فهرست مطالب محمدرضا عطارپور

Artificial intelligence, as one of the advanced and innovative technologies, has a significant impact on the development and progress of various industries. In recent years, artificial intelligence technologies have been recognized as one of the main drivers of economic development in various countries, and leading countries' governments are taking the lead in adopting governance policies to develop these technologies. This study aims to examine the governance experiences of selected countries (China, England, the Netherlands, Brazil, and Canada) in the development of artificial intelligence technologies from a policy perspective and providing lessons learned for Iran. Selected countries were chosen based on three criteria: being advanced in AI governance, having the most regional and economic similarity to Iran, and ultimately the extent of researchers' access to information.In this study, the identification and analysis of the policy programs and overall governance strategies of selected countries were conducted through a systematic review of documents and qualitative content analysis. Finally, based on the framework derived from the literature, this study categorizes the governance strategies for the development of artificial intelligence technologies in selected countries into four categories: 1) data-informed decision making, 2) automation-centered governance, 3) productivity-enhancing governance, and 4) greater equality and poverty reduction.

Considering the importance of technology in the economic development and its great role in improving productivity levels and creating economic added value, the development of technological capabilities has always been considered in policy programs. In this research, the goal is analyzing the content of the 6th program from the point of view of the development of technological capabilities to propose rulings to be included in the 7th program. For this purpose, based on a proposed framework, a content analysis of the legal provisions of the 6th Development Plan is done in order to extract the form of tools and intervention areas in the field of technology and innovation. Then, based on the held expert panels, the challenges of the lack of acceptable performance from the legal provisions of the program were identified, which include "failure to convert rulings into policy programs", "lack of mission-oriented policies", "failure to use innovation policy tools", "Not paying attention to the development of technology in important and bottleneck sectors", "Not paying attention to the development of new businesses, especially in the field of digital economy platforms". In addition, and in order to be included in the provisions of the 7th plan, four proposed programs to facilitate the development of technology and innovation in the 7th plan include "Technology development in the value chain of important industrial sectors", "Development of the international market and increasing the export of knowledge-based products". "Regulating the activity of internet businesses" and "developing innovative sector networks" were proposed.

Government research institutes, as one of the main actors of the innovation system, are not only responsible for the realization of some of the main functions of this system, such as carrying out research and development activities, but they also contribute to the development of innovation driving engines through direct and indirect cooperation with other actors. However, clarifying the role and function of government research institutes in the transition to a knowledge-based economy has received less attention and related policies have not been sufficiently discussed. Therefore, in the current research, using the qualitative research approach and the methods of forming a focus group and thematic analysis, the functions of government research institutes and the policies that facilitate their role in the realization of the knowledge-based economy have been examined. The findings of this research indicate that playing roles such as a host to specialized innovation centers and accelerators; Strategic and problem-oriented research management platform; Standard reference and regulatory support of the economic sectors; Specialized service center for companies active in the economic sector; Center for cooperation, transfer, dissemination and promotion of technology in the economic sector; and the think tank of technological and political intelligence, are the most important functions of government research institutes in line with the transition to a knowledge-based economy. In addition, to create a suitable environment for the role of government research institutes in the realization of the knowledge-based economy, policies dedicated to governance and division of tasks; strengthening the supply side; strengthening the demand side; Strengthening the linkage between supply and demand and developing and providing infrastructure are needed, which have been identified in this research.

The role of public procurement for innovation as a demand-push policies has been considered by policymakers in recent decades, especially in developed countries. In order to study the historical analysis about the evolution of these policies in Iran, several cases of horizontal and vertical policies are studied and compared in this research. The most important policy of these has been implemented and evolved since 1996 with the approval of the law on maximum use of local production and services capacity. In this study, for horizontal policies, law on maximum use of local production and services capacity (approved in 1996, 2012 and 2019) and law of foreign financing facilities (approved by the Economic Council in the period 2011 to 2020); And from the vertical perspective, the program of supplying 10 basic equipment in Oil Industry (implemented in 2015) and the exhibition made in Iran (beginning of implementation in 2012) are selected. These four policy programs are analyzed and compared based on the framework of PPI. Examining the evolution of this policy tools shows that demand transparency based on the priorities of different sectors, identification, evaluation and promotion of internal capacity, intermediary institutions (for exchange cost management) and governance system, to develop sector innovations are the four most important common challenges. The findings of this study indicate the repetition of policy challenges and shortcomings in the process of diversification and the evolution of horizontal and vertical policy programs of public procurement supporting innovation in Iran, which is suggested to be considered in future policy efforts.

In this paper, a comparative study of the history and different approaches of knowledge based economy as an influential concept in promoting national resilience and sustainable development in Iran and several selected countries (from developed and developing countries) is discussed. In this regard, while comparing policy making in different countries to establish a knowledge-based economy, we offer lessons learned for Iran to achieve a knowledge-based economy. One of the most important points drawn from the study of countries as joint focus points is the specific and sometimes unique nature of knowledge-based economy development policies in each country with regard to the industrial and technological context of each country. Accordingly, policies that have led to the development of a knowledge-based economy in a developing or developed country do not necessarily lead to similar results in other developing or developed countries, and may even have devastating economic consequences. The next point to note is that knowledge-based economics is not limited to advanced technologies and the main factor in achieving knowledge-based economics, in addition to advanced technologies, is to focus on innovation as the axis of enhancing productivity of economic activities and enhancing competitiveness that can span a range of activities. Include low and medium technology. In addition, coordination and integration between actors, especially policymakers and government actors (institutions and organizations) at the highest levels is an essential requirement for the realization of a knowledge-based economy at national level.

Technological learning and the drive for innovation in different industries emphasize the role of companies, especially large companies, and the acquisition of knowledge from external sources. Given the large corporations on the one hand and the long-term historical partnerships with foreign large firms on the other, the country's steel industry is also a good place to study in this field. On the other hand, some of the industry's successes, such as sustainability under sanctions, the country's second-largest source of non-oil export earnings, and some recent breakthroughs, particularly in the registration of the PERED technology brand, show that learning efforts have been somewhat successful. This study, which examines the learning processes and outputs of the country's steel industry (especially in policy, engineering and large steel companies) in the post-revolutionary era, has attempted to use a qualitative (case study) approach for drawing the path of technological development in the industry. For this purpose, 18 interviews with executives and policymakers, academics, engineering firms and specialists from large steel companies were conducted. Analyzing the content of these interviews and using the analytical framework of the Windows of opportunities path to innovation in the industry is described. The results show that dependence on the path of incremental innovation and falling into the success trap, lack of focusing on technology development across the steel value chain and the lack of a proper national strategy for technology development are the most important factors that make the industry successful in innovation process in some aspects of value chain.

One of the most important areas in the field of science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy is policymaking concerning the growth and development of basic sciences and technologies. However, the role of basic sciences and technologies in the development process of societies has not been sufficiently studied and there is no comprehensive agreement on the importance of these sciences for development and subsequent support. The purpose of this study is to identify the covered scientific fields, key functional dimensions, and policy plans and programs of institutions supporting basic sciences and technologies in leading countries, and to extract policy implications for similar organizations in Iran. This paper conducted document analysis and benchmarking using the best experiences to study and review the world's top experiences in policymaking for the development of basic science and technology in leading countries in the field of science and technology. The result indicate that the main functions of institutions supporting the development of basic sciences and technologies are as follows: Supporting talents and scientific and technology pioneers; Supporting problem-oriented education and research to address national and international challenges; Development of international scientific and technological interactions and cooperation; Supporting innovative and promising researches and commercialization of research achievements; Supporting fundamental research in the field of scientific and technological trends; and Generalization, popularization, and promotion of science and technology discourse in society.

Undertaking innovation in developing countries and transition towards knowledge-based economy is difficult without government intervention; necessity of balance between supply- and demand-side policies, the need for holistic view and the interconnections between government policy instruments has increased the complexity of interventions. Globally, statistics on scientific growth and outcomes of innovation show that there has been no balanced improvement in various dimensions of STI policies in Iran. Leading countries have been able to put this balance in place with a concept called policy mix. This paper tries to propose a policy mix to overcome these complexities and suggests suitable policy instruments via integration policy mix, system failures and multi-criteria decision-making methods. Our results indicate that the most important pragmatic policy actions for development and use of knowledge-based products in each category of system failure are issues such as establishing the necessary infrastructure and setting standards for quality assurance, transparency of government knowledge-based demand, designing and implementing a technology learning system, increasing investment of large firms in R&D, diversification of financial services for funding knowledge-based firms, using foreign investment in favor of improving local technological capabilities of big domestic firms. To implement these actions, 15 tools are proposed in a policy mix which were discussed and finalized by focus group method and semi-structures interviews.

Global experience has shown that policymakers in both developing and developed countries have always used the leverage of the domestic market to enhance their country's technological capability as an important and effective policy instrument. In Iran, the most important policy in this area is the law of “maximal use of internal capabilities”, which despite the modification of the initial version in 2012, seems to have failed to have effectiveness for the economy of the country. In this study, by reviewing the history of the implementation of this law, related laws and regulations, and initial interview with experts, six main institutional categories were identified. Using the method of focus group and analyzing the content of the discussions and interviews conducted in six sessions, the institutional framework for increasing effectiveness of this kind of laws was proposed. According to the analysis, the most important institutional deficiencies in reducing the effectiveness of the law, were some issues like: the importance of a full project to Iranian companies and forcing them to improve its technological capability, the lack of a system of financing, the lack of sectoral innovation policy and regulation and lack of aggregation of public demand for increasing bargaining power.

The complex and changing nature of the environment has led innovation to be the most important factor in maintaining and enhancing corporate performance. In order to have a comprehensive look at it, the concept of innovation ambidexterity has been developed and arranged focusing on exploitative innovation to maintain the competitiveness of existing products and with explorative innovation seeking new markets and products. According to literature, one of the most important processes to achieve this type of innovation and to overcome its challenges, especially in latecomer companies, is to enhance technological capability through learning mechanisms. This research has tried to propose appropriate policy programs to evaluate the effectiveness of these mechanisms in Iran steel industry. For this purpose, the integration of focus group and artificial neural network methods was used. The results, which were obtained using the Innovation Survey, showed that learning by doing is the most important learning mechanism that steel companies should pay attention to, as well as for exploitative innovation, learning by copying and design, and for exploratory learning, learning by research and interactions placed in the next rank. In the final stage, with the study of the global policies in other countries, 20 policy tools have been proposed and, with the focus group approach, seven programs have been identified as the most important tools that influences on technological learning.

The significant role of institutional conditions created by government and institutions involvement in the process of achieving sustainable development has attracted attention of policy makers to institutional innovation as one of the fundamental concepts in development strategies. On the other hand, achieving sustainable development requires access to technology and making appropriate policies for technology and innovation. This study seeks to denote the relationship between institutional innovation, technology development and the achievement of sustainable development using a partial least squares (PLS) model.
The proposed model applying a questionnaire distributed among science and technology experts was estimated. The results show that institutional innovations as soft technologies will play great roles in achieving sustainable development and technology development. In addition, among technology innovations, strategizing and policy-making with a coefficient of 0.92 is of greatest importance in attaining sustainable development. As well, among technology development evidences, patent and copyright, technology management and technology environment with coefficients of 0.904, 0.89 and .0898 respectively have the highest significance in achieving sustainable development.

Even though enormous efforts towards industrial development have been made in Iran over the past decades, the outcome has not been satisfying. One of the main problems is the lack of appropriate catch up policies in the country development plans and programs. In fact, in the case of Iran and other developing countries, passing from imitation to innovation phase is not that simple; in fact, the acquisition and absorption of current technologies should first be dealt with, second, the technological adaptation and modification have to be made for successful technological catch up, and finally, the innovation must gradually become the center of economic development process. These subjects highlight the importance of catch up policies for developing countries to achieve successful technological learning and innovation which have been considered as the key success factors for catch up. In carrying out this project, 12 successful catch up policies are identified by systematic review of literature and case studies.

In the concept of innovation systems, the interrelationship between actors is important. One of the most important tools that will shape this interrelationship between different actors in the system is regulations and laws related to science, technology and innovation (STI). In the literature, especially according to some economists such as Schumpeter, it is proven that laws and regulations could have the positive and negative impact on the development of technology and innovation. The literature review has shown that there are three views to achieve a comprehensive legislation in the field of STI. The classification categories are OECD’s rules, technological and non-technological laws and the prevention of failures rules. In addition, in this research, science and technology rules and laws as "lows on science and technology" in other countries are also examined. As a result, the proposed framework is introduced to show the different dimensions considered to achieve comprehensive science, technology and innovation law. Finally, according to this research, there are some proposed factors such as institutional modifications and innovations, determination of important science and technology branches, comprehensive view about these regulating and concept of STI, and attention to dynamics of laws and rules, that decision makers should consider to achieving comprehensive regulations.

Target costing by integrating customer requirements, technical attributes and cost information into the product design phase and eliminating the non-value added functions, plays a vital role in different phases of the product life cycle. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Value Engineering (VE) are two techniques which can be used for applying target costing, successfully. The purpose of this paper is to propose an integrated model of target costing, QFD and VE to explore the role of target costing in managing product costs while promoting quality specifications meeting customers’ needs. Findings indicate that the integration of target costing, QFD and VE is an essential technique in managing the costs of production process. Findings also imply that integration of the three techniques provides a competitive cost advantage to companies.