فهرست مطالب محمدرضا حسین زاده

Expressed sequence tags of simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) are used to investigate genetic diversity and develop molecular markers for plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there are a limited number of molecular markers based on the ESTs in rice to cope with the abiotic stresses including salinity, for use in breeding programs. Among 8299 ESTs, available in the NCBI database for salinity stress, 525 contigs, and 1139 singleton sequences were obtained. Twenty EST-SSR markers could be introduced for the selection of tolerant varieties to salt stress in rice by analysis of contigs and singletons. In contigs and singletons, significant common gene ontology terms are mainly related to the single-organism cellular process and response to abiotic stresses. The highest percentage of transcription factors for contigs and singletons was related to ERF, Dof, MYB, C2H2, BBR-BPC, bZIP, and WRKY. Moreover, the HSP81-2 (heat shock protein 81-2) and regulators of complement activation were identified as proteins of hub genes that were related to the salt stress tolerance mechanisms. Three uncharacterized hub genes (OS02T0161900-01, OsJ_19443, and OsJ_04035) including EST-SSRs for function identification were investigated by the 3D protein structure homology-modeling. OS02T0161900-01 as tetra ubiquitin, OSj-19443 as a serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease, and OSj-04035 as a triosephosphate isomerase were identified. Most of the hub genes were related to environmental stresses and our findings provided candidate genes and transcription factors involved in salinity stress. The development of functional markers associated with abiotic stress tolerance will be helpful to facilitate rice breeding programs. However, before using these markers, laboratory confirmation is necessary.

Surface separators play a very important role in oil and gas-producing fields. For this reason, their optimal design is very important for field applications. Semi-experimental design is a basic method to determine the dimensions of separators. Due to the simplifying assumptions used in semi-empirical design methods, they are only used for approximate estimation of the dimensions of the separators. The two-phase separator laboratory unit consists of a horizontal two-phase separator on a laboratory scale, pumps, compressors, and a static mixer to create a two-phase flow and a liquid filter to trap liquid droplets from the outlet gas flow. The separation efficiency is determined by weighing the trapped liquid droplets and by imaging the maximum diameter of the liquid droplets in the exhaust gas flow. In this research, the optimal dimensions of the separator are presented using a new combined method. In the proposed new combined method, CFD simulation of the two-phase separator was first carried out on a laboratory scale. Then the simulations were validated using laboratory data. Also, the optimal range for the slenderness ratio of the separator was determined. Finally, by using the new relationships presented in the form of dimensional analysis, the dimensions of the separator were determined, and then the performance of the designed two-phase separator was validated using the CFD simulation model. Validation results showed that the presented new method has a high capability in the design of gas-liquid separators. The relative error value between the results of the developed CFD model and the laboratory data was less than 7%. In order to use the presented new method in the field, the dimensions of the surface two-phase separator were determined for one of the production wells located in the South Pars gas field. One of the most important achievements of this research is providing the necessary platform for the optimal design and construction of surface separators for field use.

 Savory plant Satureja sp. It is one of the types of medicine that has many therapeutic properties such as controlling diabetes and blood sugar, blood pressure, constipation, diarrhea, etc. The aim of this study was to evaluate the constituents and antioxidant properties of the essential oil of this plant.

 In this study, two species of savory plants (S. sativa and S. multica) were collected from two natural and agricultural habitats and after drying in the shade, essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus. Its antioxidant was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP methods and determination of total phenol.

 The results showed that the highest percentage of free radical degradation was due to the use of 4 mg / ml of essential oil of plants harvested from the sativa species of 82.26% and on the other hand the lowest percentage of free radical degradation. From the concentration of 0.5 mg / ml of essential oils of plants harvested from the cultivation of multica species was 24.87%. Essential oil of multica species obtained from natural habitat, at a concentration of 4 mg / ml with a numerical value of / 84 in FRAP method and total phenol, with a numerical value of 2.14, showed the highest antioxidant properties.

 In this study, it was found that among species and natural and agricultural habitats, safflower essential oil of multica species in natural habitat has the most antioxidant effect and factors such as soil type, and climate can affect the essential oil.

The study area is located in 25 km SE of Ahar and 40 km NW of Meshkin-Shahr around Naqadouz village. Hydrothermal alteration has resulted in the developing of Argillic, Argillic - Silicic, Silicic and propilitic zones in this area. Based on petrographic studies, the altered rocks are basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, rhyolite and lithic tuff in composition, with porphyry, glomeroporphyry, hyalomicrolithic and microlithic porphyric textures. The XRD analysis of altered samples show cristobalite, natrilite, kaolinite, quartz, albite, sanidine and orthoclase as the main minerals. Geochemical studies indicate that the alteration fluid has hydrothermal source and supergene processes are more important than hypogene processes. In this study, we use the immobile element method to calculate mass-changes and trace elements transmission amount during hydrothermal alteration. The Eu/Eu* ratio is higher in altered samples than relatively unaltered samples and the ratio of Ce/Ce* is more than 1for the relatively unaltered and most altered samples. The ratio of (La/Yb) n indicated that the depletion of HREE in altered samples is more than LREE, and LREE enrichment can increase this ratio. The lower ratio of (Tb/Yb) n in altered than unaltered samples indicate less depletion of HREE relative to MREE. Considering the distribution pattern of REE’s in alteration zones, it seems that the behavior of elements are controlled by pH, T & P changes, Eh, preferred absorption by clayey and iron oxide minerals and ligands frequency including SO2-4 , PO4+3 , CI-, F-, CO2-3 .

In order to properly support of maintenance activities, to prevent the devastating consequences of the shortage of some vital part, and in order to achieve excellence in the maintenance and physical assets management, it is necessary to deal with the spare parts management. Solving spare parts management issues requires an efficient excellence model that can integrate different actors in the spare parts supply chain. In this research, first the spare parts management frameworks that have been presented so far were examined and then 12 experts were interviewed using the grounded theory approach; The research data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding method, which is a component of grounded theory method. Finally, the integrated MRO-iREAM[1] spare parts supply chain management framework was presented, which in 6 consecutive steps, all the necessary actions to improve the status of spare parts management is considered. The presented axes include formulating policies and creating platforms and indicators, classification and data management, optimizing inventory control and purchasing, procurement and supplier management, warehouse management, complementary actions and continuous improvement. After formulating the axes and their actions, and in order to validation the obtained framework, its efficiency in implementation was questioned with the help of a number of experts and it was found that the proposed framework has the necessary comprehensiveness, validity and reliability and for each an organization or company that seeks excellence in spare parts management and asset maintenance can be used.[1] MRO-iREAM: (Maintenance, Repair and Operation) Iranian Reliability Engineering and Asset Management

Investigation of Contamination Potential in the area of Ahar Mazareh Copper Mine and Determination of their Origin.IntroductionInvestigating the quality of water resources in an area is one of the most fundamental issues in the study of contamination. The term “trace elements” generally refers to elements that are present in the environment in small concentrations and can be hazardous at concentrations above the permitted standard of drinking. The origin of these elements can be geogenic or anthropogenic. The geogenic origin of these elements is the earth's crust, and the anthropogenic origin can also be due to industrial, agricultural, and mining activities. One of the strategic tasks in the field of water resources is to provide chemical information in a way that it can be visually reconstructed. Mazraeh mine is one of the copper mines in Iran that uses a lot of water daily to concentrate copper through flotation, which along with other contaminates is directed to the tailings dam, Therefore, it is necessary to study the affected factors to the hydrochemical evolution and quality of surface and groundwater resources and to investigate the relationship between elements and contaminates and its impact on the quality of water resources and most importantly the origin of these elements and their relationship with mining and tailings dams. In this study, Hydrochemical study of water resources in the study area has been done by plotting methods such as Piper and Stiff diagrams. Multivariate statistical methods such as factor and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the origin of the trace elements.Materials and MethodsMazraeh copper mine is located 5 km from Mazraeh, and 120 km from Tabriz. It is located in the north of East Azarbaijan. Geologically, the study area is part of the Alborz-Azarbaijan structural unit. The geological map of the study area shows that the oldest geological units in the study area belong to the Cretaceous. Mazraeh copper mine reserves are of the iron and copper skarn index type. In general, in this study, on average, about 16 water samples were collected monthly from surface and groundwater resources in the area of the Mazraeh copper mine; The samples include 8 water samples from piezometers in the area, 1 sample from tailings dam, 1 sample from overflow of the tailings dam, 1 sample from water well of the village near the mine, and 5 samples from springs. Discussion of ResultsThe amount of electrical conductivity also varies between 254 and 1774 μS / cm. The amount of the concentrations of the major cations and anions in terms of the median are "potassium ConclusionsBased on the results, the Piper and Stiff diagrams plotted for water, the water type was mainly divided into two groups of sulfate and bicarbonate; the resource of water in the area corresponds to the geological formations of the area. The results of chemical analysis of about 290 water samples showed that some trace elements such as cadmium, lead, and cobalt have more concentrations than the standard of drinking water. The results of factor analysis showed that 4-factor groups were effective in the quality of water resources in the Mazraeh copper mine area. The second and the third factors were geogenic and the first and the fourth factors were affected by both geogenic and anthropogenic factors. The majority of trace elements in water resources are affected by the impact of formations and water-rock interaction. In the clustering method, amount of EC, sulfate, and calcium in the first cluster is more than in the second one, which indicates the effect of dissolution of sulfide minerals such as pyrite and chalcopyrite in the area. The amount of zinc and iron in the second cluster is more than the first cluster.

In the Gezeldash_daghi region, there is a significant outcrop of Miocene volcanic activity with andesitic composition associated with pyroclastic deposits including tuff, breccia and agglomerate. These rocks have porphyry to microporphyry texture with coarse crsytals of pagioclase, and matrix includes plagioclase, hornblende and minor biotite. Zoning, sieve texture in the coarse crystals of these lavas is an indicative of unstable conditions during magma solidification. These lavas have calc-alkaline nature. The geochemical characteristics of Gezeldash_daghi lavas such as LREE enrichment than HREE as well as enrichment of LILE elements with negative Nb, Ti and P anomalies indicate their affilliation to subduction setting. These rocks contain high amounts of SiO2, Sr, Sr / Y and La / Yb, and lower values of Y, MgO, and Yb than classic calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, and may indicate lava adakitic features. Based on the geochemical data, these lavas had formed partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. The depletion of rare earth elements indicates a residue containing garnet and hornblende in the source area.

Wild plants in nature are valuable samples for use in various studies due to their characteristics such as resistance to adverse environmental conditions, resistance to pests and diseases and even having high active ingredients. Today, with the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, the use of medicinal plants has been welcomed.The  present study aimed  to  investigate  the  effect  of antibacterial effects of different ecotypes of Verbascum thapsus extract.

Verbascum thapsus from three regions of North Khorasan (Ashkhaneh, Bojnourd and Shirvan), after collection and drying, was extracted by methanol solvent by soaking and its  antibacterial properties was investigation against( Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) using disk and well diffusion , MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ) and MBC ( Minimum Bactericidal  Concenteration) methods.

The results showed that between different ecotypes of North Khorasan, Verbascom extract of Bojnourd region had the most inhition zone  in disk and well diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were equal to 12.33 and 14.66 mm, respectively, and for Bacillus cereus bacteria were 11.33 and 13.66 mm, respectively And MIC and MBC of Verbascum extract of Bojnourd region on bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) 12. mg/ml were observed as the most sensitive bacteria.

In this study, it was found that among different ecotypes of North Khorasan, methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus of Bojnourd region had the most antibacterial effect on bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) however the extract was not effective on Escherichia coli.

Separators play a very important and key role in oil and gas production fields. For this reason, their optimal design is very important. The design method with semi-empirical equations is a common method for determining the dimensions of separators. However, due to the simplifying assumptions used in them, it can only be used to obtain an approximate estimate of the dimensions of the separators. In this study, the accuracy of semi-empirical relationships was investigated using a gas-liquid separator pilot unit and the experimental results and the results obtained from CFD simulation as necessary data for the design and construction of a neural network optimized by Genetic algorithm. A model was proposed to determine the correction factor of semi-experimental relationships under different operating conditions. The pilot unit of the separator test consists of a laboratory-scale two-phase horizontal separator, pumps, compressors and a static mixer to form a two-phase flow and a liquid filter to trap liquid droplets from the exhaust gas flow from the separator. The separation efficiency is determined by weighing the dispersed liquid droplets. The maximum diameter of the liquid droplets in the exhaust gas flow is determined by imaging. The CFD model developed with laboratory data had a relative error of less than 8 percent, and the root mean square error of the neural network optimized by the genetic algorithm for the actual and predicted values of the correction factor was 1%. One of the most important achievements of this research is to provide the necessary basis for the optimal design of surface separators.

Based on field studies and petrography, two intrusive masses are exposed in the area. One of them has an acidic composition (granitoid rocks) and the other has an alkaline-intermediate composition (gabbroid rocks). Plutonic masses of Oligocene have penetrated in to the Cretaceous volcanic units. Therefore, in this research, an attempt is made to study the volcanic rocks and intrusive masses of the region in terms of geochemistry, petrogenesis, the genetic relationship of volcanic and plutonic massifs, as well as the tectonic environment of the location.
After field operations in the study area using aerial photographs and 1: 100000 maps of Varzeqan, samples were taken from the rocks of the area. 60 samples of low-altered rocks were collected from the area and used for petrographic studies and 13 samples were selected for chemical analysis by ICP-MS method.
The selected samples were sent to Canada and analyzed in Actlabs Laboratory. Finally, using geochemical studies and field and petrographic studies, the magmatic series was determined and the data were analyzed and interpreted.
This area, in the context of the structural subdivision geological zone of Iran, has been assigned to Western Alborz-Azerbaijan zone. The oldest rock outcrops in the area belong to the Cretaceous, which includes andesitic lava flow and plutonic masses in Oligocene which have penetrated in to the Cretaceous volcanic units. The composition of pluton is gabbro-diorite, diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzonite and granite. The essential minerals of intrusion include quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, biotite and amphibole with granular texture. The intrusion is through several dikes with diorite, micro-diorite, lamprophyre and aplitic composition. 
Enrichment of Pb, Th and U are related to mantle metasomatism and/or contamination by continental crust. 
Negative anomalies of Ti, P and Eu can be related to the crystallization of ilmenite and apatite minerals in the primary stage of differentiation.
According to discrimination diagrams, the studied plutons were formed in the volcanic arc (VAG) and post collisional environment.
The Kalasurs intrusive complex, with Oligocene age, is located in SW of the Kaleybar city, NW Iran and in Western Alborz-Azerbaijan zone. The oldest rock outcrops in the area belong to Cretaceous, include andesitic lava flow and plutonic masses. Oligocene sub volcanic bodies have penetrated Cretaceous volcanic units. The plutons are gabbro-diorite, diorite, quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzonite and granite. These bodies are intruded by several dikes with diorite, micro-diorite, lamprophyre and aplitic composition. The studied samples are calc-alkaline, peraluminous to metaluminous and show I-type characteristics. The spider and REE diagrams’ fractionated patterns and high ratio of LREE/HREE, indicate that source magma could be generated from melting of garnet-lherzolite. According to discrimination diagrams, the studied plutons were formed in the volcanic arc) VAG) and post collisional environment.

It is generally understood that manganese deposits have a diverse origin, based on their mineralogy, chemical composition and tectonic setting. Marine Mn-bearing deposits are classified as hydrogenous, hydrothermal and also biogenetic-bacterial deposits (Bonatti et al., 1972; Hein et al., 1997; Bau et al., 2014; Polgári et al., 2012; Schmidt et al., 2014). Hydrogenous processes can form ferromanganese crusts, which result from slow precipitation of seawater at the seafloor often via microbial mediation (Toth, 1980; Dymond et al., 1984; Bau and Dulski, 1999; Usui and Someya, 1997; Hein et al., 2000; Jach and Dudek, 2005). Diagenetic manganese deposits occur as nodules and precipitate from hydrothermal solutions or pore water (Polgári et al., 1991; Oksuz, 2011; Polgári et al., 2012), whereas hydrothermal ore deposits are stratabound or occur as irregular bodies and epithermal veins, where they are formed in a marine environment near spreading centers, intraplate seamounts or in subduction-related island arc setting (Roy, 1992; Roy, 1997; Hein et al., 2008; Edwards et al., 2011).

Eighteen Ore samples (~ 500 g each) were collected systematically from the Gezeldash Daghi manganese deposit. All these ore samples were taken representatively from the surface outcrops ore beds in different places for geochemical analyses. Ore samples were powdered under 200 meshes and analyzed at Iran mineral processing research center laboratories, Tehran. After being prepared by the Lithium Borate Fusion method, their major oxide and trace element contents were determined with ICP-OES. The results of the analyses are given in Tables 1 and 2.

The deposit is hosted in various lithology and horizons consisting of: 1) tuffite interlayered with limestone, 2) conglomerate and sandstone lithology into volcano-sedimentary basin located at 25 km northwest of Marand city (N38°35ʹ40ʺ, E45°42ʹ40ʺ). Major and trace element assessments show that hydrothermal solutions were effective in the formation of the Gezeldash Daghi manganese deposit. Also, field observations reveal that manganese mineralization occurred as laminated-layered and fracture-filling form in limestone and tuffite at horizon I and the space-filling form between conglomerate clasts and veinlet form in sandstone at horizon II with quaternary age. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrothermal solutions were caused in the formation of the manganese deposit which may be described as related to volcano-hydrothermal occurrence.

Mineralogy of oxide zone as clue about past climate reveals occurrence of supergene enrichment processes in Mahour Zn-Cu-(Pb-Bi-Ag) mineralization, in central Lut, during two stages: In first stage that supergene processes have occurred from meteoric waters in an arid climate during Oligocene to Upper Miocene, leached capping contains jarosite, natrojarosite and goetite in various ratios and less hematite and sulfur has formed with supergene argillic alteration with quartz, alunite, kaolinite, montmorilonite, and gypsum. In response to neutrialization of solutions, an abundance of smithsonite and malachite with neotocite, greenokite /hawleite and minor azurite and silicate, phosphate and arsenate minerals precipitated in oxide zone and immature sulfide enrichment generated. In second stage, atachamite, paratacamite and chrysocolla have been formed through the interaction of saline waters and preexisting copper oxides after the onset of hyperaridity at Pliocene, and have been preserved since that time. Mineralogy features of leached capping provide insighs into hypogene ore mineral and alteration types and indicate sufficient acid has not been produced for effective leaching of Cu and hence, do not suggest extensive chalcocite enrichment under water table. An interpretation that mineralogy of oxide zone is also illustrative of it and results from exploration drill holes confirm it. With respect to style of Mahour polymetal mineralization and similar mineralizations in district, detail investigation of oxide zone and mapping leached caps in deposit and district scale can be used as suitable exploration tool in the search for conceal ore deposits..

The Dash Aghol iron deposit is located in the northeast of Bukan city and is hosted by Jurassic volcano-sedimentary sequence. The main host rock of the Dash Aghol deposit includes sandstone, limy tuff and limestone. Based on geometry of ore body, two different types of mineralization were distinguished in Dash Aghol deposit: lenticular primary mineralization which occurred as parallel and concordant with layering of the host rocks. Ore textures of this type include massive, laminated and disseminated forms existing in sandstone, limy tuff and limestone. Second type, includes supergene vein-veinlet and open space filling mineralization which is associated with faults and related brecciated zones and were occurred in hanging wall rocks of the primary ore lense. According to the stratigraphy, ore body form, texture, paragenetic sequences, ore bearing chert-carbonate- tuff facies and mineralogy, the iron mieralization in Dash Aghol deposit is stratiform tuff carbonate-sandstone host rocks deposits, in rolcano-sedimentary sequence of Jurassic, which were precipitated in shallow marine environment.

Haftcheshmeh Cu-Mo deposit is located in East Azerbaijan province, Iran, with 28 km distance in North west of Varzeghan Area. In order to evaluate the hydrogeochemical properties and concentrations of heavy metals in water resources of the studied area, 14 samples of groundwater (springs and the leakage levels) and 10 samples of surface water area were collected. Samples were analyzed for major anions and cations, anion and some heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Pb, and Mo and. This qualitative study showed that majority of samples collected from the range of deposit, under the impact of low pH, caused the release of elements of minerals and change water quality for drinking, agriculture and industry. But at farther distance deposits in the flow direction with decrease of contaminants the quality of water in these resources increased. Concentrations of Pb and Mo were higher than standard values in the sample near the deposit, whereas the concentrations of Cu and Zn were lower than standard values in all of the samples. Determination of “Heavy metal pollution index” (HPI) and “metal index” (MI) revealed that samples of groundwater and surface water near the deposit were not suitable for drinking and it could be harmful for the human health. Spearman correlation analysis of metals showed that the all elements except Mo were negatively correlated to pH, reflecting different geochemical behavior of Mo. The results of this research showed that it was necessary to be studied the environmental effects of this deposit before start of mining.

Recent financial and problems and crises over the past few years, due to inaccurate and incorrect analysis of credit risk, as well as environmental complexities and dynamics, illustrate the fact that financial and credit companies, like other companies, should review and analyze their strategies in line with this dynamic environment of the monetary and financial markets. On the other hand, having an efficient and desirable strategy to improve the achievement of goals and increase the satisfaction of both internal and external customers is of paramount importance. Therefore, in the present situation of Iran, and despite numerous banks and credit institutions and competition between them, the managers of these institutions need the appropriate strategic skills for proper interaction with the organizations’ internal and external environment, which also requires managers to be aware of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In this regard, in this research, using the SWOT model, a strategy of credit risk has been developed at the Bank Melli Iran.

The Studied area is located in vicinity of the Sherbit village, about 28 km to the northwest of Ahar (in Eastern Azerbaijan province. Quartz monzonite intrusion is the host rock of hydrothermal tourmaline in this area. On the basis of their textural features, the tourmalines can be divided into four groups: 1) tourmaline veins, 2) tourmaline-breccias, 3) massive tourmaline and 4) pore space filling tourmaline. Based on the petrography and electron microprobe analysis studies, tourmalines of Sherbit area are correspond to intermediate schorl-dravite with more tendencies toward dravite composition and have been formed in hydrothermal conditions. According to reasons such as more Mg values compared to Fe, low Al amounts, fine scale zoning, content of fluorine, tendency toward outer side of alkali- and proton-deficient vectors and lack of negative correlation between Fe and Mg. Separated tourmaline from the quartz– tourmaline vein shows a very similar pattern to the quartz monzonite samples, which are characterised by a pattern with depletion in HREEs relative to LREEs. It can be concluded that REE concentrations and patterns of tourmaline from the different studied tourmaline rocks are controlled by the host rock and not by the hydrothermal fluid causing boron metasomatism.

The Mahour Zn-Cu-(Pb-Bi-Ag) deposit located in central Lut Block, formed in an intensely crushed fault zone, dominantly in dacite-rhyodacite volcanic-subvolcanic unit of Late Eocene- Oligocene age. Mineralization occurred as veins, veinlets and breccia massive sulfide and/or as quartz , quartz-carbonate or quartz-muscovite (sericite)- carbonate vein-veinlets. Apart from negligible dark sphalerite, only fine-grained pyrite is observed as disseminated phase within the host rocks. Hypogene mineralization is complex and the main minerals, in order of abundance, are pyrite, Fe-bearing sphalerite and chalcopyrite, with subordinate galena, Cu-sulfosalts, Bi-sulfosalts, Fe-poor sphalerite, and afew greenokite, arsenopyrite, digenite and probably covellite. The Considerable amounts of Ag exist in lattice of some sulfosalt and sulfide minerals, as well as locally negligible Au-bearing W minerals. Mineralization is dominantly associated with sericitic, intermediate argillic and propyllitic alterations and rarely with advanced argillic and quartz- adularia that formed at three main stages including: 1- quartz- pyrite, 2- Fe- bearing sphalerite, and 3- chalcopyrite stage with sulfosalts and minor high sulfidation minerals. Mineralization occurred after silicification and disseminated pyritization that comprise tourmaline (sericitic alteration prior to mineralization) and then weathering process affected it. According to very low dissolution of Cu in Cu-Zn-S equilibrium system, high density of chalcopyrite inclusions in Fe-bearing dark sphalerites in Mahour reveals replacement origin of chalcopyrite disease texture. This texture and mineralogy (ore and alteration) indicate formation of Mahour polymetal mineralization at temperature range of 200-400°C and from an intermediate sulfidation state and low acidity fluid which was neutralized to alkaline by interaction with wall rock. Although, a minor evidence for evolution to high sulfidation state, more acidic and oxidation conditions is recorded in Cu- rich zone. Mineralogical features of the Mahour deposit indicate predominantly magmatic origin for mineralizing hydrothermal fluid, and in combination with mineralization structure, association with calc-alkaline to shoshonitic igneous rocks and tectonic setting of host rocks, are very similar to cordilleran style polymetal lode deposits.

The Mazraeh Shadi is located about 130 km northeast of Tabriz (NW Iran) in the Arasbaran metallogenic belt. The deposit occurs as a series of veins within the Eocene andesites. Mineralization shows epithermal system that controlled by fault distribution. Epithermal textures within the veins include comb, vaggy quartz, cockade, boxworke, plate calcite and breccia. Pyrite is the main ore mineral associated with chalcopyrite, chalcocite, covellite, sphalerite, galena and gold. The result of geochemistry on the small rock samples from silica veins shows values of gold (max17100 ppb), Pb(max 21100 ppm), Ag(max 9.43ppm), Cu(max 611ppm) and Zn (max 333 ppm). Microthermometric studies were conducted on quartz samples from silicified and mineralized zones and provides substantial micro-thermometric data for a new interpretation. Fluid inclusions generally occur in range from 5 to 90 μm in size. Three types of fluid inclusions are typically observed at Mazraeh Shadi:(1) liquid-rich two-phase, (2) vapour-rich two-phase (3) vapour-rich mono-phase. The homogenization temperatures of all inclusions from 160 to 324 °C and the average of homogenization temperature is 228°C .The salinities are 0.17–5.1 wt.% NaCl equiv. The last ice-melting temperature is between –2.2 and -3.2°C. All fluid inclusions are plotted into the epithermal box and into the region between the primary magmatic water box and the meteoric water. Mineralization of Au is the result of pyrite precipitation, dilution- mixing of an oxidized meteoric water decreasing of pH, boiling and fluid mixing and there are two fluids participated in the formation of Mazraeh Shadi deposit. Fluid inclusion data shows the depth of mineralization at Mazraeh Shadi deposit probably ranged from 230 m to 380 m below the paleosurface and three-dimensional graphs confirm the deposition of lead and zinc in with high temperature-low salinity fluid and deposition of gold with low temperature-high salinity fluid. The zoning pattern shows clearly base metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn and Mo occur at the deepest levels, whereas precious metals occur at higher elevations with respect to base metals due to boiling of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal system.

One of the most important issues in the study of national security that is of great importance in issues related to sustainable development,In recent decades the world's population and concerns arising from the significant increase in the consumption of conventional fuels,Necessity and urgency of sustainable and secure access to energy is more and more evident.Not long in the end accept and rely too much on them in addition to global challenges such as pollution At the national level and regional problems such as internal conflicts and conflicts between governments as well. Therefore, it is essential It should be noted that fossil fuels are a finite and non-renewable energy sources Necessity and urgency of sustainable and secure access to energy is more and more evident.
The results indicate that the geopolitical situation of both countries depends on securing sustainable energy.As well as renewable and nonrenewable energy factors played the biggest impact on security mechanisms and utilizing the renewable energy sources in the energy mix Iran and Japan, to contribute significantly to the country's energy and national security.In this study we compared geopolitical Iran and Japan, the effect of renewable and nonrenewable energy in the country's energy security mechanisms are compared and assessed.

Haftcheshmeh Cu-Mo deposit is located in East Azerbaijan province, Iran, with 28 km distance in North West of Varzeghan Area. In order to evaluate the hydrogeochemical properties and concentrations of heavy metals in water resources of the studied area, 14 samples of groundwater (springs and the leakage levels) and 10 samples of surface water area were collected. Samples were analyzed for major anions and cations, and some heavy metals including Zn, Cu, Pb, and Mo. This qualitative study showed that majority of samples collected from the range of deposit, under the impact of low pH, caused the release of elements of minerals and changed water quality for drinking, agricultural and industrial uses. But at farther distance deposits in the flow direction with decrease of contaminants the quality of water in these resources increased. Concentrations of Pb and Mo were higher than the standard values in the sample near the deposit, whereas the concentrations of Cu and Zn were lower than the standard values in all of the samples. Determination of “Heavy metal pollution index” (HPI) and “metal index” (MI) revealed that samples of groundwater and surface water near the deposit were not suitable for drinking and it could be harmful for the human health. Spearman correlation analysis of metals showed that the all elements except Mo were negatively correlated to pH, reflecting different geochemical behavior of Mo. The results of this research showed that it was necessary to study the environmental effects of this deposit before start of mining.

Darreh-Zanjir Zn-Pb deposit is located at the south of Taft city. Sulfide minerals in this deposit include sphalerite, galena and pyrite. Replacement, open space filling, vein-veinlet, breccia and massive are the typical textures in the Darreh-Zanjir deposit. Mineralization is associated with normal fault. Gange mineral is dolomite and dolomitization is related to mineralization. Three types of dolomite have been recognized in the Darreh-Zanjir region: 1- Regional dolomite, formed during diagenesis of micritic limestone of the Taft formations and is exposed in whole region. It has dark gray color and fine crystals. 2- Thrusting dolomite, formed during compression and thrusting of the Taft formation on the Darreh-Zanjir formation, this dolomites are located at the vicinity of thrust fault.3- Mineralization and dolomitization occur adjacent to normal fault. This dolomite is known as hydrothermal dolomite (DH) and it decreases away from of sulfide mineralization. Geochemical studies suggest that high content of cadmium in sphalerites represents low temperature for ore forming fluid. Supergene and oxidation process caused change of sulfide minerals to non-sulfide minerals. Non-sulfide minerals of the Darreh-Zanjir deposit are smithsonite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite, cerrusite and Fe-oxides and hydroxides. The most important characteristics of mineralization at the Darrh-Zanjir deposit such as tectonic setting, post compression of normal fault controlling mineralization, host rocks, mineralogy, metal content as well as wall textures, show similarities with Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Zn-Pb deposits.

The study area is located in NW of Iran, East-Azarbaidjan Province in north Varzeghan. Plagioclase, amphibole and biotite are the major minerals and sphene, apatite, and quartz are accessory minerals. The texture of these dykes are porphyrytic with fine to medium matrix. Mineral chemistry analysis revealed that the composition of Plagioclase varies from andesine to oligoclase and the biotite varies from annite to siderophyllite. Amphiboles are principally of calcic-type and show magnesio-hornblende composition. These amphiboles are related to subduction zones and are concordance with active continental margins related to subduction. Dykes thermo-barometry, using total Al3 content in amphibole, shows that amphibole in quartz-dioritic dykes were crystallized at 800˚C and 4±0.5 kbars. Biotite thermometry in late dykes shows the crystallization temperature of 700 to 750 ˚C. High oxygen fugacity (-10 to -17) imply an oxidation magma and its formation in convergent plates. Based on magma character and nature determining diagrams according to chemical composition of amphibole, studied samples lie in sub-alkaline to alkaline magma series. Based on tectono-magmatic diagrams, amphiboles of the area lie in the field of suprasubduction related amphiboles. According to the amount (less than 1.5) AlIV, all of studied amphiboles placed in active continental margins related to subduction field.