فهرست مطالب محمدمهدی مرادی خلج

The formation of the Fatimid state in the Maghreb in 297 AH was the beginning of the Fatimid attempt to dominate the entire territory of the Maghreb as an all-encompassing state. This made the Fatimids' treatment of other believer groups in the Maghreb inevitable. other believers included Sunnis, Zaidi Shiites, and khariji religion who played important roles in the political, economic, and social spheres. Fatimid relations with these groups have been quite different based on religious and political circumstances. Based on a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between the Fatimids and khariji religion other believers of the Bani Rostam and Bani Madrar religions and the influence of religious, political and economic factors on these relations. Findings show that all three religious, political and economic components have played an important role in shaping these relationships. Although the religious and intellectual component has played a more prominent role and the intellectual and religious conflicts in the field of Imamate and Caliphate have been the infrastructure of Fatimid relations with this group of other believers; On the other hand, the effort to develop the land and form a powerful government, as well as access to the commercial interests of the region, has been one of the political and economic factors influencing the Fatimids' relations with khariji religious people.

With the confrontation of Qajar-era Iran with the West and awareness of their growth, the need to know the new civilization became apparent. Although Iranians were in direct contact with the West, many of these experiences were transmitted through intermediary routes, including the Ottoman Empire, and especially in the intellectual atmosphere of Istanbul. One of the ways to know the West is the influence of Akhtar and Soroush newspapers in Istanbul, before and after the constitutional revolution, by using translation. Therefore, the question arises, what effect did the translation of Istanbul's intellectual-political developments in these newspapers have on their critical discourse? This research tries to answer this question based on the descriptive-analytical method based on the collection of library information and access to the archives of these newspapers. The findings of the research show that Akhtar and Soroush newspapers were influenced by the Ottoman intellectual atmosphere and the translation of political news and articles in these newspapers had a profound effect on their critical discourse. In addition, it was found that the translators and writers of these newspapers helped to transfer modernity and critical thinking to Qajar period Iran. As a result, the critical discourse, passing through the Ottoman Empire and being influenced by it, found a special manifestation that was more compatible with the Eastern and Islamic-Iranian culture.

Mohammad Amin Rasulzadeh was one of the most important intellectuals in the Caucasus who published the Takamol newspaper to analyze and study early changes of constitutional era. The purpose of this research is to investigate how Rasulzadeh and Takamol newspaper viewed the developments of the early Iranian Constitutional period and why. The results of this research show that the formation of currents influenced by socialism in the Caucasus and the establishment of parties of Hemmat and Ijtimaiyun-e Amiyun played an important role in developing how Rasulzadeh and his colleagues in Takamol newspaper viewed the events surrounding the Iranian Constitutional period. Rasulzadeh and his newspaper critically investigated the most important issues and hurdles facing the constitutional defenders with a socialist discourse. Furthermore, constitutional supporters and their newspaper played an important role in organizing and aligning Ijtimaiyun-e Amiyun in Iran. The method of research in this article is descriptive and analytical and is based on Takamol newspaper and main documents. In addition, research articles and books and translated books focusing on Mohammad Amin Rasulzadeh have been used.

Simultaneously with the beginning of the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar in Iran, the institution of Shiite authority appeared in the structure of the Shiite clergy and gained the same credibility as the founding of the monarchy in the realm of Sharia. The method of research is descriptive-analytical and based on the sources of that era and contemporary research has been done and shows that after the fall of Safavid rule and the departure of the religion from the domination of the government, a suitable platform was provided for the activities of more dynamic Shiite currents. The emergence of new phenomena in the structure of religion was realized. Then the intensification of competition for publicity among fundamentalist scholars, conflicts with the emerging sects of Sheikh and Babi and the need to deal effectively with environmental threats, respectively, led to the evolution of the idea of ​​authority, the unity of the clergy and consensus on the first general authority. He succeeded Sheikh Morteza Ansari. After a period of hardship following the death of Sheikh Ansari and the re-establishment of the competition, Mirza Mohammad Hassan Shirazi gained general acceptance and authority by playing the leading role in the tobacco movement.

Batayeh is the name of a land in south of Iraq which had changed into a mire through the passage of time due to the overflow of Tigris river and stoppage of water flow. At the beginning of the Buyid government in Iraq, Omran Ibn e- Shahin established Shahinid dynasty in this land. After the announcement of dependency of this dynasty, their enmity with the Buyids initiated and some wars happened among them which mostly led to the failure of Buyids. The present research based on descriptive-analytical method and taking advantage of the historical and geographical primary sources is to investigate the effect of the geography of Batayeh on the authority of Shahinids and their success in dealing with the Buyids. The findings of research clarify that the natural geography of Batayeh was considerably effective on the triumph of Shahinids. The geographical position of Batayeh and its natural phenomena including mires, canebrakes, canyons and use of them as a refuge led to the success and authority of this dynasty and finally, their change into a political pole in the center of the world of Islam

In the final years of Qajar tribal government some western- oriented intellectuals gradually brought about the basis of nationalist thoughts in Iran.with the fall of Qajar and overtaking Pahlavi regime cultural centers and organizations tried a lot for institulization of national royalism.Organization of cultivation of thoughts (1317)was the last advertizing and cuttural of Pahlavi regime ,that with the help of six commissions,based and followed its most impotant duty ,regarded exective articales of association,focusing on features such as Roylism and patriotism .the present research,organized on the basis of analytical descriptive method tries to illumiuate field of activities, the role and the amount of success of this organization in instiatuliztion of royalism.as a result the organization of cultivation of thoughts along with promotion of patnotism,introducd and set in its progrom other refelections such as love of historical ,honors,an Aryan racial introduction of Iran to the world and developement of national and langue geunity and tired to lead its progrom in this way.

Ahmad Majd-al-Eslam Kermani, one of the most influential Iranian journalists, and Intellectuals of the Iranian Constitution, played a significant role in educating Iranians and directing their attention to the constitution, and law. Due to the unfamiliarity of Iranians with the principles and structure of the constitution and its institutions and the view of the majority of constitutionalists and politicians who sought to redefine the constitution based on their views, Majd-al-Eslam made some of the most important efforts on the structure of the new government, explaining the issue in his four publications, titled, Nedaye Vatan, Al-Jamal, Kashkul and the Mohakemat (Trials(, as well as several books and articles. The decline of the first Iranian National Parliament and its consequences caused him to write a book on the history of the decline of the parliament, the first intellectual of the constitutional era to find the root causes of its decline; no research has been carried out his on works. Based on the method of historical research, this research explains Majdal-e-Islam's views by emphasizing the book on the history of the decline of the Majlis, Nedaye Vatan magazine and other sources in order to examine the causes of the decline of constitutionalism. Findings show that Kermani considers the lack of necessary political and social contexts in Iran and the unfamiliarity of Iranians with the components of the new government and foreign interference as the most important reasons for the decline of constitutionalism. According to him, this ignorance of the structure of the new government caused the interference of each group and institution in the work of each other, and created a fundamental difference between the three important elements of Iranian society at that time, namely, the government, the nation and the monarchy.

The foundation of the School of Political Sciences as an educational institution at the Mozaffar-ed-din Shah Qajarchr('39')s era led to the beginning of teaching and training of politicians. The school was planned to train experienced people for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Mohammad Ali Foroughi was one of the first teachers and writers of history textbooks at this school. With a descriptive-analytical method and by a survey of Foroughichr('39')s history textbooks and the book Primary Era of the World History (History of Iran), the present study seeks to answer what were the features of this book to be taught at the School of Political Sciences. The findings of this study suggest that this book could teach the history of Iran to the students of the School of Political Sciences in a disciplined way and created a new approach to writing history, as it became a model for the next writers of history textbooks.

The growing views of the intellectual movements, contemporary and rival to Sheikh Mofid (d. 413), regarding the superiority of Imam Ali are among the reasons for the writing of al-Irshad by that prominent imami theologian. In that time, despite a belief in Imam Ali's superiority, some of the discourses emphasized the legitimacy of the caliphate of the earlier figures by issuing the permission for the imamate of the subordinate person. Some others, despite their sympathy with imamiya on the necessity of the imam's superiority, believed that the superiority of the caliphs coincided with their historical order of caliphate; thus, they maintained that Imam Ali lacked superiority. In such an atmosphere, Sheikh Mofid composed al-Irshad by relying on his own theological opinions regarding imamate, proving the necessity of Imam Ali's superiority, making use of historical evidences and – sometimes – the opinions in the rival discourse in order to preserve the identity of the imami discourse. Therefore, identifying the parameters dependent on the Imam's superiority, mentioned by Sheikh Mofid in his book for proving Imam Ali's priority and rejecting the legitimacy of the previous caliphs, is the main concern in the present study. The findings of this descriptive-analytical study show that Sheikh Mofid deals with this important goal by making use of parameters such as highlighting Imam's status and practices, rejecting the status and practices of the previous caliphs (especially the two Sheikhs), and rejecting the companions' choice of the superior or the most virtuous leader.

This article examines the causes and manner of "dependence" in the foreign policy of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi with emphasis on the Nixon-Kissinger bipartisan policy. The main hypothesis of the article is that the Shah's foreign policy in the doctrine in question was based on the Shah's conception of national identity and the formation of a national government, which led to the alliance and full dependence on the United States and eventually the fall of this government. The research data show that the Shah tried to form a national and unified national government based on the three elements of secularism, archeology and westernism in a bipolar world. Such a government, in the Shah's view, required full armaments through the United States, which was achieved, especially after the Nixon Doctrine. This was ultimately one of the heels of the second Pahlavi Achilles and the revolutionaries' criticism of it, which led to the fall of the monarchy and the victory of the Islamic Revolution. The research method in this article is qualitative descriptive-analytical and the data has been collected and analyzed through library and receipt.

This article, which aims to examine the political thought and action of Mohammad Amin Rasoul Zadeh in the field of Islam, seeks to answer the questions of “What place did Islam have in the thought of Mohammad Amin Rasoulzadeh?”, and “What are the most important features of Rasoul Zadeh's political behavior in the field of Islam?” Findings show that although Rasoul Zadeh emphasized on the role and importance of Islam in the human personal and social life, but the political and social conditions of the Caucasus and his mental assumptions such as being influenced by the intellectuals of his time, caused him to use Islam for his own political and nationalist goals. He used the oppression and colonialism of Tsarism against the Muslims of Russia and the Caucasus for his own political goals and aspirations, and spared no effort to reconcile Islam with the socialist and nationalist ideas. He had a nationalist interpretation of the issue of Islamic unity. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical using the works of Mohammad Amin Rasoul Zadeh and the available historical documents.

The Kharijite movement, which came to power in the first half of the first century AH, after repressing the central cities of the Caliphate went to distant lands and the outskirts of the Islamic world, such as North Africa. The Khawarij, who later formed the Safavid-religion BaniMedrar state (296-1406 AD) and the Abadi-religion Bani-Rostam state (146-296 AH) in North Africa, initially published their revolutionary ideas in order to gain the support of the Berbers. Because these ideas were compatible with the will of the barbarians to revolt against the Islamic caliphate. But over time, these thoughts lost their original revolutionary form and became friendly and balanced in their dealings with the Abbasid caliphate and their agents. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and using library study tools, seeks to explain why early Khawarij political thought in North Africa changed. Findings show that Khawarij, after entering the field of politics and being in the new political atmosphere and also the emergence of new competitors such as Idrisid Dynasty and the Fatimids, influenced by pragmatic requirements, changed and modified their first attitude.

Shahsevan tribe, as one of the greatest tribal unions in the history of Iran, lost a vast proportion of its winter quarters (qeshlaq) during the wars between Iran and Russia, their movement being restricted to Moqan plain (for winter quarters, qeshlaq) and Sabalan hillsides (for summer quarters, yeylaq). Finally, a portion of Shahsevans were forced to settle in Moqan plain in Reza Shah Era. This article, by gathering data to do with Shahsevan tribe from historical references and archives and by using historical method and descriptive-analytic approach, studies the ways and manners of shahsevans' settlement in Moqan plain, arshaq, winter quarters of Sabalan and Areas adjacent to mentioned areas. The results show that giving governmental lands to people and taking guarantee (assurance) from them as well as construction of gendarmerie stations for preventing nomads from rebellion and disobedience, Action to create irrigation channels, besides establishment of settling officers in settled regions, establishment of agricultural schools, burning wandering instruments, Pasture tax elimination and regulating new agricultural laws, were the most important causes of Shahsevans settlement in Moqn plain and its neighbor regions.

The fall of the Qajars and the rising of the Pahlavi regime were the beginning of important changes in Iran. Influenced by either internal or external conditions of the country, these changes were different. Meanwhile, the Pahlavi government sought to justify the principles of its regime by promoting the nationalism and a relative exploitation of modern world technologies. So, they set up "the Organization for Development of Thoughts" (ODT) in 1938, which as a very influential institution held an important role in designing and implementation of Pahlavi's propaganda policies. Responsible for broadcasting news, speeches and music through a scheduled program, the Radio Commission got a special position with the launch of radio in Iran among different commissions of this organization. The question is that "How was relation between ODT and Radio Commission?" On the basis of several historical documents and through a descriptive-analytical methods, it has been tried in this paper, to study some effects of Radio on Iranian society by examining the mutual relations of ODT and Radio Commission. The results show that the commission acted as an executor of ODT's policies, produced artistic and literary programs, trained musicians and speakers, and, subsequently promoted the nationalist thoughts in Iranian society to consolidate the Pahlavi regime.

Shahsevan tribe is one of the Iranian largest tribes That chose Moqan plain and Sabalan hillsides as their own country side and winter quarters(qeshlaq) in Safavid era. During the Qajar period, the Shahsevans mainland in Moqan plain, once by occupation of their grasslands in the wars between Iran and Russia and again due to the numerous political pressures by Russian government changed. This article, by gathering data to do with Shahsevan tribe from historical references and archives and by using historical method, is going to study territorial transposition and compulsory wandering and migration of some of its clans according to political effects. The results show that losing of their rangelands, competition between local governors for domination on tribes, losing of their animal production sale market, taking additional tax, weakness of central government and conspiracy of Russia in order to motivate powerful frontier tribes for plundering for the sake of putting Iranian government under pressure in order to accommodate tribes, border disputes between Shahsevan clans and then closing the borders were the most important reasons of transpositions of Shahsevan tribe and led to the emerging of subsequent circumstances that this tribe encountered by their establishment on grasslands that Iranian government assigned them.

Gendarmerie brigade which organized by the effective support of Great Britain to secure the road from Bushehr to Shiraz, found their interests at the beginning stages of their arrival in Fars which in turn culminated in strenuous conflicts between the two forces at the break of World War I, Qashqai tribes leaned toward Germany while the central government had declared its neutrality. In the meantime, Gendarmerie appeared to show tendency to support Germany gradually and it established an independent committee known as Hafezin-e- Esteghlal (keepers of the independence); moreover, they made a close ties with Democrat Party of Fars. Eventually, Gendarmerie staged a coup against Great Britain’s dominance over Shiraz on the 2th Muharram, 1334. During this period, Gendarmerie signed a treaty with Solat odDowleh which did not last long . The present essay is after answering the main question that what factors caused alliance and dissociation between Gendarmerie forcs and Qashqai tribes? Using the descriptive-analytic method, the present article seeks to answer the aforementioned question with reliance on historical texts and documents. Apparently, in the first places Solat od-Dowleh’s need of a national force in line with his own interests trend him to enter into an alliance. However, changes such as internal weakness of Gendarmerie and the increased pressure from the new government weakend Solat od-Dowleh’s efforts to maintain Qashqai’s cooperation which finally caused them to turn away.

The enthronement of Mohammad Shah Qajar promised Nematollahi Sufis the end of difficulties they experienced during the reign of Fathali Shah and their problems in Iran. Kowsaralishahis and Mastalishahis, as two branches of this doctrine, each tried to benefit a better position in those situations. The quality of theoretical and practical operation of these two branches of Nematollahi doctrine to reach a suitable socio-political position and the way they selected to remove the theoretical and practical barriers is the main issue of present research. The results, obtaind on the basis of historical and doctrinal sources, show that Kowsaralishahis didnt try to change the religious and political structures despite the existing conditions. But Mastalishahis had accomplished some inconclusive theoretical and practical actions to reach this important aim.

Tawwabin Movement, led by Suleyman bin Surad Khuzaee, began in Rabi’ al-Akhar of 64 AH and was defeated in Jamadi al-Awwal of the same year. Had the time of the uprising been chosen properly? The possible times for the uprising included the following ones: the first forty days after Yazid bi Mu’awiya’s death; three months after his death; just before Ramadan 64 AH; between 15 and 22 of Ramadan 64 AH; just before Shawwal 64 AH; before Dhil-Qa’da 3 of 64 AH; and before Muharram of 65 AH. The present article is seeking to deal with a comparison between the time of the uprising and the possible times before it as proper times and optimal conditions.

Some events occurred in Kerman at 1905 AD and some of its inhabitants were killed. The most effective event was that the Hajj Mirza Mohammad Reza was beaten and two ruler of Kerman subsequently dismissed. After the news reached to the Tehran, Scholars, association and liberals have used these events to their liberal purposes. Refugees fled to the shrine of Shah Abd-Al’azim and the Kerman events led to the formation of scholar demands of the government. Although these events influenced the constitutional revolution, the findings of this research suggested that the Kerman event not originate from Constitutionalism in Kerman. It was due to the strong competition which started among the ruling families of Kerman and it found major role in the emergence of these events. Seven ruling families such as Ibrahimi, Vakili and Farmanfarma ruled in Kerman for 65 years since the beginning of Qajar to the Constitutional. These rulers were 19% of total rulers at this time, but they ruled more than 57% of this period. The active participation of weavers was effective in these events. They were 78% of Kerman population and they reacted to their living and livelihood conditions.

Through a descriptive-analytic method and using historical resources and documentaries, this paper is to identify and examine the factors affecting the formation of independence process in the western parts of the state of Azerbaijan during the World War I. It is very clear that the occurrence of such event in this geographical area, talented with a socio-historical background, is the result of integration between some predisposing factors and structural foundations related to the formation of the idea of independence. Ethnic and linguistic diversity- such as Armenians, Assyrians and Turkish speaking peoples, the role of tribal thought and life, the presence of missionaries and other religious activities, and the political and territorial factions of the states involved in the World War I –specially Iran's neighboring states – are among the effective factors considered in the process of seeking independence; it has been tried, in present article, to analyze the interacted role of two neighbors, Russia in North and Ottoman in West and other enthusiast groups in support of Christians efforts to gain independence, because it makes a better understanding of Iran's political, sociological and religious history during the discussed era.

With the fall of Safawid dynasty (1135 AH.), the religious and political structure of Iran was emasculated. The government of Afghans (1135-1145 AH.) led to a ten-years fighting, and the statesmanship of Nader Shah (1148-1160 AH.) led to numerous foreign and domestic campaigns due to frequent internal oppositions. These wars and the lack of social security as well as the growing pressure on people led to the migration of many people from Iran. The political governance and the short-term peace under Zand dynasty (1163-1209 AH.) were restricted to some parts of Iran. Due to these changes, the religious structure was weakened, because in addition to Sunnite Afghans, Nader faced religion with the political instrument and marginalized the religious scholars by disregarding them. Zand dynasty, while respecting the scholars, did not attempt to revive the social status they enjoyed under Safawids. As a result of that crisis and lack of affiliation between the scholars and the rulers, some of the scholars had to migrate. The dispersal of scholars is the subject of this study. Thus, this fact is studied geographically and by assuming the three following trends: seclusion in cities and migration to villages, migration to Najaf, and migration to India. Then, the motivations and the results are studied and explained. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is done using library resources.

following the occupation of Iran by Allied، Reza Shah''s regime in Shahrivar 1320 AH (September، 1941 AD) crashed. Among the consequences of this fall one case was revival of the Khans power. Abdullah Khan Zrghampoor as the most powerful Khan Among Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad tribes - that they lived In some parts of the of two major provinces At that time، means Khuzestan and Fars -، was considered by the states involved in the World War (Germany and britain). Efforts of groups and parties in the form of pro-German fifth column، to make war on the southern front، composed of tribes and states (Boyer-Ahmadi، Qashqai and Bakhtiari) and Military personnel، leading to the British reacted with horror. The main goal of the German fifth column was the targeting of oil facilities and unsafing road lines. Britain in the past، believed himself owned oil-rich region، it was a part of the original occupiers at this time، Britains used all their efforts to prevent the formation of a new front against Their Interests in south of Iran. then they Sow discord between the Boyer-Ahmadi Khans، particularly among Zrghampoor brothers، supporting their ally the Sheriffs and Khans against abdollahkhan- and most importantly، they tried to direct The powerfull Khans and nomads towards the Isfahan Province and Waging war in Semirom، a means to secure and maintain oil pipelines and Road lines belong to Allied، but after the Semirom incident Presence of the German Spies in the Boyer-Ahmad region Again brought back British concerns. At This time Attention of the international، national and local powers is directed to abdollahkhan Zrghampoor Boyer-Ahmadi that eventually led to the treaty “Cham chyt «. Contract that determined the fate of the German Spies in the region and it finished British concern over Germany and fifth column in the region.