فهرست مطالب محمدعلی زارعی

Waste stabilization pond (WSP) is a conventional and widely applicable wastewater treatment unit globally. This system does not require complicated mechanical operating systems but it should not be classified as a simple process at all. Facultative ponds (FP) are the heart of this system as they use the natural symbiosis of facultative bacteria and algae for organic removal. The performance of FP is very reliant on different parameters such as wastewater influent characteristics or environmental operating conditions. Nonetheless, they are simply designed and operated based on parameters like surface organic loads and hydraulic retention time (Khosravi et al. 2013). Some literatures have recently focused on the optimization of WSP layout for higher performance (Shahsavani et al. 2019; Decostere et al. 2017; Espinosa et al. 2017). For example, a question is that which form of FPs, in series or parallel, have the highest performance or operational reliability? Answering to this question is practically a challenge. There is little chance in full scale to compare the performance of FPs with the layouts in series and parallel for long term, with same source of real wastewater, similar climate and operating conditions. This research primarily evaluates and compares the performance of FPs (2008-2020) in series and parallel layout in Delijan WSP.

The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of critical thinking skills training on improving creativity, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of students in Ahvaz. The study was conducted on a quasi-experimental basis with the control group. The research statistical population included all female first-year high-school students of Ahvaz city.By purposive sampling, 30 students were selected as study sample and randomly assigned into two equal groups of experimental and control. Research instruments included the Abedi Creativity Questionnaire (Abedi, 2003), the Murises Educational Self-Efficacy Scale (Murises, 2001), and the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale (Ryff, 1989). To analyze the data, inferential statistical methods were used such as univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS statistical software (Version 25). The findings showed that the applied intervention increased the levels of creativity, academic self-efficacy and psychological well-being of students. Therefore, the intervention of critical thinking skills training to help female students is effective and recommended.

Control of hyperglycemia after meals is an important strategy in the management of type II diabetes, and the reduction of chronic complications associated with it. Therefore, inhibitors of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes such as α-glucosidase can be useful in the treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in some traditional medicines in Sulaymaniyah province of Iraq.

Eight plant species were prepared with advisory from authentic spiceries in Sulaymaniyah. After air drying and preparation of their methanolic extracts, enzyme microplate assay was conducted on them in four different extract concentrations (1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/ml) along with negative and positive controls. Finally, enzyme kinetic analysis was performed on effective extracts.

Among the eleven studied plant species, Rubus idaeus L., Rheum ribes R. and Salix alba L. extracts at 1 mg/mL concentration showed highest inhibitory activity (98.13±1.05% (IC50=0.046 mg/mL), 93.39±2.11% (IC50=0.085 mg/mL) and 84.46±1.12% (IC50=0.125 mg/mL), respectively) against α-glucosidase,. After kinetic analysis of α-glucosidase inhibition, Rubus idaeus L., Rheum ribes R. extracts showed mixed type of inhibition (competitive- uncompetitive) while extract of Salix alba showed uncompetitive type of inhibition.

The leave extract from both Rubus idaeus, Salix alba and root extract of Rheum ribes are remarkable α-glucosidase inhibitors, and may be used in the treatment of type II diabetics after clinical tests.

The phrase "behavioral pattern" is a wide-ranging and widely used concept that has been addressed with a special look in the field of environmental psychology. Environmental psychology has paid attention to the physical environment as an effective platform for the formation of individual and social behaviors.In fact, based on her personal and social characteristics and needs, humans react to some environmental data and behave accordingly.The main goal is to identify the components that improve the capacity of the behavioral patterns in order to implement them in the Niavaran neighborhood located in the first district of Tehran. The reason for choosing this site, in addition to the physical and social capabilities of Niavaran neighborhood, is because the neighborhoods are considered as a connecting element between the family center and the urban. The fundamental question of this research is: What are the effective components on matching the physical environment with optimal behavioral patterns in order to respond appropriately to individual and social behaviors? Based on this, the main goal of the research is to recognize and predict the behavior under the influence of three spheres: individual, social and environmental, and the implementation of those factors in the behavioral camps, especially in Niavaran neighborhood, is aimed at optimizing the behavior. This research was carried out by means of survey content analysis and by designing a questionnaire from the users of the neighborhood in a planned process, in order to explain the components that improve the behavior of the camp.This article has tried to recognize and predict common behavioral patterns by using anthropological and sociological surveys and combining it with architectural attitudes. so, the creation of a suitable living environment by recognizing and predicting the factors affecting the formation of optimal individual, social and environmental behaviors has led to the improvement of affordability in Niavaran neighborhood .in the field of individual behavior; Identifying the process of human feeling, perception, and cognition separately, in order, and by recognizing their mutual influence on each other will greatly help in predicting individual behavior. In addition, the emergence of a large part of the behavior takes place under the influence of physical and psychological conditions as well as individual needs and motivations. in the field of social behavior; Knowing the cultural characteristics and factors affecting its formation have an effect on the emergence of behaviors. In connection with the field of environmental behavior; It should be noted that in addition to individual and social behaviors affecting the environment, some environments demand their own behavior based on their capabilities.Therefore, the overlapping of the identity components between man and the environment increases the individual's sense of place. In fact, human sense of place is affected by factors and parameters affecting individual, social and environmental behavior. If the combination of these factors takes place in the highest possible form in the neighborhood, which is the connecting element of individual and social life, people will experience a higher level of sense of place in the neighborhood. As a result, by improving the sense of place, which is caused by improving the capacity in the behavioral camp, one can witness superior behaviors in Niavaran neighborhood.

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to develop a causal model of the relationship between the tendency to psychosocial trauma with emotion regulation strategies and psychological toughness mediated by the relationship with me. Quantitative research method and statistical population, all 10th grade male students in Sanandaj districts 1 and 2 are selected using a random multi-stage cluster method of 281 people using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample. Research tools include Emotion Cognition Regulation Questionnaire by Garnefski et al. (2001),The standard questionnaire of school communication was the 60-item questionnaire of tendency to psychosocial injuries Marzieh Orouji (2016) and the psychology difficulty questionnaire of Kiamarsi et al. (1998). Amos software based on structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the calculated CMIN / DF and RMSEA values were 1.676 and 0.049, respectively. Good Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Good Fit Index (AGFI), Adaptive Fit (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Fit (TLI), Percent Fit (NFI), Incremental Fit (IFI) and Relative Fit (RFI) In the present model, they are higher than 0.90 and close to one. Conclusion, the research findings indicate a proper fit of the research conceptual modelKeywords: Tendency to Psychosocial Injuries, Emotion Regulation Strategies, Psychological Hardiness, Relationship with School

An after meal increase in blood glucose for diabetics is a serious problem. One of the ways to cope with this problem is to inhibit the intestinal α-glucosidase. The inhibitory effect of methanol extract from aerial parts of Silene Ampullata Bioss and Campanula Involucrate Auch.ex Dc. previously has been reported, the purpose of this study was to determine the location of the organs of this activity. The maximum inhibitory activity of Silene Ampullata Bioss, was related to the 2 mg/ml concentration of the leaf organ and flower organ's methanol extract (100%), and again the 40 mg/ml concentration of the leaf organ and flower organ methanol extract produced the maximum inhibitory activity for Campanula involucrate Auch.ex Dc. (100%). The minimum amount of IC50 (0.13 mg/ml) was achieved for the flower and leaf of Silene Ampullata Bioss. According to the results of kinetic studies, the methanol extracts from flower and leaf organs of Campanula involucrate showed non-competitive and mixed pattern of inhibitory activity on alpha-glucosidase, respectively. While the extracts from flower and leaf of Silene Ampullata Bioss showed a mixed and uncompetitive inhibition pattern of inhibitory activity on alpha-glucosidase, respectively. The methanol extract of Silene Ampullata and Campanula Involucrate flower organs had a significant antioxidant activity in comparison with other aerial organs.The methanol extract of the leaf and flower organs of Campanula involucrate and Silene Ampullata possesses effective inhibitors, therefore isolation and purification of active components and in vivo study of their effects on alpha-glucosidase could be the subject of further studies.

Intruduction: 

Perinatal seizure cause hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress in the fetal central nervous system. This study evaluates the effect of swim training (ST) and trans-cinnamic acid (CIN) administration during pregnancy on anxiety, cell damage and density of apoptic neurons in the neonatal hippocampus following penthylentetrazol (PTZ)-induced perinatal seizures.

In this experimental study neonates from 25 Wistar pregnant rats were randomly divided into 5 healthy control, PTZ+NS, PTZ+CIN, PTZ+ST and PTZ+CIN+ST groups were used. From embryonic day (ED) 14, the animals were treated with repeated PTZ administration (50 mg / kg, intraperitoneally) for 5 consecutive days. During pregnancy, moderate intensity swimming (20 min, 3 sessions per week) and CIN gavage (100 mg/kg) were performed daily until term delivery. Anxiety-like behaviors and working memory were assessed with elevated plus maze and Y maze, respectively and dark neurons density was measured in the hippocampus of male neonate at postnatal day (PND) 30.

Significant decrease in alteration behavior, increase in anxiety with high density of dark neuron in different areas of hippocampus were observed in the PTZ+NS group compared to the control group (p ˂ 0.05). On the other hand, in PTZ+CIN+ST group, in comparison with PTZ+NS group, a decrease in anxiety, amelioration of working memory deficit and a decrease in hippocampal dark neuron density were observed (p ˂ 0.05).

Interaction of swimming training with trans-cinnamic acid administration ameliorates cognitive-behavioral deficits and cell damage in the hippocampus of rats exposed to maternal seizures.

Diabetes is a progressive metabolic disorder that affects many people in the world. One way to prevent any after meal upsurge in blood glucose levels is to inhibit intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-glucosidase.

To investigate the inhibitory effect of hexane extract obtained from separated aerial parts of Descurainia sophia L.schuar and Fumaria vaillantii Loisel on α-glucosidase activity.

After preparation of hexane extracts from aerial parts of the plants, their effect on α-glucosidase activity was investigated in seven different concentrations. Enzyme activity was assayed in triplicate using pNPG as substrate. The amount of produced pNP was determined at 405 nm wavelength. Acarbose was used as the positive control.

Among the aerial parts of two plants, Descurainia sophia's flower hexane extract at 200 mg/ml concentration, and Fumaria vaillantii's leaf hexane extract at 300 mg/ml concentration, significantly inhibited activity of the enzyme. IC50 values of the above mentioned extracts were 0.88 and 1.04 mg/ml respectively. The type of inhibition for the Descurainia sophia flower was mixed inhibition (Competitive-noncompetitive) and for the Fumaria vaillantii leaf was uncompetitive inhibition. The results of GC-MS analysis of active extracts, revealed the presence of phenylpropanoid and phenol which could be responsible for the observed inhibitory effects on the α-glucosidase activity.

Hexane extracts from Descurainia sophia's flower and Fumaria vaillantii's leaf have an effective α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity for future research, with the goal of achieving pharmacologically categorized inhibitors.

One of our current goals is the investigation of the fuel efficiency of DT by choosing a low Tritium fuel triac percentage, , in the new achievements of ICF, through the concept of quick combustion engines. This calculation certainly determines the possibility of using a quick combustion, and in particular the possibility of an appropriate stimulator, and explains the pulse duplex in the compressed material as well. In fact, in this research, our main goal is the study of the rate of gain changes with the change in the tritium concentration fraction. The lower the tritium concentration, the more economical it would be, but this amount should not be so low that affect the appropriate gain for fusion.

Controlling post-meal hyperglycemia with α-glucosidase inhibitors is an important strategy in the management of diabetes and the reduction of chronic complications associated with this disease. Based on the results of previous studies, the methanolic extracts of the shoots of Salvia suffruticosa Montbr. & Auch. ex Benth. and Hypericum scabrum L. have significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity. In this study, to determine the plant parts of S. suffruticosa and H. scabrum with the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect, after preparing the methanolic extract from different organs of the plants, the inhibitory effect of all extracts in different concentrations was investigated at 405 nm wavelength using a microplate reader. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in S. suffruticosa was related to the concentration 160 mg.mL-1 of the flower extract (100% inhibition and IC50 = 8.91 mg.mL-1), and the highest inhibitory activity of H. scabrum was related to the concentration 10 mg.mL-1 of the flower (96.49% inhibition and IC50 = 1.04 mg.mL-1) and leaf extracts (86% inhibition and IC50 = 3.98 mg.mL-1). According to the results of the kinetic study of enzymatic inhibition, S. suffruticosa flower and leaf extracts follow a noncompetitive-uncompetitive mixed pattern of inhibition and H. scabrum flower extract follows the competitive-noncompetitive one. Methanolic extract of flowers in S. suffruticosa and H. scabrum had a significant inhibitory effect on the activity of α-glucosidase. So, the flowers of these species are good natural sources for extracting compounds with potent medicinal properties to control postprandial blood sugar levels.

Free radicals and oxidative stress caused by them cause extensive disorders in the body. One of the solutions to eliminate free radicals and the prevention of their complications is the use of natural antioxidants. Plants contain significant amounts of phenol and flavonoids that are scattered throughout parts of the plant and give the plants anti-oxidant properties. Although, the antioxidant properties of the Descurainia Sophia and Fumaria vaillantii were reported, however, no reports have been made on the organoleptic characteristics of the antioxidant properties of these herbs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties and determine the amount of total phenol and flavonoids in the aerial organs of the two plants. DPPH scavenging and iron reduction tests were used to evaluate anti-oxidant properties. The phenol and flavonoid content of hexane extract from the aerial organs, with considerable anti-oxidant properties were determined by conventional tests. A standard control was used for each of the tests and each assay was performed for each organ with three replications. The obtained results and statistical analyzes showed that the hexane extract of Descurainia’s flower, and Fumaria’s leaf had high content of phenol and flavonoid and also, due to lower EC50 values, had more free radical inhibitory power. Therefore, the organs had a significant antioxidant activity compared to other air organs. With these anti-oxidative studies and tests, these two organs can be used as an additive or supplement to provide natural antioxidants to the body.

High Blood glucose levels is one of the main problems in diabetes. α-glucosidase with decomposition of polysaccharides increases the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, resulting in blood glucose upsurge. Inhibition of this enzyme is one of the most important strategies for treatment of diabetes.

The aim of this study was to investigate in silico inhibitory effect of flavones, found in fruit and plants, on the α-glucosidase activity.

This is a descriptive-analytic approach. The structure of the flavone compounds and α-glucosidase downloaded from PubChem and PDB database respectively. Then physicochemical properties of flavone compounds were predicted by the Zink data base and Swiss ADME server. Finally, Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0 and Molecular Viewer Molegro 2.5 environments were used, to do molecular interaction among flavone compounds and the enzyme.

Physicochemical characteristics of investigated flavone compounds were desirable. As well all of the studied flavone compounds were able to inhibit the α-glucosidase. But among the studied compounds, luteolin and nobiletin had the lowest negative energy with 78.98 and 87.96 KJ/mole respectively, and therefore the most docking points than the miglitol (positive control).

Examined flavone compounds in this study, mainly nobiletin, are particularly suitable because of their fine placement in the active site of the enzyme. So they have more inhibitory effect than other similar compounds. As a result, after some in vitro and in vivo, complementary studies on this compound, it is possible to distinguish it as a potent pharmaceutical inhibitor of α- glucosidase, to be used in diabetes treatment.

Since the alpha-glucosidase enzyme degrades complex carbohydrates and opens the way for their subsequent absorption and increases blood glucose levels, inhibitors of this enzyme are used as drugs for the treatment of some forms of diabetes.One of the medical treatments that have been given so much attention throughout the world is herbal medicine. Therefore, plants are a very good source of bioactive compounds.

The aim of this study was to find strong and new inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase enzymes using plant sources.

Methanolic extracts of 32 plant species collected from central regions of Kurdistan province were investigated for their inhibitory activity on alpha-glucosidase enzymes at concentrations of 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg / ml. Acarbose was used as a positive control. All measurements were performed in three replications.

According to the results of this study, the extracts of Campanula involucrata Auch .ex DC, Hypericum scabrum L., Salvia suffruticosa Montbr. & Auch and Silene ampulata Bioss. showed inhibitory activities greater than 60% on the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. The inhibitory activity of the extract of Campanula involucrata and Silene ampulata was significantly higher, and their IC50 was 0.02 mg / ml.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the just-mentioned plants extract, due to the high inhibition rate and low IC50, can be an interesting topic for more accurate studies.

Tyrosinase is a multifunctional, glycosylated and copper containing oxidase, and is found in fungi, microorganisms, plants and animals. The most important function of tyrosinase in mammals is melanogenesis. Hyperpigmentation is a serious problem for beauty. It is possible to cure these diseases with inhibition of tyrosinase. There have been attempts to control the metabolism of pigmentations by means of natural chemical agents.

The aim of this study was to find new potent inhibitors for ،tyrosinase among plant extracts.  

The subject of this study was anti-tyrosinase activity of methanolic extracts of 70 plant species, using mushroom tyrosinase inhibition method. All extracts were screened for their tyrosinase inhibitory activity at 400, 100, 25, 6.2 µg/ml final concentrations in reaction mixture. Assay method was based on spectrophotometric study of absorption in 492 nm and kojic acid was used as positive controls.

The results showed that nine plant extracts including Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach, Podophylaceae, Heptaptera anatolica (Boiss.) Tutin, Apiaceae, Hyoscyamus kurdicus Bornm, Solanaceaes, Hypericum scabrum, Marrubium cuneatum, Nonea hypoleia, Salvia suffruticosa, Scrophularia pruinosa Boiss, Scrophulariaceae and Verbascum phoenicum L, Scrophulariaceae, (400 µg/ml) and two plant extracts including Asperugo procumbens L, Boraginaceae and Astragalus siliquosus Boiss. subsp. siliquosus, Papilionaceae (25µg/ml) have inhibitory activity more than 60%. Saliva suffruticosa showed a considerable inhibition value, 92.62% (400 µg/ml) and low IC50 (94.77 µg/ml) and according to kinetic analysis its type of inhibition on tyrosinase is noncompetitive.

Because of its high inhibitory activity and low IC50, Saliva suffruticosa extract would be interesting for further studies.

Phytase enzyme (EC 3.1.3.8), is used to increase the availability of phosphorus in the feeding of monogastric animals. Increasing public attention to environmental issues, improving livestock nutrition and human health have led to considerable attempts to increase its activity or prevent its inhibition as a food additive.

Determination of inhibitory or activating effect of methanolic extract from aerial parts of some herbs, as rich sources of secondary metabolites.

Phytase was partially purified from wheat barn. After preparation of methanolic extracts from aerial parts of plants, their effects on phytase activity were measured at four concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml. Micro plate assays were performed at 405 nm.

Among analysed plant samples, extracts from Pedicularis sibthorpii Boiss, Phlomis persica Boiss, Solenanthus Circinatus Ledeb, Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl, had appreciable inhibitory effect, while extracts from Astragalus caraganae Hohe, Hypericum scabrum L, Linum album Ky.ex Boiss, Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl, Euphorbia denticulate Lam, Rindera lanata (Lam.) Bge, had a considerable activation effect.

According to the results of this report, plants with positive effect on phytase activity, could be used as food additive along with phytase to improve phosphoros uptake. On the other hand, plants with negative effect on phytase could be viewed as unwanted sources in monogastric animals feeding.

Phytase enzyme (EC 3.1.3.8), is used to increase the availability of phosphorus in the feeding of monogastric animals. Increasing public attention to environmental issues, improving livestock nutrition and human health have led to considerable attempts to increase its activity or prevent its inhibition as a food additive.

Determination of inhibitory or activating effect of methanolic extract from aerial parts of some herbs, as rich sources of secondary metabolites.

Phytase was partially purified from wheat barn. After preparation of methanolic extracts from aerial parts of plants, their effects on phytase activity were measured at four concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml. Micro plate assays were performed at 405 nm.

Among analysed plant samples, extracts from Pedicularis sibthorpii Boiss, Phlomis persica Boiss, Solenanthus Circinatus Ledeb, Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl, had appreciable inhibitory effect, while extracts from Astragalus caraganae Hohe, Hypericum scabrum L, Linum album Ky.ex Boiss, Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl, Euphorbia denticulate Lam, Rindera lanata (Lam.) Bge, had a considerable activation effect.

According to the results of this report, plants with positive effect on phytase activity, could be used as food additive along with phytase to improve phosphoros uptake. On the other hand, plants with negative effect on phytase could be viewed as unwanted sources in monogastric animals feeding.

The enzyme tyrosinase is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase, which is involved in melanogenesis. It catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to melanin pigments in mammals. Tyrosinase plays an important role in enzymatic browning, which causes discoloration and loss economic value of many plant food products. This enzyme is widely distributed in fungi, higher plants and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of hexane extracts of different aerial parts of Astragalus vegetus Bungi and Gundelia turnifortii L. Later the kinetics and antioxidant activities of the extracts with the highest inhibitory properties were assessed. Aerial parts of the plants were divided to stems, leaves and flowers and air-dried. Hexane extract of each part has obtained by maceration in n-hexane. Inhibitory effects assayed at four different concentrations, using a microplate reader at 492 nm. Kojic acid used as positive control. DPPH method used to determine the antioxidant activities of the extracts and ascorbic acid (positive control). GC/MS device utilized to determine the composition of the extracts. Main inhibitory activity detected at 1 mg/ml concentration of hexane extract of leaves of Astragalus vegetus Bunge (66.6%), and the leaves and flowers of Gundelia turnifortii L. (71.7 and 68.7 percent respectively). IC50 values for Astragalus vegetus Bungi leaves was 0.5 mg/ml. and for Gundelia turnifortii L. leaves and flowers, were 0.5 and 0.32 mg/ml respectively. Astragalus vegetus Bungi.plant leaves also showed a considerable antioxidant activity. GC/MS analysis of extracts didn't show any reliable result. These results suggest that some of the most effective extracts from analyzed plants in this study, may be worthy for further investigation to obtain some new tyrosinase inhibitors with pharmacological applications.

In this paper the zero-dimensional nonlinear transport model is applied to obtain the energy and the densities of deuterium and tritium fuel ions, as well as the alpha-particles in fusion reactor for laser and magnetic confinement methods. In this work D-T fuel pllets with. KrF laser is used in laser confinement and ITER paremeters are considered for magnetic confinement fusion. In order to densities of these ions are considered separately. Also, unlike the previous works which used impurity injection to mitigate thermal excursions, this design exploits the ability to modulate the DT fuel mix to control the plasma heating. By moving the isotopic mix in the plasma away from the optimal 50:50 mix, the reaction rate is moderated and the alpha-particle heating is reduced to desired levels. The zero-dimensional simulation study is presented to compare the energy gain in two states of laser and magnetic confinements.

Using of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is one of the methods for treatment of Alzheimer disease currently. Plants are rich sources for many bioactive compounds. So searching for new drugs with better properties and fewer side effects from plants is the aim of many studies.
The purpose of this study was to investigate acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition by methanol extract of the aerial parts of screened plants, Alcea kurdica (Schlecht.) Alef and Astragalus glumaceus Bioss.
Using a modified version of Ellman’s microplate assay method, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of methanol extracts from various aerial organs (flowers, stems, leaves) of plants Alcea kurdica and Astragalus glumaceus at four different concentrations were investigated. Electric eel acetylcholinesterase was used in this study. Galanthamine, dissolved in methanol, used as a positive control and each experiment was done in triplicate.
The results revealed that the methanol extract from flower organ of Alcea kurdica and leaves of Astragalus glumaceus, at 2 mg/ml concentration, inhibited the enzyme activity with 63.45 and 53.58 inhibition percent respectively. Their IC50 values were 0.114 and 0.216 mg/ml respectively. According to the results enzyme inhibition kinetics analysis, methanol extract from flower organs of Alcea kurdica and leaves of Astragalus glumaceus showed competitive and mixed (competitive – noncompetitive) inhibition, respectively.
These results suggest that the most effective plant’s organ extracts in this study, be worthy of further investigation with the aim of obtaining new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with pharmacological applications.

Retard absorption of glucose by the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes is one of the therapeutic approaches to decrease the postprandial hyperglycemia. Commercial α-glucosidase inhibitors exhibited some serious side effects. So a great deal of attention has been paid to natural products like plants, as a reliable source for bioactive compounds.
The aim of this study was to find new potent inhibitors for Alpha-glucosidase among plant extracts.
Hexane extracts of 60 plants species were screened for their Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/mL concentration. Alpha-glucosidase activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 405 nm on a Sunrise microplate reader (Tecan- Switzerland) by measuring the quantity of p-nitrophenol released from pNPG. Acarbose, dissolved in buffer, was used as a positive control. The assay was performed in triplicate. The concentration of the extract required to inhibit 50% of Alpha-glucosidase activity under the assay conditions was defined as the IC50value. The results are reported as %I ± SD.
Descurania sophia (L.) Webb & Berth, Fumaria vailantii Loisel, Ferula Haussknechti Wolf & Rech, Haplophyllum acutifolium (DC.) G.Don, Isatis cappadociaca Desv., Eremostachys laevigata Bunge, Silene aucheriana Boiss., exhibited more than 60% alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among them, Descurania sophia, Fumaria vailantii and Ferula haussknechti exhibited significant alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.9 µg/ml, 24.55 µg/ml and 2.71 µg/ml, respectively.
Because of its high inhibitory activity and low IC50, hexane extract of Descurania sophia would be interesting for further detailed studies to find and characterize any new inhibitor for Alpha-glucosidase.

Keratinocytes are useful for cellular transplantation studies in order to improve functional outcome in burn patients and chronic wounds. Recently they have been used for generation of iPS cells with high efficiency. In this study, we described the details on separation, culture and proliferation of human keratinocytes from foreskin samples. In this experimental and qualitative study we obtained neonatal foreskin samples following newborn circumcision under sterile conditions. We used dispase enzyme to separate the epidermis from the dermis. Trypsin enzyme was used for isolation of keratinocyte cells from the epidermis layer. Isolated cells were cultured in type I human collagen-coated dishes and serum-free Epilife medium. We assessed morphological and immunocytochemical aspects of the isolated cells. Morphological and Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that isolated cells have typical keratinocyte morphology and they could express CK14 which is a specific marker of the keratinocytes. The cells were successfully sub-cultured at a split ratio of 1:2 every 4 to 5 days. After passage 10, a significant decrease in the proliferation of the human keratinocyte cells was observed. Morphologically the cells were flat and thin. In this study we improved the method of isolation and cultivation of human keratinocyte from foreskin. Using this method, we isolated human keratinocytes for more than 20 times. Thus, it can be concluded that this method is reproducible in other laboratories.

One of the risk factors for heart diseases is hyperlipidemia. Research has shown that the flavonoid and antioxidant are effective in removing hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of alcoholic extract of zataria multiflora with atorvastatin on blood lipid profile. 56 Wistar male rats were divided into 7 groups each of which included 8 animals which were treated for 4 weeks with 7 dieting systems. The groups were: Group 1 (Control I): Normal diet and unlimited water and food; Group 2: Daily normal food + 3g/kg corn oil as a means for cholesterol; Group 3 (Control II، hypercholestrolemia): Usual daily food + 2g/kg cholesterol dissolved in 3g/kg corn oil; Group 4: Treated like group 3 but with increased 10 mg/kg Atorvastatin as an anti-fat; Groups 5، 6، and 7: Treated like group 3 but received 100، 200 & 300 mg/kg Z. M. extract، respectively. After 4 weeks، and at the end of the experiment، following 14 hours of starvation، the rats got anesthesia with chloroform and the blood sample was taken from the heart. The blood was collected in test tubes and transferred to the laboratory. After determining the factors of TG، TC، LDL، VLDL & HDL، the data were analyzed with SPSS software employing ANOVA (F-test). It seems that corn oil and cholesterol increased the blood fat factors significantly. As was expected، Group 4 showed a reduction in these factors; Groups 5، 6 & 7، which received Z. M. extract، decreased the blood fat factors significantly، except that HDL increased significantly. Results of this study showed that the extract of Zataria multiflora has anti hyperlipidemia effects and can be used as a herbal medicine in controlling the blood cholesterol.

This research examined the barriers to implementation of the VAT Act with respect to three years of its implementation in Iran deals . For this purpose, both internal and external factors, including factors that affect the organization and the law on its implementation And factors outside the host organization and the text on the implementation of effective As independent variables and law enforcement vat As the dependent variable is considered. This research is a descriptive study, that the classification is based on the application of a field study (survey), Study conducted in Tehran province, which is the most effective areas of the country's tax and Popula 􀆟 on study of 500 employees that those in charge of tax affairs are VAT law enforcement Has been considered. The sample consisted of 217 employees is based on Morgan table. Questionnaire data collected by professionals and experts that the validity, reliability as well (with a rate of 0/88) was confi rmed. Results showed that internal and external factors affect the implementation of the VAT Act and Determined by internal factors than external factors are further hampered the implementation of the VAT Act. 1