فهرست مطالب محمدرضا هاتفی

 People with postural malalignment such as tibiofemoral varus (TFRV) may experience movement patterns dysfunction during functional activities that are related to non-contact lower extremity injuries. Training protocols should be designed for these people to control and improve their functional dysfunctions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of posterior X-taping (PXT) and real-time external feedback (RTF) on kinematic and electromyographic indices of the lower extremities during the single-leg squat task in individuals with TFRV.

 Electromyographic and kinematic information of the lower extremities of 24 recreational athletes with TFRV (PXT=12, RTF=12) were recorded while participants in both groups performed single-leg squat 5 times consecutively and took a 2-minute rest between two different conditions (before and after the intervention). To analyze the data, 2-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test were used at the significant level of P≤0.05.

 The present study results indicated an increase in gluteus medius muscle activity (P=0.013) in the eccentric phase and a decrease in hip adduction (P=0.001) in maximal knee flexion (P=0.034) after the intervention compared to before the intervention in the RTF group. Also, there was a reduction in external tibiofemoral rotation of the knee after the intervention compared to before intervention in maximal knee flexion (P=0.034), eccentric phase (P=0.001), and concentric phase (P=0.001) in the PXT group. In addition, there was a decreased ankle pronation after the intervention compared to before the intervention in the eccentric phase (P=0.001) and concentric (P=0.001) in the PXT group and in the eccentric phase (P=0.004) in the RTF group. Besides, there was an increased ankle abduction after the intervention compared to before the intervention in the concentric phase (P=0.001), eccentric phase (P=0.001), and maximum knee flexion (P=0.004) in the PXT group, and in the eccentric phase in the RTF group (P=0.006). Finally, there was a decrease in ankle flexion dorsiflexion at maximum knee flexion after the intervention compared to before the intervention (P=0.017) in the RTF group.

 The results of the present study showed that PXT and RTF interventions can affect the kinematic parameters of individuals with TFRV malalignment in different ways and can be used to correct immediately postural defects during the single-leg squat task.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of core stability exercises on upper limb performance based on Y balance test, strength and range of motion of shoulder rotation in badminton athletes. 30 male badminton players were randomly assigned to two control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group performed the core stability training program for eight weeks, three sessions a week for 40 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Measurement of upper limb function was done by Y balance test, and also shoulder strength and internal and external rotation range of motion were measured by handheld dynamometer and goniometer respectively, before and after the intervention. The analysis of the data obtained from the research based on the ANCOVA statistical test showed that there is a significant difference in the average of the Y upper limb balance test between the two control and experimental groups in both dominant and non-dominant hands. which indicates the positive effect of core stability exercises on people's performance in performing the Y balance test (p<0.05); however, no statistical difference was observed in muscle strength and range of motion of external and internal rotation of the shoulder after the intervention. (p < 0.05). It seems that the provision of core stability training programs can be considered with the approach of increasing the performance of the upper limbs and, of course, preventing injuries in badminton players.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different hip joint postures on electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during squatchr('39')s movement. Electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles of 15 healthy male students was recorded while performing a squat with neutral, 15°, 30°, 45° external and internal rotation of the hip. Friedmanchr('39')s nonparametric test was used to compare muscle activation at different angles of the hip rotation and the Wilcoxon test was used to determine within-group differences. The results of this study showed no significant difference in the activity of Vastus medialis (p = 0.052), Vastus lateralis (p = 0.102) and tensor fasciae lata (p = 0.193) in squat between different hip joint angles, but Significant differences were observed in gluteus medius muscle activation (p = 0.001) and biceps femoris (p = 0.015) in squat between different hip joint angles. Also, the results of this study showed that gluteus medius to tensor fascia lata activation ratio was significant in squat between different hip joint angles. squat with the external hip angles can be considered as an effective method to increase gluteus medius activation and gluteus medius to the tensor fasciae latae activation ratio. On the other hand, 45 ° external and 30 ° internal hip angles can be considered as an effective method to increase the biceps femoris activation.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries during a physical activity, which may lead to instability and affect athletes’ performance. The present study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of kinesiotape and wobble balance board trainings on ankle joint position sense of individuals with Functional Ankle Instability (FAI). A total of 48 male athletes with FAI voluntarily participated in this study and were stratified into four groups including kinesiotape, wobble board, combined, and control groups. The pre-test was performed by Position sense at angles of (Plantarflexion 10°and 30°) using a gyroscope. Following the intervention, the post-test was taken from the subjects. Four-way repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the post hoc analysis with Bonferroni’s test was conducted to compare the groups. In addition, paired sample t test was used to assess the intragroup variable. The results indicated statistically significant differences in applying immediate kinesiotape, wobble board training, and the combination of the two methods in 10 ° and 30 ° of plantar flexion (p≤0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the practice groups (p≥0.05). Based on the findings, one-session exercises by wobble board and kinesiotape, as well as the combination of taping and wobble board could be considered as an effective intervention for preventing and reducing injury separately. However, no significant difference was observed among the three training programs.

Change in the lower extremity alignments in the frontal plane and muscle activation patterns during pedaling is associated with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and iliotibial band (ITB) syndrome. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of band loop on kinematic and electromyography of lower extremities during pedaling.

In this descriptive study, Kinematic information of the lower extremity and the electromyographic activity of muscles of 30 male students (normal=15, Genuvarum (GV)=15) in the Movafaghian Clinic in Tehran were recorded during pedaling with and without band loop in 10 pedaling cycles of last 30 seconds. Independent t-test and paired t-test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed a significant difference in the gluteus medius (Gmed) muscle activation (p=0.001) and Gmed/tensor fasciae latae (TFL) activity ratio in both groups (normal p= 0.042, GV p= 0.045), onset of TFL (p=0.007) and offset of Gmed activity (p=0.018) in the normal group, and the onset of Gmed muscle (p=0.048), offset of Gmed (p=0.047) and mean knee abduction angle (p=0.047) in the GV group. Also, the results showed a significant difference in TFL activation with and without the loop across the two groups (with loop p= 0.001, without loop p= 0.003) and the mean (p=0.021) and maximum knee abduction angle (p=0.027) without loop between the two groups.

Pedaling with loop band can be an effective method to increase the function and activation of Gmed muscle while decreasing TFL, improving knee kinematics in the frontal plane and knee stability to prevent injury in the normal and GV groups.

 Numerous abdominal exercises with Swiss ball are used to improve core stability with strengthening and rehabilitation goals. It is claimed that the stability exercises have a greater impact on core muscle activation, but the validity of this claim is still in doubt. Moreover, there is no comprehensive study on the comparison of the core muscles activity in different core stability exercises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the Electromyography (EMG) activity of core muscles while performing side plank on stable and unstable (Swiss ball) surfaces.

 Fifteen male students of Allameh Tabataba’i University were selected for the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The EMG activity of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles in subjects was recorded while performing side plank exercise on a fixed surface and a Swiss ball (2 sets of 5 seconds with a 30-second rest interval).

There was a significant difference in the EMG activity of gluteus medius, external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles between two conditions of with and without Swiss ball (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the EMG activity of internal oblique muscle (P>0.05).

 Side plank exercise on the unstable surfaces (Swiss balls) can cause changes in the EMG activity of gluteus medius, rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles compared to when the exercise is performed on stable surfaces, and highly involved the pelvic lumbar muscles effective in maintaining core stability. Therefore, the use of side plank exercise on unstable conditions in a progressive program with gradually increased intensity is recommended which can be effective in strengthening and applying effective muscle contractions useful for core stability.

According to importance of balance in daily routines and sports activities, it is necessary to evaluate the balance of the body from different angles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to Comparison of Center of Pressure and time to Stabilization in students with and without Hyperlordosis.

In this study, 30 female students of Tehran's middle school with a range of 14-15 years old who were selected by available sampling method were participated. Subjects' spinal curvature was evaluated by a flexible ruler. Which divided into two groups: 15 patients with hypereloidosis and 15 healthy subjects. To assess postural static stability in a static state, from open and closed eyes on the force plate (Ver3.0.2 model from an Iranian scientist) was used. also to assess postural stability in the dynamic state, the landing stability test on the force plate device was used. Independent Sample T test statistics were used to analyze the data.

The results of the statistical test showed that there was  no significant difference in the parameters of the center of pressure (COP) in two- position with open and closed eyes between the two groups of healthy and hyperlordosis (p> 0/05). But the time to stabilization (TTS) between the two healthy groups and hyperlordosis was statistically significant (p <0/05).

The results of this study showed that the Spine Curvature Disorders (hyperlordosis) as a risk factor can distort the dynamic balance index (time to stabilization), But has no affect the static balance with both open eyes and closed eyes (center of pressure).

The phenomenon of urban settlement has created certain changes in physical، economic، cultural and social structure of cities. Ardakan city is located in the north of Yazd city. With regard to the growth of population، the physical development of this city has been in the horizontal direction and the constant expansion of urban constructions has destructed agricultural fields and gardens around the city. This article is an attempt to study the physical change and development of Ardakan. The research method is a combination and uses the field، historical، descriptive and analytical methods. Furthermore، the data of population، employment، industry، culture، social، educational، municipality’s، area and existing use in Iranian Statistical Center and urban pilot projects and their comparison in different periods from 1956 to 2012 and finally the place topographical maps have been used. The findings show that Ardakan city has passed four urban development stages. Qanats have had a basic role in the formation of city and then deep and semi-deep wells and transfer of Zayanderood water، all have had important roles in physical development of Ardakan. The factors of population increase، the expansion of city area from 1956 to 2012، the presence of four important transit routes، development of industry، employment and education in the link axes of north-south specially the pivot of Ardakan-Nayeen and the western part of the city، the presence and expansion of religious places in different districts and the 600 hectares of scattered uncultivated lands at city level have played important roles in the physical development of Ardakan. Due to limits in northern، eastern and southern parts of city، its physical development towards these regions is unfavorable.