original model (human basic values; Schwartz, 1992, 1994) cross-cultural differences were recognized. As it was expected there were some deviancies from theoretical model which represent the impact of Islamic-revolutionary ideology within socio-political arena: (1) the dynamics relations of higher order dimensions of self-transcendence and self-enhancement were in conflict with all three samples, (2) similar to Eastern Europe samples, a location of socio-political values were formed in self-transcendence dimension, (3) moderate value was removed from tradition and religion values, and (4) in examining the differential impacts of socio-political atmosphere on younger generations in relation to adults, it was found that adolescents did not come to a coherent and continuous understandings of self-transcendence values in two levels of close relations (benevolence) and extended relations (universalism).

he purpose of this study was to examine the meaning and structural relations of values among Iranian adolescents. The Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz et al., 2001) was administered to 1532 students (766 females, 766 males) in eighth- and eleventh- grades (age groups 14 and 17, respectively) who were selected equally from six educational districts of Tehran using stratified random sampling. The Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) technique was performed to analyze the struc- ture and content constellations of values. Findings indicated that the content and structure of human values among Iranian ado- lescents were widely consistent with the universal theoretical model of values proposed by Schwartz (1992). There were no sex differences in defining the meaning and structuring of values. However, some variations of the expected model were ob- served. The location of benevolence value type was not consistent with the prototypical structure of values, and the dynamic relation between the "self-transcendence" and "self-enhancement" higher-order values was violated. These modified structures represents Iranian adolescent's specific characteristics (culture index). The present study suggested some controversial find- ings regarding the nature of moral values in Iranian adolescents.

the present study applied a structural approach based on the facet analysis of work values (Elizur, 1984) to examine the relationship between work values and work during college years. 400 college students (200 women, 200 men, 200 em- ployed and 200 unemployed) were selected from the School of Management and Accounting in Islamic Azad University and responded to the Work Values Questionnaire (Elizur et al., 1991). MANOVA results indicated no significant differences in fa- cets of work values among employed and unemployed students. Women scored higher than men in affective (F=6.45, P0.011), instrumental (F=17.09, P=0.001) and contingency (F=11.54, P=0.001) values. The interactive effect of job and gender was not significant on any of the facets.