فهرست مطالب محمدرضا بیواره

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing Triple superphosphate chemical fertilizer with biofertilizers as an environmentally friendly approach. The effect of separate and combined triple superphosphate and biofertilizer application under microcosm (Erlenmeyer contains sediment) was evaluated. Gram-positive Phosphate solubilizing bacteria Bacillus aryabhattai strain SB.P3 was used in two levels of inoculation and non-inoculation, and phosphate fertilizer in 4 levels of 0, 30, 70 and 100%. In this experiment, soluble phosphorus, pH and density of solvent bacteria were measured at different times (on days zero (before inoculation), 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after inoculation). The results showed that the bacterial density during the experiment in all groups, in first had an increasing trend, then decreased, and again slightly increased. Treatment 6 (70% fertilizer + bacteria) had the highest bacterial density, which in some time periods was significantly different from other treatments. The amount of water soluble phosphate in all groups at first had an increasing trend, then decreased and then increased again. At different time intervals, no significant difference was observed in the mean of dissolved phosphorus in the treatments with the control. Changes in pH of the treatments indicate a sinusoidal trend in different intervals. Although the bacteria grew well under microcosm and showed good stability in the environment, the results showed that chemical fertilizers and phosphate solubilizing bacteria didn't have a significant effect on fluctuations in soluble phosphorus.

Any change in hematological and biochemical parameters of plasma could be a predictor of unfavorable environment or effect of different stress factors in fish. The present study was designed to assess different salinity concentration induced changes hematological parameters and immunity indices in rainbow trout fishes reared in fresh (0.5ppt), brackish (3.02ppt) and salt water (18.20ppt) at three different station in Golestan Province. The experiment was beginning with the rainbow trout juvenile with initial average 50g then run for 5 months using the commercial trout feed. At the end of rearing periods, blood samples were taken from 20 individuals was apparentlyhealthy with the mean weight of 250g from each station and serum was separated. Serum was separated with centrifuge machine and blood parameters were analyzed by the routine method used in fish hematology. The results showed a significant difference between WBC and IgM value in tree experimental group (p<0.05). The highest WBC (14300±310 103/mm) was found in the blood of fish fry reared in brackish water and the highest IgM  value (0.428±0.007 g/l) was recorded in fish fry reared in saline water (p<0.05). RBC, Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH, C3 and C4 significantly decreased in the blood of fish reared in brackish water (p<0.05). But, these indices not showed any significant difference among the fish reared in the fresh and saline water (p>0.05). But there was no significant difference in the level of these indices between cultivated fish fry with fresh and brackish waters (p> 0.05). Also, was observed no significant differences among the MCHC value in experimental group (p>0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that rearing of O. mykiss as a euryhaline species in saline water of ~18 ppt is more desirable due to the tendency to return these indices to measured level in fresh water and are less affected by stress.

This study was conducted to compare heavy metal concentrations including: Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg in the muscle tissues of Spiny Oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) and Indian white prawn (Penaeus indicus) in the northern coasts of the Oman Sea in the pre (autumn) and post (spring)  Monsoon 2017, respectively. 96 samples from the aforementioned fishes were taken from 5 different station including: Jask port, Darak port, Pozm port, Chabahar Golf and Goatre port. Wet Digestion method is applied to extract the considered metals from the tissues, and the concentrations of the heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometer. Results showed that there are statistically significant differences between concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Hg the metlas of both species among different stations (p<0.05). Comparison of heavy metal accumulation in the pre and post monsoon condition also, showed a significant difference in the cadmium concentration in the mussel of Spiny Oyster and copper concentration in the  muscle of Indian white prawn (p<0.05). The comparison of results of heavy metal concentrations with international standards including WHO, FDA, NHMRC and National Iranian Standards Organization demonstrated that amount of lead in the Oyster muscle was higher than the determined proportions WHO. The amount ofcopper concentration in the muscle of spiny Oyster and Indian white prawn was higher than the determined proportions of WHO and NHMRC. Cadmium concentration in the both species was higher than amounts of reported by NHMRC and the National Iranian Standards Organization and mercury concentration was higher than the determined proportions of WHO. Results from this study demonstrate the need for an ecosystem approach towards sustainable management of reservoirs. This will curb aquatic pollution which is a health risk to people consuming aquatic resources contaminated with heavy metals.

This study aimed to evaluate C-type lysozyme gene expression in the liver, spleen, pancreas and head kidney of breeding Acipenser persicus based on gender with real-time PCR method. For this purpose, sampling of liver, spleen, pancreas and head kidney was done after artificial breeding from 16 fish including 8 males and 8 females. The tissues were transported to the laboratory in liquid nitrogen. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, quantitative real-time PCR was done to examine the relevant gene expression in different tissues. The finding as the first record in this species showed that the C-type lysozyme gene was expressed in all investigated tissues and the expression rate between different tissues had a significant difference (P<0.01). The highest and lowest expression level of mRNA was observed in spleen and pancreas tissues, respectively. The expression of this gene in different gender of these species showed a significant difference (P<0.01). So, the expression rate of the C-type lysozyme gene in male tissues was significantly higher than females. Generally, according to the results, it can be stated that the expression rate of the C-type lysozyme gene in different tissues and genders of breeding A. persicus can be influenced by different factors whose potential effects may require further laboratory studies on this filed.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of Lead, Copper, Cadmium and Mercury in the soft tissues of brown algae (Sargassum ilicifolium) and muscle of spiny lobster (Panulirus homarus) in a five different stations along the northern coasts of the Oman Sea during pre and post monsoon seasons. A number of 50 specimens of each sample were collected from stations of Jask port, Darak port, Pozm port, Chabahar Golf and Goatre port during spring and autumn 2016. Heavy metals were extracted from the muscle tissues using a wet digestion method. Concentration of metals was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed a significant difference in the accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of both species during pre and post condition the monsoon between different stations (p<0.05). Comparisons of heavy metal accumulation in the pre and post-monsoon showed a significant difference only in the cadmium accumulation in the muscle of Spiny lobsters (p<0.05). The accumulation of Cadmium in the post-monsoon was lower than the pre-monsoon condition (p<0.05). By comparison between the results obtained from this study to the international standards defined by WHO, FDA, NHMRC and the National Iranian Standards Organization, it was cleared that the concentrations of heavy metals in brown algae soft muscle were lower than permitted levels and so not risky for health. Also, the Concentration of lead in the soft muscle of Spiny lobster is lower than allowable limits. But, the concentration of copper, cadmium and mercury in the muscle of Spiny lobster was much higher than permitted levels. In conclusion, the results of this study could show inappropriate environmental conditions of the northern coasts of the Oman Sea.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio juvenile feeding of Basilli sp. probiotics in the condition of before and after long distance transports.

In this experimental research, 180 carp juvenile were stocked in 2 tanks (capacity 400-L) for 45 days. Fish juvenile in one tank was feeding with multi-strain probiotic (Protexin) were used at a concentration of 1×107 CFU/ liter and fish in the other tank was not consumed probiotic. At the end of the feeding trial, the carp juvenile from both treatments randomly were packed in plastic bags (40-L) at the density of 1kg/bag (~20 fish/bag). The juvenile feeding previously from probiotic were packed in 2 treatments with/or without of NaCl in water. Also, the juvenile feed of the control tank was packed in bags as the control. The bags unpacked after 12h and blood samples were taken from 10 fish in each replicate and hematological parameters were compared among the groups.

Results indicate that WBC, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC and leukocytes differential count are affected by after transport stress and before the catching (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the amounts of RBC and hemoglobin in experimental treatments (p>0.05).

Based on the results, finding of this study indicated that feeding of common carp juvenile with Basilli sp. probiotics had positive effects on blood parameters after long-distance transportation in plastic baggage, thereby if used in diet, it can be good alternatives to salt.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a supplementary prebiotic in experimental diets on some of the blood indices and liver enzymes of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. For this purpose, a number of 600 fish fry with an average mean (±SD) weight of 5.1±0.85 g were obtained and transferred to the laboratory. After 7 days adaptation to the new conditions the fish fry were randomly divided into 12 polyethylene tanks and kept at a density of 50 fish fry in per tank for 60 days. Four levels of cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae as 0 (Control), 0.4 (F1), 0.8 (F2) and 1.2 (F3) g.kg-1 were used with triplicates. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein of 15 fish (with average mean weight of 25±1.3 g) of every tank apparently healthy fish to determine some of hematologic parameters and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) in different groups and compared to one another. Our results showed that the cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae had no significant discrepancy was observed in monocyte, lymphocyte counts and MCV value between the prebiotic treatment and control group (p>0.05). Nevertheless, leucocyte counts (WBC), red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), MCH, MCHC values and neutrophil counts, in fish fry fed cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae as a prebiotic were significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). Also, the result showed that the cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae had significant effects on serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase compared with the control group (p<0.05). While, analyses of the results did not show any significant differences in the amount of aspartate aminotransferase enzyme in experimental treatments and control group (p>0.05). Based on these results, we could claim that the use of the cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae in experimental diets of fingerlings carps have different performance on hematology parameters and may enhance the non-specific immune system of the immunomodulatory
effect on fingerlings carp.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of commercial prebiotic of liquid Celmanax on growth performances, feed indices and challenged with environmental stress of Cyprinus carpio fry for 60 days. This experiment conducted in a completely random design with five treatments which contain triplicates. Four levels of prebiotic (0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 cc.kg-1 of ration) were added to the basic diet with a control that was devoid of prebiotic. At the end of the experiment the results showed that, the use of Celmanax liquid in the diet of carps fry, especially at high levels, improved FW, FL, WG, ADG, PBWI, SGR, CF, SR, HIS, FCR, FCE, PER and LER significantly (p<0.05). But, there is no any significant difference between treatment's feed intake (p> 0.05). However, by measuring the resistance of carps fry to environmental stress conditions there was no any significant difference between experimental treatments in compared with the control group against acid pH (pH=2) and basic pH (pH=12) tests (p<0.05). But, increased fry resistance against high ammonia (5 mg/l) and high thermal (40 C˚) tests in treatment affected by prebiotic, and the highest resistance was recorded in treatment containing 1 cc.kg-1 liquied Celmanax (p<0.05). In conclusion, based on the results we could claim that addition of high level of liquid Celmanax (0.7 and 1 cc/kg) in supplemented diet of Cyprinus carpio fry’s improved growth performance, feed efficiency and resistance time to the challenge tests.

Lysozymes are important proteins of the innate immune system for the defense against bacterial infection, especially gram-positive bacteria in fishes. According to the ability to transfer this gene from breeders to the next generation, as well as recent advantage-ground in molecular genetics on applying novel methods in the field of mRNA analysis using real time RT-PCR to measure the expression of the different genes, the present study was conducted to evaluate the expression of the C- type lysozyme gene in tissues of liver, head of kidney, pancreas and spleen in breeding of Acipenser persicus. For this purpose, tissue sampling was done after artificial breeding from 16 fish (8 males and 8 females). The tissues were transported to the laboratory in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was isolated and cDNA synthesis was performed from resected tissues. The mRNA expression of the C-type Lysozyme gene in different tissues were detected by real time quantitative PCR with β-actin gene as an internal control. Expression of the c-type lysozyme gene was detected in all tested tissues. The maximum copy numbers of the mRNA expression of the C-type Lysozyme gene were detected in spleen tissue and the lowest expression of this enzyme was determined in the pancreas tissue (p

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of A-Max Ultra prebiotic at five concentrations of 0 (control), 0.3 (T1), 0.5 (T2), 0.7(T3) and 1(T4) g.kg-1 on growth parameters, feed utilization, survival rate and resistance against the challenge tests of common carp larvae were compared for 60 days. For this purpose 600 Common carp F1 larvae with average mean weight of 1.3±0.273g and (±SD) were obtained and transferred to the laboratory. After 14 days adaptation to the laboratory conditions the fish were randomly divided into five treatments with three replicates (four experimental treatment and the control). The results revealed that, the highest of Growth parameters were observed in the diet containing 0.5 and 0.7 g.kg-1 A-Max Ultra prebiotic supplement and the highest of feed indices were observed in the diet containing 0.3 g.kg-1 prebiotic supplement that a significant difference was observed between treatments and the control treatment (P

This study was carried out to compare the effect of two commercial prebiotics (A-Max concentrate and A-Max Ultra) on growth performance and resistance of common carpfry. This experiment was conducted in a completely random design with a total number of 1080 apparently healthy carp fry (initialaverage weight of 1.3±0.304 g), which were caught and transferred to the laboratory. After 7 days of adaptation to the laboratory conditions, the fish were randomly divided into 9 treatments in 27 polyethylene tank (40 carp fries per tank) in triplicates. The carp fries were fed with four concentrations of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 g kg-1 prebiotics in-feed and the control was fed with diet without prebiotic supplementation, for 60 days. At the end of the study the results indicated that growth performance parameters and feed efficiency were highly significantly (p<0.05) different in probiotic A-max concentrate treatment, especially treatment A4 (1 g kg-1 prebiotic), in comparsion with other treatments and control group. The same trend was observed for survival rate (p<0.05). Similarly, significant differences were observed in resistance against environmental stresses in all treatments compared with control group (p>0.05). These results suggested that supplementing diets with commercial feed additives, A-Max concentrate and A-Max Ultra, promotes growth performance, feed efficiency and increased larvae resistance against the challenge tests compared with the control group, but the comparison between them showed that A- max concentrate was more superior at 1g kg-1 in common carp fry diets.