محمدرضا نوری امامزاده ئی

Surface border irrigation design and variables determination using multi-objective optimizationM. Saleki , M.R. Nouri , H.R. Salemi , R. Fatahi AbstractDesign of surface border irrigation systems is usually performed based on empirical relations presented in the literature or through simulation results in various models. These methods do not allow investigating the impact of all design variables on different irrigation indices.Designing based on minimizing the volume of water input along with maximizing indices such as application efficiency, distribution uniformity, and irrigation adequacy is a new approach that can provide the best results through multi-objective optimization. The best choice for design variables, including length, width, slope, inflow rate, and cut-off time in a field, can be obtained using this method to achieve optimal indices.In this research, by measuring the water advance in sample plots in a field in Isfahan and simulating water movement in the border strips, the soil infiltration coefficients were obtained. Based on this, for a net irrigation depth of 75 mm and a roughness coefficient of 0.15, 56700 closed-end border irrigation events were simulated using WinSRFR 5.1 software. Among the obtained results, using the constrained objective function multi-objective optimization method, with the aim of minimizing the volume of water input and application efficiency higher than 90%, distribution uniformity and irrigation adequacy more than 0.8, 515 optimal options for designing the irrigation border strips were determined, and among them, some options were presented for the optimal design of the irrigation border strips in this field and similar fields.The results show that the volume of water input in the optimized options is between 712.8 and 757.3 cubic meters per hectare, which is significantly different from the measured values in the field. The method presented in this research can be used as a new approach for designing surface border irrigation systems and increasing water productivity in agriculture.

Water is the source of life and one of the important resources for the sustainable development of countries. Population growth and consequently the need for more agricultural commodities and food products and on the other hand, the limitation of water resources, have led human beings to the optimal use of available water resources and the use of low-quality water (Dehghan et al. 2015). To make more efficient use of limited water resources in the agricultural sector, new strategies such as the use of unconventional and saline water in irrigation operations should be considered (Mardani Nejad et al. 2017). Knowing how plants respond to different degrees of salinity of irrigation water, which is used in different stages of vegetative and reproductive growth, is necessary for proper and optimal management of the use of unconventional water resources in agriculture. Beans are one of the most important crops in terms of high protein content and use in the diet. This plant is one of the annual legumes and is sensitive to water salinity, which is cultivated for seed production (Salehi, 2015b). Bean is one of the plants sensitive to salinity and tolerates salinity up to 2 dS/m, but its yield reduction starts from 0.8 dS/m (Kamel et al. 2016).This experiment was carried out to compare the effects of saline water application in vegetative and reproductive growth stage for irrigation of Derakhshan red bean cultivar, which is suitable for Shahrekord climatic conditions. Experiments of this pot study in open space, were performed in factorial form in a completely randomized design, with three replications in pots with a diameter of 40 and a height of 70 cm in the research farm of Shahrekord University with UTM coordinates (Zone = 39), X = 482573 m and Y = 3579364 m and altitude of 2070 m above sea level. The first factor of the experiment was the use of saline water at the mentioned three levels for irrigation in the vegetative growth stage and the second factor was the use of the same salinity levels for irrigation of reproductive growth stage. The data collected included yield, yield components and water productivity.The results of analysis of variance showed that salinity stress in the vegetative and reproductive growth stage of bean plant significantly reduces yield, yield components, water uptake, water productivity and biological productivity index (α <0.01). Harvest index was not affected by salinity stress at vegetative growth stage, while the effect of salinity stress at reproductive growth stage on harvest index was significant (α <0.01). The highest value of water productivity was achieved in the control treatment with a rate of 0.67 kg/m3; the lowest value of 0.39 kg/m3 was observed in the treatment of applying 2 dS/m saline water in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Regardless of salinity level, the mean effects of salinity in vegetative growth stage led to the productivity of 0.64 kg/m3 and in reproductive growth stage led to the productivity of 0.59 kg/m3. The results also showed that the highest yield (3349 kg/ha) was related to the control treatment and the lowest yield with rate of 1779 kg/ha was related to the treatment of applying 2 dS/m saline water in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Regardless of the salinity level, the mean effects of salinity led to the production of 3067 and 2892 kg / ha grain yield in the vegetative and reproductive growth stage, respectively. The highest amount of water uptake was observed in the control treatment with the rate of 10 mm/day and the lowest amount of 9 mm/day without significant difference in the treatment with a salinity of 2 dS/m in the whole growth period and the treatment of 2 dS/m in the vegetative growth period And 1.5 dS/m was observed during reproductive growth.The results of this experiment, like the results of Ben Usher et al., 2006, showed that increasing salinity during the vegetative growth period of the plant reduces the storage content of plant organs, which affects the yield and its components at the end of the period. On the other hand, the application of salinity stress during reproductive growth period has a direct negative effect on yield and its indicators. These effects will be exacerbated when salinity stress is applied simultaneously during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. The effects of salinity stress on grain yield and water productivity were more significant in the reproductive growth stage. The result is that in conditions of limited water quality, in order to achieve higher yield and optimal use of water, water with suitable quality should be used in the reproductive growth stage, and saline water could be used in the vegetative growth stage.

Iron is one of the elements whose total amount in Iranian soils is significant. This element is nutritionally essential for the plant, but too much of it can cause toxic conditions. It is noteworthy that wetland conditions affect the solubility of this metal and its high content can also cause clogging of drains. Soil pH is the most important factor affecting the absorption of iron and in anaerobic and acidic conditions, the amount of iron increases to toxicity. Increasing the solubility of iron due to physicochemical interactions of wetlands not only increases the absorption of iron as a micronutrient and essential element for the plant, but also affects its leaching. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of controlled drainage on iron concentration in drainage water and its uptake by maize.This study was conducted in two cropping years 2018 and 2019 (spring and autumn cultivation) in the experimental farm of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 400 m2 (length and width equal to 20 m) was done. In this study, single-cross 647 hybrid maize was used in spring planting and single-cross 704 in autumn planting. For this purpose, factorial experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications in two planting seasons; i.e. spring and fall on the experimental fields. The first treatment was free drainage (FD), the second treatment was variable water table (CD-Var) (with a fixed distance from the water table to the root development area), the third treatment was water table stabilization at a depth of 50 cm (CD50) and the fourth treatment was water table stabilization at depth 50 cm and release after 24 hours after irrigation (CD-In). Controlled drainage experiments were performed using cylindrical lysimeters made of corrugated polyethylene with a diameter of 80 cm and a height of 120 cm with an underground drainage system.According to results in two planting seasons the controlled drainage had a significant effect on the concentration of iron in drainage water, iron uptake by maize and the yield of maize components at the level of one percent. The highest concentration of iron in drainage water in spring and autumn cultivations was related to controlled drainage treatment with variable water table (CD-Var) of 1.92 and 1.56 mg / l respectively, and the lowest concentration of iron in drainage water was related to free drainage treatment (FD) equal to 0.83 and 0.8 mg / l were obtained in spring and autumn cultivations respectively. The results showed that the concentration of iron in the grain was higher than the stem and leaf. The highest concentration of iron in grain for CD-Var treatment in spring and autumn cultivation was 103 and 80 mg / kg, respectively, and the lowest concentration of iron in grain for FD treatment in spring and autumn cultivation was 32 mg / kg and 30 mg / kg, respectively.On the other hand, controlled drainage increased crop yield in CD-Var treatment compared to other treatments. 1000-seed weight in CD-Var treatment in spring and autumn cultivation were 282 and 313 g, respectively, and these values were 207 and 222 g for FD treatment, respectively. Also, iron concentration in soil, seeds, stems and leaves in CD-Var treatment was higher than other treatments. The results showed that controlled drainage increases plant yield and water use efficiency. Also, in terms of water use efficiency, controlled drainage between different treatments has created a significant difference at the level of five percent. Controlled drainage has significantly increased water use efficiency in different treatments. The highest effect on water use efficiency was related to CD-Var treatment at 9.44 and 10.69 kg / ha and the lowest effect was related to FD treatment at 7.37 and 8.27 kg / ha for spring and autumn cultivation, respectively. but on the other hand, based on the results of iron concentration in the drainage water and its increasing trend, there is the potential for ochre production in CD-Var and CD50 treatments. In CD-In treatment, in terms of ochre production potential, it was in the low potential range. In free drainage treatment, the concentration of iron in the drain in both seasons and during the growth period was less than one milligram per liter and can be neglected in terms of the potential for ochre production.

Conservation of soil and water resources could be an important role in the health of crop. The use of wastewaters and the presence of heavy metals in these waters as well as the pollution of soil resources due to the entry of heavy metals can cause many problems for quantity and quality of crop. The high retention of heavy metals in the environment causes transfer to plants and food chains and cause irreparable damage to humans, plant growth, soil and the environment. This study was conducted to investigate the contamination caused by the application of different amounts of heavy metal Cadmium (Cd) in irrigation water and also in soil on its growth and accumulation in organs of corn variety (cultivar) 201 in Shahrekord University farm.

To this aim, the factorial test was done based on the completely randomized design with three replicates as a pot culture with Silt Loam texture. The first factor was the addition Cd in soil from the Cd Nitrate Salt at three levels (0 (control), 10 mg/kg soil, and 50 mg/kg soil) and the second was the Cd concentration in irrigation water from Cd Nitrate Salt at five levels (0 (control), 0.01, 0.05, 1, 2 mg/L).After using Cd treatments in the soil, corn was cultivated and irrigated with water with different levels of Cd during the growing period. At the end of the growing period, the concentration of Cd in different components of the plant (stem, leaves and seed), soil as well as the relative components of corn were determined. Also, the amount of evaporation and transpiration and water requirement were recorded during the experiment.

The results showed that water and soil contamination with Cd had a significant effect (at a1% level) on yield components including grain yield per plant unit, number of rows in corn, number grain at the row, dry leaf weight and dry stem weight. However, the effect of water and soil contamination with Cd was not significant on yield components. High levels of Cd in soil and water had the highest reduction in yield. The results showed that the stem had the highest (2.283mgkg-1) and the grain (undetectable) had the lowest Cd concentration. In this study, the highest and lowest yields of corn plant components due to the using of different levels of Cd in soil, in grain yield and the number of rows in corn obtained11.46%, 15.51% and 2.47%, 3.81%, respectively. Water and soil contamination with Cd had a significant effect (p < 0.05) level on water use efficiency in corn. Water use efficiency due to the using of high levels of Cd in water and soil decreased by 15.45% and 17.21%, respectively.

The results showed that the combined use of contaminated water and contaminated soil with Cd leads to a quantitative and qualitative reduction of corn yield. Therefore, efforts should be made to prevent the contamination of water and soil, to minimize the use of contaminated water in contaminated soil in order to protect soil resources as well as water. According to the results, the amount of Cd concentration in leaves and stem was higher than the allowable limit. Contamination of water with Cd also led to a further reduction in corn yield in contaminated soil.

Depletion of excess soil moisture from root zone is one of the objectives of the implementation of drainage systems. In this study the ability of HYDRUS 2D/3D model to soil moisture transport management for determining of depth and space of drains in second cropping of paddy fields of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in For the three growing season (2014-2017) is assessed. So, two kinds of fields were constructed: Field A with subsurface drainage systems and drain depth of 0.9 m and drain spacing of 30 m and field B having drain spacing of 15 m and alternate drain depths of 90, 65 and 90 cm. Sensitivity analysis and calibration were first performed with the aim of verifying the HYDRUS model. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the software had maximum sensitivity to the saturated volumetric water content. Four scenarios were considered for field A in HYDRUS model which consist of: middle drain in 1- the depth of 40, 2- in the depth of 90, 3- two middle drains in the drain of 40 and 4- two middle drains of 65 cm. Scenario 4, 3, 2 in field B and scenario 1 showed the maximum of soil moisture depletion respectively. The maximum loss of soil moisture was observed in scenario 4 by 18.75 percent and minimum loss of soil moisture was occurred in scenario 1 by 0.22 percent. Also, evaluation of results showed that scenario 3 and scenario 4 depleted the soil moisture during the period of 2-days and 4-days, respectively earlier in respect to of first level of soil and reached to field capacity. Also, results showed that scenario 4 is the best in contrast to scenario 1 which has the worst.

Change and decrease in atmospheric precipitation in recent years as well as increase in population and further demand for agriculture in the arid and semi-arid regions (such as Naghan) has led to a significant decrease in surface and groundwater resources. Therefore, achieving optimal utilization of water in agriculture, new irrigation systems has been considered to gain the most crop yield with less amount of water consumption. Also cultivated area can be expanded by these systems, containing lands with irregular topography, due to the high water distribution uniformity. Besides developing irrigation system, irrigation management is an important tool for increasing crop productivity. Researchers have shown that applying deficit irrigation (DI) under drip system, has led to improve the quality of grape yield, decrease water consumption and increase water efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation system and water stress on water consumption, yield and physiological indices of grapes. The study field was located in Naghan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Experiences were done during summer 2016, in a completely randomized block design, with four replications in a grapevine garden The treatments included: CTRL, Furrow irrigation as common method in the area (control), surface irrigation with 100% water requirement (SI100), surface irrigation with 60% water requirement(SI60), drip irrigation with 100% water requirement(DI100) and drip irrigation with 60% water requirement (DI100).At the beginning of the experiences, 20 vine trees were selected with average of 60 years old. The field was divided into blocks, and the treatments were applied, randomly. Then the blocks were set up for the surface and drip irrigation. As the next step, required water was collected in a reservoir to obtain constant and reliable amount of water. In the control treatment, irrigation schedule of the gardeners (custom of the region) were considered in which irrigation event was at the beginning of the season. Also, drip and surface irrigation treatments were according to the soil water deficit. At the end of the experiment, water use efficiency, product performance, RWC, number of cubes per cluster, the weight of the cube in the cluster, cluster length, the number of main branches of the cluster and also qualitative properties such as soluble solids (Brix), total acid and pH of grape juice were measured. According to the results of qualitative traits, the amount of applied water significantly affected the grapes pH in the level of 5%. The lowest grapes pH was due to the control treatment and the highest to the surface irrigation 60%. Also, measuring total soluble solids (TSS) in grape indicated significant difference in 1% level which revealed that deficit and drip irrigation increased sugar in grapes and therefore quality of the crop. The results of quantitative traits showed the number of cubes in treatments had a significant difference at a probability level of 1%. Number of cubes in surface irrigation treatment 100% (SI100) had the highest value, while the quality of the crop was lower. The treatments differed significantly in weight of 100 cubes and the drip irrigation treatment 100% (DI100) did not have a significant difference with control treatment, while deficit irrigation resulted in reducing the crop weight. Relative water content of leaves (RWC) had the highest amount in the control treatment, while low water stress reduced this index. Wet and dry yields were highest in the control treatments (CTRL); while, the lowest amount was due to the low irrigation treatments of DI60 and SI60 with 19% and 34% reduction, respectively for the wet and dry yield. Drip irrigation with 100% water requirement (DI00) was not significantly different from the control treatment in most of the quality parameters, cluster and yield characteristics but had less water consumption and higher water use efficiency. Regarding the conditions of the region and the reduction of water resources, an accurate and efficient plan for irrigation is needed. So, the common method of irrigating in the region was assessed, as well as new methods of applying drip system and deficit irrigation. The results of this study indicate that drip irrigation system with 100% water requirement has no significant difference with the conventional irrigation method in the region, on quality and quantity of the gape yield. However, applying the drip system reduced the water consumption by 40%, and increased efficiency. Hence, drip irrigation system is suggested to be replaced by the traditional system.

Water repellency of soils is a property with significant consequences for agricultural water management, water infiltration, vertical soil-water transport, contaminant transport, and for soil erosion. It is caused by the presence of hydrophobic organic materials on soil grains and aggregate surfaces. Dry soil usually absorbs moisture but hydrophobic soil resists or reduces water infiltration into soil. Water repellency potentially affects wetting front and solutes transport in soil. This research was conducted in hydrophobic soils in order to investigate wetting pattern. The soil was collected from the region in the vicinity of sewage pilot of Fouladshar, Isfahan, Iran. Different amounts of urban sewage sludge including 25, 50, 65 and 80 weight percent were added to hydrophilic soil and S25%, S50%, S65% and S80% were obtained. After almost one year, soil water repellency was determined by using water drop penetration time method. In this procedure Three drops of distilled water from a standard medicine dropper are placed on the smoothed surface of a soil sample, and the time that elapses before the drops are absorbed is determined. In general, soil is considered to be water repellent if the WDPT exceeds 5 s. In this way the following classes were distinguished: wettable or non-water repellent (

Quality of water resources in each region is influenced by factors with natural or man-made origin suffers from physical, chemical, and biological changes. These changes create serious limitations for utilization of water resources Therefore, investigation of these resources is essential to maintain and improve their quality. The present study was carried out in order to classify groundwater quality of Kaboudarahang Plain using statistical techniques, including factor and hierarchical clustering analysis on qualitative data (14 parameters) for a 3-years period (1390-1392) through SPSS software. Factor analysis results showed that 81.74% of changes influenced by four components. Moreover, based on cluster analysis on 30 wells, the wells were classified to three groups. According to the classification, group I had the lowest and group III had the highest concentration of the water quality parameters. However, all groups were in C3S1class from the agricultural point of view.

Flood currents are considered threatening factors by creating local scour along bridge piers. One method for decreasing local scour is to strengthen the bed against imposed tensions. Among methods which can directly be appropriate in decreasing and controlling local scour of bridge piers is to employ geotextile around bridge piers. In the present study, the effect of geotextile layer in decreasing local scour of cylindrical single-pier was investigated with the purpose of proposing the best effective method of covering bridge pier. So, layers with circular and oval shapes were put around the pier, in proportion with pier diameter, and the performance of each was compared with the unprotected pier. Test results showed that with installing the oval geotextile layer, final scour depth around the pier reached to 1.25D. Also, comparing geotextile and collar with 2D diameter, the delay of scour process around geotextile was 40 times higher than the collar, but the collar decreased the ultimate scour depth further than geotextile.

Flood currents are considered as a threatening factor which creating local scour along bridge piers. In studying the reasons for the destruction of many bridges, scour resulting from flood currents has been identified as the major reason for the failure. Scour is a natural phenomenon which occurs as a result of erosion in bed and drift riversides by water current. This phenomenon is created locally as a result of mutual effect of water way geometry, bed and current specifications around the pier. As a matter of fact, when a current strikes bridge pier, holes are made around the pier and complex vortex systems are created whose performance causes a hole around piers called a scour hole. The development of this hole around the pier causes under the foundations to get empty leading to their destruction and finally the destruction of the bridge. In order to prevent and decrease scour at the bridge pier, two basic methods have been presented. One of them is the direct method in which the resistance of the bed against tension increases; and the other is the indirect method in which the effect of the destructive forces is reduced by changing the current pattern around the pier. Prediction of depth and the final status of scour hole are the most important cases of hydraulic design of bridges. Geotextiles, which are produced from polypropylene and polyester fibers, form a large group of geosynthetic products. These materials can be used to strengthen river beds adjacent to bridge piers and to control the scour around them concurrently playing the role of riprap and collar. Geotextile spread around bridge piers to prevent the scouring around it. In terms of economics, determine the extent and pattern of suitable geotextile cover is essential.
In this study, coverage area with geotextile around the single pier and a group of two and three piers in the case of clear-water flow over uniform sediment were investigated. The experiments were carried out in a 20m long, 0.60m wide, and 0.60m deep, Plexiglass-sided flume. The piers of Teflon were selected with 5cm diameter and fixed parallel the streamline. The space between the piers was 3 times bigger than pier diameter. The granulated silt of bed materials was chosen so that no ripples are formed in the test area bed. The formation of ripples causes separate small protrusions in the bed; it also causes an increase in current speed compared to the critical speed in the movement threshold of sediments causing some of the upstream sediments of the pier to be washed and carried thus filling the scour hole and causing the scour depth to decrease compared to its real maximum amount. Ripples and non-sticking sediments with mean sized from 0.05 to 0.7 mm develop; hence, the mean diameter of sediments should be over 0.7mm.
The results showed that in group piers the sheltering effect of the first pier decreases 50% of coverage pattern and the reinforcing effect of the last pier increase the coverage pattern about 40%. Sheltering effect in a group of two and three piers let to decreasing scour hole about 50% and 71%, respectively, than the single pier. At the rear pier of a group of three piers, the dimensions of the scour hole were 21% less than a group of two piers because the first and second piers protect the rear pier. With experiment on coverage patterns, it was found that the oval layer in single pier and the semi oval layer in group piers is the best pattern for scour reduction. In this state, after 19 hours, the first signs of scour in downstream are observed whose longitudinal and widthwise progression were about 3cm to the end of the test and its depth, too, reached 0.5cm. Base on the obtained results, with regard to the negligible amount of scour, the semi-oval pattern with more coverage in behind the pier is suggested as the best pattern in geotextile installation. By using geotextile with an appropriate cover, apart from a delay in scouring process, the scour location is transferred to downstream and the scour depth is decreased. In other words, the geotextile layer has a dual performance in decreasing scour. As far as economy and method of application are concerned, the larger layer; and as far as the scour is concerned, the smaller layer would be problematic.

Nowadays, due to lack of water resources and increasing demand for water, agricultural water planning issues need further consideration. With proper planning and determination of irrigation depth and time, the effects of stress and yield loss on the plants are reduced. Irrigation scheduling is one of the most important factors in crop’s quality and quantity. The main objective of irrigation scheduling is to control crop’s water conditions in order to achieve its optimum yield level. So irrigation timing is the vital factor on which crop water stress and eventually yield's level are dependent upon. Moreover, irrigation timing is used in irrigation scheduling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation time on water consumption, water use efficiency and yield of beans. In order to observe the effect of the amount and the time of the irrigation on water consumption, yields rate and water use efficiency, the current research was carried out at the University of Shahrekord during the summer of 2012. The experiment was done as a completely randomized design with 4 repetitions consisting of irrigation time and the amount of irrigation in 4 and 2 levels (at, 8, 14 and 18) and (deficit irrigation, full irrigation), respectively. Beans seeds were planted in 32 similar vases with a diameter of 45 cm and height of 60 cm, in each experiment. Treatments were begun after 37 days from planting. Treatments were irrigated when the average moisture in the root zone was equal to the lower border of readily available water of full irrigation. At the end of the experiments, plants were completely harvested. Then the plant’s height, number of branches, numbers of pods per plant, pod and seed weight were measured. Results showed that irrigating at different times during the day influenced water use efficiency, water consumption, seeds yield and number of pods in the bush. The water consumption was affected by irrigation time. Among full irrigation treatments, irrigation at 2 p.m. and 6 a.m. had the highest and lowest water consumption, respectively. The total amount of water used in irrigation at 8 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 6 p.m. compared to 6:00 a.m. was increased by1.6, 9.5 and 4.1 percent, respectively. The results showed that irrigation at 2:00 p.m., caused a significant reduction in yield. Moreover, water use efficiency in 6 a.m. treatments had increased 18.5 percent more than that of the 2:00 p.m. irrigation treatment. The time of irrigation did not have a meaningful effect on bush height, the number of minor branches, the pod's length. The effect of the amount of irrigation water was meaningful on bush height, number of minor branches, seeds yield, the number of pods in the bush, pods length and seed weight. Seed yield at 8:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. treatments has shown 0.29, 17.1 and 7.6 percent decrease in comparison with 6:00 a.m. irrigation treatment, respectively. Moreover, 100-seed weights were significantly affected by the irrigation time. The maximum and minimum weights of 100- seed weights were obtained at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. irrigation, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that the number of pods per plant was affected by irrigation time. The maximum number of pods per plant was 101 which belong to the 6:00 a.m. treatment. In this experiment in the case of irrigation at 2:00 p.m., the number of pods per plant was significantly decreased in full and deficit irrigation. The results showed that although the irrigation frequency was the same, irrigation at maximum evapo-transpiration caused the plant to be under stress and the yield was reduced. In other word, it can be said that time of irrigation had no meaningful effect on the appearance and shape of the plant while it was effective in terms of the yield. Overall assessments showed that maximum of the measured features were obtained in the case of 6:00 a.m. treatment. The results showed that irrigation at different times of the day and the applied water stress, reduced water use efficiency. These caused traits such as plant height; number of branches; number of pods per plant; pod and seed weight to be affected by the irrigation depth. Based on the results of this experiment it can be stated that, when there is no limit of water supply, it is recommended to irrigate in the early morning, before the steep slope of the temperature rise. However, in the situations with water shortage problems, is better to manage the water and the product.

Among surface irrigation methods, furrow irrigation is most common and adaptable method. Longitudinal slope in furrow irrigation is generally uniform and constant along the furrow. In order to access more application efficiency and more uniformity of water distribution and control runoff and deep percolation in furrow irrigation, several techniques such as surge irrigation and cut-back irrigation is used that all is need applying special equipment during operation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects changing of longitudinal slope furrow from linear to planar (concave or convex) on the parameters of the furrow irrigation. In this way an experiment with completely randomized design with three replications was taken place in the experimental field of Shahrekord University during the summer 2010. The treatments were furrows with uniform, concave and convex longitudinal slope. Indexes such as time advance, time recession and outflow was measured. Coefficients of infiltration equation were calculated by two-point method of Elliott – Walker. The indexes such as application efficiency and uniformity of water distribution in all treatments were calculated and compared statistically by SAS software. The results of this study shows application efficiency and uniformity of water distribution in the concave slope treatment was 73 and 92 percent, respectively. Corresponding values of control treatment (70 and 90 percent) were significantly different and so on that of convex slope treatment with quantity of 63 and 86 percent, respectively. Therefore it can be concluded that in furrow irrigation the assessment indexes and productivity are improved by applying the longitudinal concave slope.

Inappropriate water use efficiency is one of the most important problems in agricultural section. The lack of farmer’s knowledge about the amount of crop water requirement and proper irrigation principals lead to excessive use of water in agricultural section. For this purpose in the present study water use amounts, water use efficiency and crop yields for Maize and Potato were estimated in 9 fields of Boroujen, Khanmirza and Shahrekord plains located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari province. Furthermore, economic analysis has been conducted among the fields to assess common management of this area. The results showed that water use efficiency with considering the dry weight of the crop, for the Boroujen, Khanmirza and Shahrekord plains were in average 0.51, 2.57 and 2 kg/m3, respectively. Highest net income per unit volume of water (9250Rials), belonged to Dehsahra farm located in Khanmirza plain. At this farm the used water was 30% less than the required water and so, this maximum net income was obtained due to high crop yield and less use of water in this field. The lowest net income per unit volume of water (1010Rials), belonged to Konark farm located in Boroujen plain in which the irrigation water was used 134% more than the crop water requirement. The highest and lowest values of benefit-cost ratio (B/C) (2.97 and 0.28) have been obtained from Dehsahra and Konark farms located in Khanmirza.

Agriculture development and improvement of soil and water resources productivity mainly depends on irrigation efficiency and reduction of water losses. This research was conducted in Borougen, Khanmirza and Shahrekord plain during 2010 growing season in order to evaluate the furrow irrigation systems. Evaluation of furrow irrigation systems were carried out in Potato fields in Borujen and maize fields in Khanmirza and Shahrekord plains. According to the results, application, conveyance, adequacy and overall irrigation efficiencies of Borujen plain were calculated 49.27, 83.65, 98.22 and 41.53 in percent, respectively. Such values for Khanmirza plain were 55.41, 77.11, 60.2 and 41.58 percent and those of Shahrekord plain were, 61.41, 88.43, 84.24, 54.67 percent, respectively. The results show that the application and adequacy efficiencies of furrow irrigation systems in these plains are acceptable. The overall irrigation efficiency was low mainly due to conveyance efficiency. Lining the transmission canals, using the standard structures and using of gated pipes, instead of traditional methods especially in furrow irrigation, is recommended and can be useful for improving distribution efficiency on farm.

Accurate measurement and mapping of leaching fraction (LF)، as a key parameter in saline irrigation management، is a time consuming and expensive process. This research was carried out in 62 ha of Ardakan pistachio orchards of Yazd province in 2012 for measuring and mapping of LF through integration of the data obtained from Wetting Front Detector (WFD) and Electromagnetic induction (EM38) devices. For this purpose، 24 WFDs were installed in the region to extract root zone leachate waters and to measure their electrical conductivities (ECdw) as well as chemical constituents (Cl، Na، K، Ca and Mg). Soil samples were also collected in these points for ECe measurements. Additionally، ECe in 90 points were measured with the aid of EM38 and used for mapping of soil ECe. After calculation of LF as ECiw/ECdw، relationships between LF and soil ECe was modeled as LF=f (ECe). After statistical evaluation of the equation، it was applied to the ECe map to generate final LF map. Drainage water analysis showed that Na and Cl were the dominant ions in leachate waters (71. 6% and 74. 6%، respectively)، as well as in irrigation water. Also، good agreement was found between LF and soil ECe values with R2=0. 67 and RMSE=0. 054، which led to generation of final LF map. This map، as a demonstration of irrigation management، can be used for planning of irrigation and also improvement of existing management strategies in the studied area.

Accurate، rapid، and low-cost instruments for in situ measurement of soil physical properties can simplify generation of their maps in different scales for site specific management of soil and water resources in these areas. One of these instruments is electromagnetic induction device (EM38) that has shown many capabilities in determination of some soil physical properties، both at the surface and in depth. Main objective of this study was to investigate EM38 capabilities in determination of some soil physical properties such as weighted and volumetric water contents (12θm «> and 12 θv)»>، clay، silt، and sand percentages، temperature، apparent bulk density (12ρb«>)، and porosity (n) in saline pistachio orchards of Ardakan، Yazd province. For this purpose، 90 EM38 reading points and 25 soil sampling points were selected in the region. Disturbed and un-disturbed soil samples were collected from four discrete depths (0-30، 30-60، 60-90، and 90-120 cm) and the mentioned parameters were determined. Afterwards، relationships between EM readings and different soil properties were calculated through simple and multiple regression methods. Results of this study showed no significant correlations between EM38 readings and clay، sand، silt contents and temperature، while significant correlations were found between horizontal EM38 readings (EMh) and 12 ρb»> with R2 of 0. 68 and 0. 65 for 0-30cm and 0-60cm soil depths، respectively. Additionally، relationships between EM38 and 12θv «>of 0-30cm، 0-60cm، and 0-90cm soil depths were significant with R2adj of 0. 69، 0. 74 and 0. 78، respectively. Based on these relationships، maps of 12ρb،» > 12θv«> and porosity (n) of different soil depths were prepared and interpreted. Results of this study، however، show suitability of EM38 instrument for low-cost and rapid mapping of some soil physical properties such as moisture، bulk density، and porosity.

Soil and water resources are limited and optimal use of water resources in agriculture requires accurate determination of water consumed by plant species in different circumstances. This situation is necessary more than ever due to fast development of greenhouse cultivation. In this regard, to determine evapotranspiration and crop coefficient (KC) of greenhouse cucumber, two microlysimeters were installed for growing cucumber and grass. Daily evapotranspiration rate of both plants was measured by weighing method. Also, by using meteorological data, recorded inside the greenhouse, the reference crop evapotranspiration was calculated with Penman-Monteith-FAO, Hargreaves-Samani and Makkink methods. Evapotranspiration of cucumber plants, with plant spacing of 40×70 cm, during the 4-month growth period was measured as 273.2 mm. Mean values of KC for cucumber in greenhouse was 0.14 in the initial stage of growth, 0.78 in the development stage, 1.37 in the middle stage and 0.86 in the last stage. Also, crop coefficient values for reference crop evapotranspiration estimated by the Hargreaves-Samani and Makkink methods were closer to the actual values. The Penman-Monteith-FAO equation estimated Kc value about 1.6 to 5 times higher than the actual value.

Despite daily increasing water requirement, it is necessary that environmental adverse effects of each project be controlled, so revision of ability of traditional drainage systems is unavoidable. Controlled drainage is an environment friendly water management practice that conserves water and reduces nitrogen losses through reduced drainage water volume. This research was conducted in order to determine the controlled water table depth and its effects on irrigation water productivity and yield of soybean crop, by using lysimeter in 2008 in Shahrekord University. A completely randomized experimental design with three replicates, consisting of four water table treatments were used: Free Drainage/ traditional drainage (FD) as control, and depth of water table in 60-65, 40-45 and 20-25 cm from the soil surface, which named CD60,CD40 CD20, respectively. Results of variance analysis showed that the effects of drainage treatments were significant on yield components. The highest yield observed in CD60 treatment (2774 kg/ha). Lack of rapid depletion in this controlleddrainage treatment may caused water and nutrient be more available for plant. The least yield obtained in CD20 treatment with the average of 1798 kg/ha. It may be explained by water logging in the most part of root. Also lack of oxygen and creating the situations to denitrification limited efficient use of water and nutrients for plant. The maximum and minimum of irrigation water productivity obtained in CD60 and CD20 treatments. The seed production rates of these treatments were 0.45 and 0.29 Kg/m3, respectively, in comparision 0.4 in control treatment.

Aeration is conducted on the perennial grasses such as lawns to reduce soil compaction and enhances the growth as well as improves soil infiltration. In order to evaluate the effects of aeration and topdressing on water infiltration phenomenon in a perennial lawn a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was conducted in the city of Isfahan in June 2009. Aeration, as the main experimental factor, consists of three levels, A0 (without aeration), A1 and A2 (with punching 1 cm diameter holes on the surface in a regular grid pattern and dimensions of 5×5 and 10×5 cm, respectively) and mulching, as the second experiment factor, consists of two levels, T0 and T1 (with and without any cover), were used for this purpose. To find the effects of the treatments on infiltration phenomena, infiltration was measured using Double Ring Method at three periodic times, i.e., 10, 70 and 130 days and data were analyzed ultimately using SAS software. The drawn results showed that applying A2T1 treatment, compared with A0T0 treatment as a control, increased cumulative infiltration by 286 percent and improved the final infiltration rate from 0.4 to 1 cm/h. On the other hand, A1T1 and A2T1 treatments application had no significant effect on the infiltration, but the effects of both treatments were significantly different from control, A0T0. On this basis, applying A2T1 treatment compared with A1T1 is technically and economically preferred, because of low Ip index. On overall, aeration improves soil permeability and its effects last by topdressing materials. By the way, aeration without topdressing is recommended for the lawn in flood prone areas.

In recent years, surface water resources in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province have decreased and groundwater level has fallen down. Thus, groundwater must be strengthened by surface water resources. The objective of this search was identification of artificial recharge sites thorough Fuzzy Logic in Shahrekord Basin. Effective factors in ground water recharge such as slope, infiltration rate, thickness of unsaturated zone, surface water EC, land use and stream network were determined. They were classified, weighted in software packages Arc View 3.2a and Arc GIS 9.3 and they were integrated using multiplying operator in fuzzy model. The obtained results showed 4.79 % of all areas are suitable and 17.94 % are somewhat suitable in this method. To include the effect of land use parameter, it was overlaid on the final maps, showing a decrease in suitable areas up to 1/3. Generally about 30 points were introduced with priorities A, B, AB as having potential for artificial recharge.

A precise estimation of water consumption throughout a crop's growth season and of the amount of water consumed in each growth stage may play an important role in water resources management, integrated water and soil management, and proper irrigation scheduling. In a greenhouse, this faces with the conditions specific to this environment. This study was conducted to propose a model to make an appropriate and accurate prediction of evapotranspiration (ET) for greenhouse cucumber. Two same microlysimeters with 28 cm diameter and 30 cm height were deployed simultaneously in the greenhouse for the cucumber culture. Amount of ET was measured daily by the weighing method in both mycrolysimeters. The data from the first microlysimeter were used to derive, and those from the second to validate the proposed models. The developed models were evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE), drawing measured versus predicted ET values, and t-statistics. The proposed model was initially developed in the form of a single regression equation with independent variables such as vapor pressure curve slope and relative humidity for the whole growth season; further however, a separate equation was developed for each of the four growth stages, as the initial model did not perform well (RMSE= 46.61%). The results showed that the proposed models made appropriate predictions of greenhouse cucumber ET. Average amount of cucumber ET were obtained with proposed models 0.398, 1.79, 3.428 and 2.061 mm for four growth stages. RMSE values also were obtained 15.78, 11.48, 9.11 and 7.08 percentage for four growth stages. Correlation coefficient from measured and predicted values of cucumber ET varied from 0.4 (using single equation) to 0.95 (using variable equations for different growth stages). All of the proposed models were significant (p)