محمدصادق منتظری

The aim of the present study was investigating the effectiveness of Cognitive Bias Modification (Attention and Approach Bias to Cigarette)to reduce the cigarette dependence in smokers. A randomized control group design, with pretest-posttest and two follow-ups, was applied. The study population included all of the male smokers in the Summer of 2016 in Gorgan city. A number of 60 eligible adult smokers were selected according to a specific inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. For assessing the variables, the Tasks for Assessment Implicit Cognitions (Approach-Avoidance Task, Attentional-Bias Assessment, and Implicit-Association Task), and, the Fagerstrom Questionnaire for Assessment of Cigarette Dependence were administered to the two groups. The experimental group then received 10 sessions (twice weekly) of training in Implicit Cognitions (Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) and Attentional-Bias Modification (ABM), whereas the control group (placebo) received an intervention-like activity. A Multivariate Analysis of Covariance showed significant differences between the two groups in Fagerstrom, Questionnaire, the Approach-Avoidance Task and the Attention-Bias Modification, in posttest and two follow up stages. However, there was not a significant difference in the Implicit-Association Task between groups. It could be concluded that the Cognitive-Bias Modification effectively reduces the cigarette dependency in adults, through modification of Approach-Avoidance Task and Attentional-Bias Assessment, which is highly recommended for smoking cessation interventions.

Aim: The being of impairments in executive functions could lead to weakness individual control on health behaviors and cigarette consumption. The aim of present research was to investigate effectiveness of comprehensive intervention in order to retraining executive functions in smokers. A randomized controlled trial design with pre-posttest and two monthly follow up was applied. The study population included all smoker men in the summer 2016 in Gorgan city. A number of 60 eligible adult smokers were chosen according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The Fagerstrom questionnaire for assessment of cigarette dependence was administered to two groups people. The experiment group then received 10 sessions (twice weekly) retraining of executive functions (Working Memory and Inhibitory Control), whereas in the control (placebo) group a placebo intervention like the original tasks were performed. The Fagerstrom questionnaire was again performed at post-test and in one month and two month follow up stages in both groups. A repeated measure GLM: Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed significant differences between two groups in Fagerstrom in posttest and two follow up stages. Overall, the retraining executive functions intervention was effective on cigarette dependency and could use from this intervention in cigarette treatment programs.

The aim of this study was to examin if perceived effects can predispose male adolescents to addiction. The population included addicted male adolescents in Tehran Reformatory and male high school students from District the two in Tehran in 2012. The sample was 33 of addicted male adolescents from Reformatory Who were selected via purposeful random sampling، and 33 students of male high school students which were chosen by cluster sampling. The research type was qualitative. Data were collected by an open-ended questionnaire، a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Descriptive statistical analyses and frequency tables were used. The Chi square test was used to examine the differences between groups. The addicted sample in the three factors of family، attachment and belief had more pathology than students. Chi square findings revealed a significant difference between the two groups regarding indices of their parents education، age، job، life status، number of siblings، conflict of parents، emotional deprivation، feelings of deprivation and failure، childhood deprivation، and attention to social and religious values (P<0. 001). There was no a significant difference regarding the feeling of being inferior or worthless among family members (P>0. 005). The findings have important implications concerning prevention and therapy for adolescents disposed to addiction.

Schema Therapy created by young et al, new and integrated treatment which is mainly based on development of concepts and methods of classical cognitive - behavioral therapy for treatment of characterical disorders. The aim of this study was determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on symptoms of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and depression in a case with obsessive-compulsive personality. The participant of this study was a 32 years single woman with obsessive compulsive personality disorder, that diagnosed by semi-structure interview for axis I and II of DSM-IV-TR (SCID). Martukovich questionnaire was used to assessment of obsessive compulsive personality disorder and the beck depression inventory was used to assessment depressive symptoms. In this study single case series with A-B design was used. In this method after baseline, the intervention began and Schema therapy was administered for 16 sessions. Two follows-up were applied, one month and two month after the 16th session. The results of this study based on the visual analyses indicators and descriptive statistics showed that in the follow up phase compared to the baseline, the intervention was effective in reduction of OCPD and depression. The results of this study consistent with previous researches showed that schema therapy reduces symptopms of depression and obsessive compulsive personality disorder in patients with obsessive compulsive personality disorder.

Background and Early maladaptive schemas develop in childhood and result in high vulnerability to mental disorder. The aim of this study was investigating the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depression in guidance school students in Falavarjan. In a relational design study, 250 male students from guidance school in Falavarjan were selected using cluster sampling. To collect the data Schema Inventory for Children (2010) and Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS_R, Birleson, 1981) were used. The results of Pearson correlation showed significant correlations between some maladaptive schemas such as loneliness, vulnerability, mistrust, defectiveness, failure, unrelated standards, entitlement and depression among 11-13 year-old boys. Furthermore, stepwise regression showed five schemas including loneliness, defectiveness, mistrust/abuse, vulnerability and unrelated standards could predict 38.4% depression on the studied population (p<0/05). This study found that early maladaptive schemas can predict significant rate of depression among adolescents. These findings confirmed cognitive theories of depression. Thus, it is necessary to consider maladaptive schemas in treatment plans for adolescent’s depression.