محمدرضا کردی

Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is associated with an overexpression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and exacerbation of clinical symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on the gene expression of IDO1 and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) in the cerebellum of the mice with EAE.

 30 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups of 10: healthy control, EAE control, and physical activity in the enriched environment. Mice were placed in an enriched environment after induction of EAE with MOG35-55 for 4 weeks and then the cerebellum tissue was dissected and the expression of IDO1 and AANAT genes were measured by real time-PCR method in all three groups. Analysis of variance test was used for data analysis at a significance level of less than 0.05.

The group with physical activity in an enriched environment showed significant reduction in the gene expression of IDO1 (P = 0.02) and AANAT (P = 0.04) genes, and also significantly reduced the clinical score (P = 0.001) compared to the EAE group.

 Changing the environment and lifestyle in the enriched environment can prevent the progression of the autoimmune diseases such as MS, through downregulation of the expression of the IDO1 and AANAT genes.

Physical activity is examined in various aspects, such as the structure of the muscular system. This study investigated the impact of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program combined with a high-fat diet on the expression of M1 and M2 macrophages in the gastrocnemius muscle of male Wistar rats.

24 healthy adult male Wistar rats with an average weight of 195±15 grams and age of 6 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, HIIT, high-fat diet, and HIIT with a high-fat diet. Interventions included 10 weeks of HIIT and a high-fat diet. Subsequently, samples were collected from the gastrocnemius muscle. The levels of M1 and M2 macrophages were measured using Real-Time-PCR. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance at a significance level of P<0.05.

Significant differences were observed between groups in the expression of M1 (P=0.0004) and M2 (P=0.0023) macrophages. M1 macrophage expression was significantly higher in the high-fat diet group compared to the HIIT group (P=0.0001). M1 macrophage expression was significantly lower in the HIIT with a high-fat diet group compared to the high-fat diet group (P=0.0001), but M2 macrophage expression was significantly higher in the HIIT with a high-fat diet group compared to the high-fat diet group (P=0.0003).

These findings suggest that HIIT can reduce M1 macrophage expression and increase M2 macrophage expression, mitigating the negative effects of a high-fat diet.

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The imbalance of inflammatory cytokines in the brain causes mental fatigue. It is believed that aerobic exercise may moderate the level of inflammation of cytokines and thus reduce mental fatigue. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming aerobic training on pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) to evaluate mental fatigue in the brains of female mice after EAE induction. In this research, 21 mice (8 weeks old, 18 to 20 grams) were divided into three groups: healthy control, EAE control, and EAE swimming aerobic exercise. The animals in the training group performed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 4 weeks, with 5 sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes. The western blot method was used to analyze the research variables. The results showed no significant difference in the amount of IL-6 between the EAE group and the swimming training group, but the amount of IL-10 in the swimming training group showed a significant increase compared to the EAE group. The ratio of IL-10/IL-6 values between the swimming training group and the EAE group was also not significant. It seems that moderate-intensity swimming aerobic exercises, without changing the pro-inflammatory factor, along with increasing the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, can lead to an improvement in the balance of the inflammatory index and a reduction in fatigue in the EAE group and the swimming exercise group.

Alzheimer’s is a neuroendocrine disease related to insulin signaling, due to the association of Alzheimer’s disease with the reduction of insulin production and resistance, the term type III or cerebral diabetes has become popular in this regard. Accumulation of Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is associated with aging, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. AGEs increase the accumulation of amyloid oligomers in the brain causing neurotoxicity. The beneficial effect of physical activity on the brain has been established, but the effect of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment had been less investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of 8 weeks of voluntary exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of AGEs protein, Amyloid beta, and cell death rate in the hippocampal tissue of male Wistar rats with type III diabetes.

Methods and Materials: 

Twenty 10-week-old male rats were randomly divided into four groups including healthy control, sham, type III diabetes, and type III diabetes group+ voluntary exercise in an enriched environment. The intervention group trained in the cage two hours a day for eight weeks. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Voluntary exercise in the enriched environment caused a significant decrease in AGEs protein expression and amyloid beta accumulation in the hippocampus (p=0.0001). Also, the rate of cell death in the voluntary exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the control of diabetes type III (p=0.0001).

It seems that the activity in the enriched environment probably changes of AGEs and Amyloid beta by improving insulin resistance and increasing insulin production, and has favorable effects in reducing the signs of dead cells and improving cognitive function in type III diabetes.

: One of the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases is atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis is the name of a disease in the vascular system, especially in the coronary arteries of the brain and heart, which is characterized by the deposition of lipids and other substances on the inner wall of the vessels. Atherosclerosis is the most important cause of death in the world. ABCA1 is the main responsible for the removal of cholesterol and phospholipid from the cell and the formation of HDL particles, and probably plays a role in the prevention and prevention of the spread of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is the effect of cardiac rehabilitation training on ABCA1 gene expression.

Twentythree Myocardial infractions patients were randomly selected and assigned into two groups: control (N=11), and experimental (N=12). Blood sample of subjects were collected before and after exercise sessions. PBMN cells were separated and m-RNA purification was performed by Real–Time PCR. Data was analyzed by ANCOVA by SPSS software.

Rehabilitation exercises increased ABCA1 gene expression and did not change HDL, LDL and RF ratio(P≤0.05).

In the end, the results of the research showed that cardiac rehabilitation exercises, which consisted of aerobic and light resistance exercises, in patients with arteriosclerosis, low intensity exercises caused a significant increase in ABCA1 gene expression in arteriosclerosis patients after 8 weeks, which probably It can be effective in reverse transfer of cholesterol and prevention of subsequent ischemia.

Lifestyle changes, such as dietary modifications and exercise, are highly recommended for managing dyslipidemia. This study aims to investigate the combined effects of high-intensity circuit training along with vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body fat and plasma lipid profiles in overweight elderly.

A total of 47 elderly subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups based on their body mass index as follows: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation+high-intensity circuit training group (D+Ca+T: n=12); high-intensity circuit training+placebo (T+P: n=13); vitamin D and calcium supplementation (D+Ca: n=12); and control group (CON: n=10). The subjects in the D+Ca group respectively received vitamin D and Ca supplements at 50 000 IU per week and 1000 mg per day for 8 weeks. Meanwhile, the subjects in training groups exercised 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The subjects in the D+Ca+T group participated in both treatments. The control group was instructed to maintain their regular daily routine throughout the study period. Body fat and blood lipid levels were assessed at the beginning of the study and after the 8-week intervention. 

The D+Ca+T, T+P, and D+Ca groups exhibited significant reductions in body fat percentage (P≤0.05), while no significant changes were observed in the control group. Additionally, total cholesterol, triglycerides, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly improved in the D+Ca+T, T+P, and D+Ca groups (P≤0.05), with no significant changes observed in these variables in the control group.

The results showed that high-intensity circuit training, vitamin D, and calcium supplementation would positively affect body fat and blood lipid profiles in overweight elderly. Moreover, vitamin D and calcium supplementation were especially effective when combined with exercise training.

Collagen 6 is one of the important components of the adipose tissue extracellular matrix, and its deposition is associated with metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) simultaneously with a high-fat diet on the expression of collagen 6 chain 3 alpha gene (Col6A3) and the amount of its protein product (COL6α3) in subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well as insulin resistance in rats.

Twenty-four adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), HIIT+ND, and HIIT+HFD. The HIIT consisted of eight periods of intense activity at 90% of Maximum Running Capacity (MRC) for 2.5 minutes, with periods of active rest at 50% MRC for 2.5 minutes. Blood samples were collected from the heart 48 hours after the last training session, and the subcutaneous adipose tissue was removed. Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The RT-PCR and ELISA methods were used to measure gene expression and COL6α3 tissue protein levels, respectively. Two-way ANOVA and correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data (P≤0.05).

The combination of HIIT and a high-fat diet caused a significant decrease in COL6α3 gene expression and tissue protein levels (P<0.001) and a 21% decrease in HOMA-IR (P<0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between gene expression and COL6α3 protein level and HOMA-IR (P<0.001) (r=0.794, r=0.870).  

HIIT, simultaneously with consuming a high-fat diet, prevents the increase of COL6α3 in subcutaneous fat tissue and can have a preventive effect on insulin resistance.

Health-related physical fitness is one of the important issues in exercise physiology that is related to people's physical health and disease prevention. The purpose of this study was to developing and updating the physical fitness norm for women aged 18-60 years old of Tehran city. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 365 women aged 18-60 years old with a mean age of 33.04 ± 9.57 years, height 163.09 ± 6.05 cm, weight 67.17± 11.57 kg from different regions of Tehran were recruited by cluster and random sampling. In this study, body mass index (BMI), Waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage (caliper), cardio-respiratory fitness (Rockport 1mile walking/Running), Flexibility (sit & Reach), endurance of abdominal muscles (curl up), Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (modified push up) and strength of hands (hand grip) measured in subjects. Descriptive statistics and computation of Z scores and point percentages were used to construction of norms. The findings of this study showed that the mean cardio respiratory fitness (38.46 ± 7.78 ml / kg.min-1), body fat percentage (38.85± 6.65), BMI (25.40± 4.20 kg/m2) Flexibility (31.50± 8.10 cm), Endurance of abdominal muscles (37.36 ± 14.74), WHR (0.84 ± 0.50), WC (78.65 ± 10.70cm) Endurance of shoulder girdle muscles (18.90 ± 11.94), strength of hand muscles (23.32 ± 4.88 kg).

Neurodegenerative processes play an important role in the progression of MS. Appropriate exercise training and living in an enriched environment (EE) can improve or prevent the progression of the disease through the secretion of some neurodevelopmental factors in the hippocampus, including irisin and the neutrophic factor derived from the mouse. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of aerobic and resistance training and EE on irisin protein and hippocampus BDNF levels in female C57BL6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 50 female mice (age 8 weeks, average weight 18 ± 2 grams) were randomly divided into five equal groups (10 mice in each group): 1- healthy control, 2- control + EAE, 3- resistance activity + EAE, 4- Aerobic activity + EAE and 5- EE + EAE. The first and second weeks of adaptation to the environment and then induction of EAE were performed. The training groups trained 5 days a week for half an hour a day for 4 weeks, and the EE group was transferred to its equipped cage. 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were anesthetized and then dissected and tissue removed. The ELISA method was used to measure the amounts of proteins, and the analysis of variance and Tukey's t-test were used to determine the differences between the research variables. All analyzes were performed at a significance level of 0.05 and with SPSS22 software. Hippocampal BDNF expression was increased in all three training groups compared to the EAE control group. This increase in the EE and resistance training group was significant compared to both the EAE control group and the swimming training group. Also, hippocampal irisin expression increased in all three training groups compared to the EAE control group, and this increase was significant in the EE and resistance training groups. Also, the expression of irisin in the EE group increased more than the two aerobic swimming and resistance training groups, and this increase was proportional to It was meaningful to the swimming aerobic training group. It seems that EE and resistance training can increase the secretion of nerve growth factors such as irisin and BDNF and thus help to improve MS disease.

The effect of exercise training on some cognitive mechanisms in Alzheimer's (AD) patients is not yet well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of intense intermittent exercise (HIIT) and motor environmental richness activity (MERA) on the expression of leptin and brain-derived nutritional factor (BDNF) in the hippocampal of rats with Alzheimer disease (AD). In this experimental study, 24 rats with AD were divided into (1) AD control groups, (2) HIIT group and (3) MERA group. The sham group was considered to evaluate the effect of surgery and saline injection and the healthy control group (HC) was considered to evaluate the effect of AD induction. The HIIT group trained for eight weeks, five sessions per week and each session in 9 repetition of 90-second intervals (with 85% of maximum speed), and the MERA training group was placed in special enriched movement cages. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze the data (P≥0.05). The results showed that in AD group, BDNF levels (P=0.001) were lower and leptin levels (P=0.001) were higher than HC group. In the HIIT group, leptin levels (P=0.005) were lower and BDNF levels (P=0.019) were higher than the AD group. There was no significant difference in leptin (P=0.72) and BDNF (P=0.65) between the two training groups. Both HIIT and MERA appear to be effective in improving neurotrophins and hippocampal metabolism, but the effect of intense intermittent exercise is more favorable due to exercise-induced adaptation.

Evidence has shown that C-reactive protein (CRP) is not only an inflammatory biomarker but also an important risk factor associated with aging-related diseases including cardiovascular, metabolic, and kidney disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the comparison of serum high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) and lipid profile levels in active and sedentary elderly people during the first peak of Covid-19 pandemic.

Seventy seven elderly men and women (mean age 61.43±6.07 years) based on body mass index (BMI) were divided into three groups including the healthy (BMI as 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI as 25-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI as more than 30 kg/m2) groups. Serum lipid profile and hs-CRP, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured in the study groups. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square (χ2) and regression coefficient at the significant level of p≤0.05.

The average levels of hs-CRP in obese older were significantly higher than normal weight (p=0.01). Also, serum hs-CRP and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly higher in elderly people with low physical activity level than same people with moderate physical activity level (p=0.0001 and p=0.006; respectively). A negative and significant correlation was also observed between the level of physical activity with WHR (p=0.01) and BMI (p=0.006).

Obese older adults who are inactive and with least physical activity in the condition of Covid-19 pandemic due to high hs-CRP and LDL-C, are more at risk of inflammation and weakened immune system.

The effect of exercise in reducing fat tissue and fat cell size may be related to TGF-β1 signaling. This study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) simultaneously with high-fat diet on TGF-β1 gene expression and cell size in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats.

In this study, 24 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: ND (normal diet), HFD (high fat diet), HIIT+ND and HIIT+HFT. HIIT consisted of eight bouts of intense activity at 90% of maximum running capacity (MRC) for 2.5 minutes, with active rest periods at 50% of maximum running capacity for 2.5 minutes for 10 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, blood was taken and subcutaneous fat was removed. qRT-PCR method was used to measure TGF-β1 gene expression and the stereological method was used to determine the size of fat cells. Two-way ANOVA test with a significant level of P < 0.05 was used to analyze the data.

The interaction between HIIT and high-fat diet caused a significant decrease in TGF-β1 gene expression (F=24.99, P<0.001), but it had no significant effect on fat cell size (P=0.780, F=0.07). A positive and significant correlation was observed between TGF-β1 gene expression and fat cell size (r=0.896, P<0.001).

HIIT at the same time with consuming a high-fat diet prevents the increase of TGF-β1 in the subcutaneous fat tissue and may have a preventive effect on the increase in fat cell size.

The inevitable aging of human life is an inherent and progressive process with an increase in inflammatory and cellular damage markers that over time and gradually increase inflammation and decrease the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tai chi exercise on inflammatory-apoptotic indices of Bax and TNF-α in the elderly. In the present study, 30 elderly women with an average age of 67 years, height 160 cm and weight 73 kg living in a nursing home in Tehran as a statistical population were randomly divided into two groups of 15 experimental and control. The subjects underwent medical examinations and if the physician diagnoses that the subjects' participation is unobstructed and also their written consent, the training protocol was performed for eight weeks. In the experimental group, tai chi exercises were performed three times a week, each session lasting 20 to 40 minutes at intensities of 40 to 50% of the reserve heart rate. The control group did not exercise during this time and did their daily chores.The results of statistical analysis showed that the serum TNF-α level after 8 weeks in the training group compared to the control showed a non-significant decrease (0.055) but these changes in the Bax rate in the training group compared to the control significantly decreased. Showed (P = 0.04). Tai Chi exercises as an aerobic-meditation exercise in the elderly have positive effects on reducing inflammatory serum indices and cellular damage TNF-α and Bax, which can play a beneficial role in the health of the elderly and the prevention of heart disease. They have vascular.

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been shown to be suitable for studying the effects of exercise on multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Considering the role of Bax and BCL2 proteins in cell apoptosis, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of swimming training before EAE induction on cell apoptosis in the thymus gland.

Totally, 30 mice were randomly divided into three groups (training+EAE, control+EAE, and control). The training program began (30 minutes/day, five days/week, and four weeks). To induce EAE, subcutaneous injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide was used for immunization and intraperitoneal injection of pertussis toxin was performed. Bax and BCL2 proteins were measured in thymus tissue.

EAE induction caused a significant increase in expression of Bax (p=0.001) and a significant decrease in expression of BCL2 (p=0.012) compared to the control group. The expression of Bax in the training+EAE group had a significant decrease (p=0.0001) compared to the control+EAE group and a significant increase compared to the control group (p=0.003). The expression of BCL2 in the training+EAE had a significant increase compared to the control+EAE group (p=0.001) and a significant decrease compared to the control group (p=0.01). The Bax/BCL2 in the control+EAE group increased significantly compared to the control group, and this ratio decreased significantly in the training+EAE group compared to the control+EAE group (p=0.002).

A swimming training before EAE reduces the severity of the disease and has modulating effects on apoptosis and inflammation.

The decrease of GLT-1 is associated with the activation and increased expression of the glutamate receptor subunit, NR1, which causes neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) by increasing basal cell activity. This study aimed to compare the effect of four weeks of swimming and living in an enriched environment on GLT-1, NR1, and c-FOS, a marker of neuronal activity, in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model used to study of MS.

forty female C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: EAE, control, swimming exercise, and enriched environment. The healthy control group received a saline injection, other groups were induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55). After the induction of EAE, the swimming group performed swimming for 30 minutes, 5 days a week for four weeks, and the environmental enrichment group lived in an enriched environment for four weeks. On day 30 post-induction, the mice were sacrificed, and the spinal cord tissue was removed. GLT-1, NR1, and c-FOS protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry.

The findings showed that living in an enriched environment and swimming exercise both significantly increased GLT-1 levels and significantly decreased NR1 and c-FOS levels compared to the EAE group. Although, living in an enriched environment compared to swimming exercise, showed that the first was a more effective method.

Exercise, in addition to reducing disease severity, can reduce pain sensitivity in the EAE mice and increase their quality of life by increasing GLT-1, and decreasing NR1 and c-FOS in the spinal dorsal horn.

The present study aimed to investigate the interaction effects of vitamin D and calcium, and High-Intensity Circuit Training (HICT) on BDNF and fat percentage of overweight elderly.

Thirty-two healthy older women were randomly divided into four Training + Supplementation, Training + Placebo, Supplementation, and Control groups. The training protocol performed three sessions per week for eight weeks. The Supplementation groups consumed 1,000 mg of calcium-effervescent tablet daily and 50,000 IU of vitamin D per week.

The results showed that the body fat percentage in the Training + Supplementation group decreased significantly compared with Supplementation (p = 0.001), Control (p = 0.001), and Training + Placebo (p = 0.045) groups. Moreover, the fat percentage in the Training + Placebo group decreased significantly compared with the Control group (p = 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between the Training + Placebo and Supplementation groups in body fat percentage. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in fat percentage in the Supplementation group compared with the Control group (p = 0.047). BDNF in the Training + Supplementation group had a significant increase compared with the Supplementation (p = 0.002) and Control (p = 0.001) groups but had no significant difference compared with the Training + Placebo (p = 0.085) group. Moreover, there was a significant increase in BDNF in the Training + Placebo group compared with Control (p = 0.003) and Supplementation (p = 0.01) groups. In contrast, no significant difference was observed between Supplementation and Control (p = 0.985) groups.  

Overall, the interaction of training and supplementation showed a significant decrease in the body fat percentage and a significant increase in BDNF in overweight elderly.

An excessive increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and a decrease in the levels of Tumor necrosis factor beta1 (TGF-β1) are associated with creating an inflammatory environment, resulting in increasing pain hypersensitivity in Different models of nerve pain. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of physical activity in an enriched environment on TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β1 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the chronic course of Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 

Thirty female C57BL6 mice were divided into three groups: control, EAE, and enriched environment. After induction of EAE with MOG35-55, the environmental enrichment group lived in an enriched environment for four weeks. On day 30 post-induction (chronic period of the disease), pain sensitivity was assessed by tail immersion test in water, and then the animals were sacrificed and biopsied. TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β1 protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry. The data were analyzed by One-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05.

The present study's findings showed that living in an enriched environment decreased the levels of TNF-α (p=0/00) and IL-1β (p=0/00) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and increased the level of TGF-β1 (p=0/00) protein compared to the EAE group. Also, physical activity in the enriched environment increased the delay time in extracting the tail from hot water in the chronic period of the disease (P = 0.00). 

Active lifestyle can reduce pain sensitivity in the animal model of MS disease (EAE) by reducing the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β and increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory factor TGF-β1 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Muscle atrophy is an active process controlled by specific signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 are up-regulated in different models of muscle atrophy and is responsible for increased protein degradation through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate and high intensity resistance training on miR-23a, Atrogin-1 and MuRF gene expression in fast and slow twitch muscles in elderly rats.

Thirty male Wistar rats (23 months old) were randomly divided into three groups (n=10) including moderate-intensity resistance training, high-intensity resistance training and the control groups. Resistance training were performed during eight weeks of climbing a ladder with high intensity (80% Maximum voluntary carrying capacity/MVCC) and moderate intensity (60% of MVCC) for 5 days a week. Isolation of Soleus muscle and Flexor halluces longus (FHL) was performed immediately after blood sampling in sterile conditions. MiR-23a, Atrogin-1 and MuRF expression were measured by RT-PCR method in Soleus and FHL muscles. The statistical analysis was performed by One-way & Two-way ANOVA tests with significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that the expression of MuRF and Atrogin-1 genes in both resistance groups were significantly lower than those the control group and miR-23a expression expression in both high and moderate resistance groups was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between the effect of high and moderate intensity resistance training on miR-23a, MuRF, and Atrogin-1 expression in both muscles (p>0.05).

It seems that resistance training with moderate and high-intensity can decrease the resting levels and gene expression of factors associated with muscular atrophy (miR-23a) and its target genes (Atrogin-1, MuRF) in older rats, and these exercises could lead to the prevention of sarcopenia.

Type 3 diabetes or brain diabetes is a term for Alzheimer, which insulin resistance selectively affects brain and causes cognitive loss. Wnt signaling pathways play role in nervous system, reducing symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, insulin synthesis and diabetes. Although positive effect of physical activities in diseases has been reported, the comparison of types of exercises has been less investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of voluntary in an enriched environment and forced exercise on Wnt-5a expression and Aβ in hippocampus of type3 diabetic rats.

25 rats were divided into 5 groups: healthy control, sham, diabetes3, diabetes3+voluntary exercise in rich environment, diabetes3+forced exercise. Type3 diabetes was induced by intraventricular injection of streptozocin and the model was confirmed by behavioral test. The protocol was done during eight weeks. Wnt-5a expression was done by western blot method and Aβ accumulation was done by thioflavin S staining. Data analysis was done by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (P≤0.05).

Two exercise group had a significant increase in expression of Wnt-5a in hippocampus (P≤0.05). In the comparison between exercise groups, the expression of Wnt-5a increased more in rich environment rats. The accumulation of Aβ in exercise groups was significantly reduced (P≤0.05) compared to the type 3 diabetes group, which was greater in the rich environment.

Forced and voluntary exercises by activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway in brain reduced accumulation of Aβ plaques. Rich environment has better effect in reducing the symptoms of patients compared to forced exercise, which may be due to reduced stressors in brain.

Oxidative stress and the production of nitrogen (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathogenesis and the progression of MS. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on disease severity, NRF2 protein levels, and xanthine oxidase in the spinal cord in the chronic period of the disease.Thirty female C57Bl6 mice (6-8 weeks) were divided into voluntary exercise, EAE, and healthy control. After induction of EAE by MOG35-55 and after the mice showed the clinical score of one for two consecutive days, they performed one hour of voluntary exercise, five days, for four weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and the spinal cord tissue was removed. The location of NRF2 proteins in the gray and white matter of the spinal cord were investigated by immunohistochemistry, and xanthine oxidase was measured by xanthine oxidase kit according to the kit manufacturer's instructions by ELISA method.Voluntary exercise increased NRF2 protein levels in the white matter (P = 0.0001) and gray matter of the spinal cord (P = 0.0001) and decreased xanthine oxidase levels in the spinal cord (P = 0.001), and attenuated disease severity in the chronic period (P = 0.01).Voluntary exercise reduces oxidative stress and disease in the chronic period of the disease and is a good strategy for controlling and treating MS.

the aim of this study was to comparison of 12 weeks of high intensity interval training and continues training on SIRT3 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in gastrocnemius muscle of aged female Wistar rats.

15 female Wistar rats (age= 18 month, weight= 270-350 g) were chosen and divided into 3 groups; high intensity interval training (HIIT), Continues training (CT), and Control. After determining rat’s VO2max, progressive HIIT and CT protocols were designed with the intensity corresponds to 85-90% VO2max and 65-70 % VO2max, respectively and training duration in HIIT was approximately half of CT. 48 hours after the last training session, rats were sacrificed and their gastrocnemius muscle samples were saved for further analysis.

This study showed a significant difference of SIRT3 between HIIT, CT, and control group (p=0.001) (Control

Changes in the morphology of dendrites and the function of nerve circuits in pain-sensing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord ultimately lead to neuropathic pain. Increased expression of Rac1 is associated with increased size and density of dendritic spines and increased pain threshold in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of physical activity in an enriched environment on Rac1 and structural changes of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and pain sensitivity in the chronic course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model used to study the immunopathogenesis of MS.

Thirty female C57BL6 mice were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was induced with MOG35-55 peptide (EAE group), the second group received a saline injection (healthy control group), and the third group, after induction with MOG35-55, was placed in the cage of the enriched environment (group living in enriched environment + EAE). On day 30 post-induction (chronic period of the disease), the formalin test assessed pain sensitivity. Then the mice were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and the spinal cord tissue was removed. Rac1 protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry. The length and density of dendritic spines were assessed using the Golgi-Cox staining.

Our findings showed that living in an enriched environment significantly reduced RAC1 levels, the length and density of dendritic spines of WDR neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and pain sensitivity compared to the EAE group.

Changing the environment and lifestyle to a happy and enriched environment and active lifestyle could reduce pain sensitivity in MS by preventing structural changes in pain-sensing neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with decreases in neurons in several important areas for memory and learning in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. AD is a progressive brain disorder that causes gradual loss of memory, impaired learning ability, and connection problems with other people. Researchers have found that people with diabetes are 1.5 times more likely to develop AD. And suggests that Alzheimer's disease may indicate a specific type of diabetes in brain. Although this issue needs more research. Astrocytes are one of the most abundant types of glial cells that change and become hypertrophy in response to any damage to the central nervous system (CNS). An important feature of the glial reaction is the increased synthesis of GFAP protein, which is a protein that mediates cytoskeletal fibers and is the main determinant of the reactivation of astrocytes and cell damage. This phenomenon is known as the astrogliosis reaction and is one of the most common injuries in type 3 diabetes and AD. White matter changes in the hippocampus are one of the best biomarkers for recognizing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1-type 3 diabetes group (DM III), 2-healthy control group (Control), 3-type 3 diabetes and involuntary training (DM III + HIIT), 4-type 3 diabetes and voluntary activities in an enriched environment group (DM III + RE), and 5-the sham group (Sham). The activity method of the rats in the involuntary training group was performed as high intensity interval training and in accordance with the test of maximum training capacity by Wang et al. The rats of the voluntary training group were placed in the enriched environment for five days a week for two hours a day and simultaneously with the activity of the involuntary training group. GFAP was measured by DAB immunohistochemical method. Morris water maze test was used to evaluate spatial learning and memory of animals. Shapero-Wilk test was used to measure the normal distribution of data. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test with a significance level of 5% was used to analyze the data. Statistical calculations were performed by GraphPad Prism software version 8, SPSS version 21, and Microsoft Excel software version 2010.

The present study results showed that the type-3 diabetes control group had the highest amount of GFAP expression. This difference with all the research groups was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment and the involuntary exercise group had significantly lower GFAP than the type-3 diabetes control group. The voluntary exercise group had a lower GFAP expression percentage (23.67%) than the involuntary training group (26.01%). However, the difference between these two training groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The Morris water maze test showed that the healthy control and sham groups spent more significant time in the target area and this difference was statistically significant only with the type-3 diabetes group (P ≤ 0.05). Both exercise groups spent more time in the target area than the type-3 diabetic group, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The voluntary exercise group spent more time in the target area and this group performed better in remembering information and spatial memory than the involuntary exercise group. Still, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

Voluntary group activities in an enriched environment may have greater effects in reducing GFAP in the hippocampus white tissue of the diabetic type 3 rats. However, involuntary high-intensity interval training was also able to reduce the astrogliosis reaction compared to the diabetic type 3 control group. The voluntary exercise group in the enriched environment performed better in the Morris water maze test than the involuntary exercise group so the time spent in the target area quadrant by them was higher than the involuntary high-intensity exercise group.

The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the Perceived Physical Fitness Scale among Iranian students. For this purpose, 13278 people (5153 men and 8125 women) with a mean age of 21.51 ± 5.01 in 3 age groups (under 20 years, 20-29 and over 30 years) participated in this study and completed the Perceived Physical Fitness Scale. The results showed that the overall mean of Perceived Physical Fitness in the age group of <20 years was 32.82 ± 4.89, in 20-29 years was 32.92 ± 4.84, and in the age group over 30 years was 32.88 ± 5.14 . Regardless of age, the 25, 50, and 75 percentage points were 30, 33, and 36, respectively. Therefore, according to the present results, it is possible to identify people in the perception of physical fitness and, if necessary, take solutions for those people who have a low perception of physical fitness.

Many mediating factors, including chemerin, play a role in the process of the effect of sport activities on obesity. In this study, the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on serum Chemerin levels and insulin resistance index of obese young men was investigated. For this purpose, 20 obese young men voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into two experimental (n = 10, age: 19.91 ± 4.71 years, height: 179.51 ± 12.21 cm, weight: 98.40 ± 10.40 kg) and control (n = 10, age: 19.22 ± 2.24 years, height: 180.01 ± 10.05 cm, weight 98.90 ± 11.60 kg) groups. The training group performed 4 sessions of HIIT per week and for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken from subjects, pre and post six weeks of HIIT. Data analysis using independent t-test and paired t-test showed that the subjects' body weight, serum Chemerin, Insulin and Glucose levels and, insulin resistance index in training group were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to the pre-training and control group. The changes observed in serum Chemerin levels and insulin resistance index appear to have been due to weight loss, and it is suggested that HITT can be used as a new training program in obese individuals for weight lost.