محمدشریف خالدیان

Rainfed barley is mainly cultivated in cold and cold temperate areas of Iran, and a large part of the barley cultivation area is facing the problem of lack of precipitation and lack of proper distribution. The cold is one of the main limiting factors in barley production in drylands of cold regions of the country, which prevents it from increasing its cultivation area. Considering that different cultivars show different reactions to environmental conditions, therefore, evaluation of cultivars' reactions in exposure to environmental changes is an important issue in selecting breeding cultivars. Genotype × environment interaction is the main reason for the differences in the adaptation of cultivars in different environments (Clevland, 2001). The various methods used to investigate the interaction can be traced back to AMMI and GGE biplot (Khamari et al., 2018). The AMMI analysis identifies genotypes and environments about each other and the studied environments by locating genotypes and environments on the biplot. In the GGE biplot method, the effects of genotype and genotype interaction × environment are graphically investigated; Also, genotypes can be evaluated based on yield in separate environments, all environments, stability and yield composition, and private and general adaptation. (Yan & Tinker, 2005). This study aimed to analyze the interaction of genotype × environment in barley genotypes using multivariate methods to evaluate genotypes, environments, relationships between genotypes and environments, and also to determine stable genotypes in terms of yield. In this study, 12 promising barley genotypes along with 3 cultivars of control Ansar, Abidar, and Sararud1 were studied in rainfed conditions in a randomized complete block design with four replications in dryland research stations in cold and temperate cold regions of Iran for three years (2018 to 1420). After determining grain yield composite analysis of variance was performed. AMMI and GGE biplot analysis were used to evaluate the stability of genotypes. After performing AMMI analysis, stability analysis parameters and simultaneous selection indices were calculated. Combined analysis of variance showed that simple and interaction effects were significant at a 1% probability level. This was the reason for the difference in environmental conditions in the stations and the years under test. The main environmental effect and genotype × interaction had the highest share of total squares observed in the experiments with 83.7% and 8.2%, respectively. AMMI analysis showed that genotypes G14, G10, and G9 had low interaction and with a near-average yield could be introduced as genotypes with general adaptation. In contrast, G1, G2, G4, and G13 genotypes with the highest yield were introduced as genotypes with private adaptation. Based on stability indices based on AMMI analysis and simultaneous selection index in a total of the calculated parameters, genotypes G1, G11, G2, G13, and G3 have the lowest total and can be selected as stable genotypes with high yield. Selection of control genotypes G1, G2, and G3 in this method shows the accuracy of the calculations and estimations. Based on the GGE biplot method, the G9 genotype had the highest general stability and in the next stage, G11, G2, G4, G1, and G13 had the highest yield with relatively low stability. This method introduced genotypes G9, G2, and G11 as compatible genotypes. These genotypes were introduced as desirable genotypes with high mean yield and high yield stability. In the next step, genotypes G1, G3, and G13 were included. According to the results of two analyses, genotype G9 can be introduced as the most stable genotype, and genotypes G1, G11, G2, G13, and G3 as genotypes with high adaptability and yield. Considering that a lot of time and money is spent on cultivar breeding, this process requires that the best method be used to analyze the stability and adaptation of cultivars to select the high-yield genotypes with the least interaction with the environment and if there is a specific adaptation, certain genotypes are introduced for specific regions. Therefore, due to the multiplicity of stability analysis methods, it is better to examine the results of experiments by several methods to be more confident about identifying and introducing superior genotypes and just doing one particular method does not seem reasonable.

IntroductionDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is grown for human consumption, mainly as pasta products, e.g., spaghetti and macaroni, couscous, bulgur, frike, flat breads, etc. Worldwide, the area annually planted to durum wheat is estimated to be around 17-18 million hectares, i.e., 8 percent of total wheat area, with a production averaging about 30 million tons annually, which is 5.5 percent of total wheat production. Although durum is grown in various regions of the world, the great bulk of durum area and production is concentrated in the Mediterranean basin and North America. Eight countries (Algeria, Canada, Italy, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and USA) account for nearly two thirds (2/3) of world durum area and production. In Iran, the area under durum cultivation is about 400-500 thousands hectares with an annual production of 400-500 thousand tons, which covers about 60% of country demands. In spite of the importance of durum for Iranian rural economies, the country has not all succeeded in its research and development efforts to substantially improve durum productivity. The combinations of increasing demand for durum and durum products, as a result of demographic pressure, and relatively low durum productivity partly due to abiotic stresses (i.e. cold, terminal heat, moisture and nutrient deficiency stresses) made the country to an importer of durum. These are frequently exacerbated by biotic stresses, e.g., diseases and insects that may severely inhibit crop growth.
Materials and methodsThe main purpose of this study was to achieve high yielding durum wheat genotypes with higher yield stability in different environmental condition, tolerance to environmental stresses such as cold damage, drought and end of season heat stress. Hence, 17 durum wheat lines were evaluated for grain yeild and morphlogical traits in Maragheh, Sararood, Qamloo, Ardabil and Shirvan agricultural research stations in 2011-14. In each location, the experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications.
Results and discussionBased on combined ANOVA, there was significant difference among the environments, genotypes and G×E. GGE-biplot models showed that the 5 environments were belonged to 3 mega-environments, and different genetopes had higher yield in each mega-environments. Sumplimentary irrigation, at sowing time and flowering growth stages, could increase grain yield of lines 30 and 70 percent in Maragheh and Qamloo locations, respectively. The increase of grain yield was 42 percent for line Rascon under suplimentary irrigation. The AMMI and GGE results also confirmed genotype 5 was the most high-yielding durum line with reasonable yield stability in cold areas (Maragheh, Qamloo and Ardabil). Also, genotype 13 was the most high yielding and stable line in Sararood. Hence, these line can be candiatted to release new durum varieties for cold and moderat rainfed areas. Complementary irrigation could increase grain yield up to 30 and 70 percent in Maragheh and Sararood, respectively.
ConclusionsIt can be concluded that finding of new stable high-yielding durum lines, with better performances than that the existed varieies, is a great progress in durum breeding programs in cold rainfed areas. Both GGE biplot and AMMI analyses could be used in grain yield stability and adaptability under rainfed conditions and sumplementary irrigations, however, the results of GGE biploet were more applicable and can be use extensively in the study of grain yield adaptability and stability under rainfed and sumplementary irrigations conditions in durum wheat breeding programs.

Genotype × environment interactions make it difficult to release high yielding durum varieties for diverse environmental conditions. The main purpose of this study was to achieve high yielding durum wheat genotypes with higher yield stability in different environmental conditions, tolerance to environmental stresses such as cold damage, terminal drought, and heat stresses. Hence, 16 durum wheat lines were evaluated for grain yield stability and morphological traits in Maragheh, Sararood, Qamloo, Ardabil and Urmia Agricultural Research Stations in 2012-15. In each location, the experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Based on combined ANOVA, there were significant differences among the environments (E), genotypes (G) and G×E. GGE-biplot analysis showed that the 14 environments belonged to 3 mega-environments, and different genotypes had higher yield in each mega-environments. The AMMI and GGE results also confirmed that genotypes 2 (G-1252) and 3 (61-130/414-44//…) were the most high-yielding durum lines with reasonable yield stability across environments. Also, genotype 10 was the most adapted genotype to Ardabil. Line 61-130/414-44//… had 60, 11, 31, 10 and 17% more yield than check line (Saji) in Maragheh, Sararood, Qamloo, Ardabil and Urmia under rainfed conditions, respectively. Hence, these lines can be candiates to release as new durum varieties for cold and moderate rainfed areas. Complementary irrigation could increase grain yield up to 14 and 68% in Maragheh and Sararood, respectively. It can be concluded that finding new stable high-yielding durum lines, with better performances, as compared to the existed varieties, is a great progress in durum breeding programs in cold rainfed areas. Moreover, the GGE biplot and AMMI analysis had good performance in adaptability and yield stability analysis in durum genotypes and could be used to evaluate durum genotypes at different locations over the years in durum breeding programs.

To assess of grain yield and agronomic traits of triticale in comparison with wheat under supplementary irrigation an experiment was carried out during 2009-10 year in Qamloo dryland Research station located in Kurdistan. A split plot with RCBD arrangement in four replications was used. Moisture regimes including irrigation at planting time, irrigation at early grain filling and no irrigation (rainfed conditions) considered as main plots. Six genotypes including three genotypes of triticale (Juanillo and two promised lines) and three genotypes of bread wheat (Azar2 and two promised lines) were included as sub plots. Even though there was not significant difference between irrigation at planting time and rainfed conditions, irrigation at grain filling with grain yield of 3805 Kg/ha averagely produced 17.5 % over than them. However, triticale produced 26 %, 49% and 48 % more grain yield than wheat in irrigation at planting, milking and rainfed conditions, respectively. This superiority was related to better performance of triticale in yield components, biological yield, plant height and grain filling period.