محمود قربانزاده

Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is one of the most important respiratory diseases in poultry. The implementation of preventive measures, including vaccination and biosecurity, is necessary for controlling the disease. To maintain biosecurity, it is important to identify the entry route of new viruses into a region and characterizing markers such as unique mutations that make viruses traceable. During a genotyping study for IBV infected commercial chicken flocks in Khorasan Razavi province, 11 viruses from 11 broiler and layer chicken flocks were detected in different cities by PCR. Sequencing of the S1 partial gene followed by phylogenetic analysis showed that eight viruses can be classified in GI-23 lineage (Is-Variant2), two viruses are classified in GI-1 lineage (Mass), and one virus is classified in GI-12 lineage (793B). Although detected viruses of GI-23 lineage are originated from Iran, seven viruses have synonymous (T954C and G1056A) and non-synonymous (C797T) mutations that have not been previously reported. It was found that the new genetic changes in Iranian IBVs of GI-23 lineage occurred in two different regions in Khorasan Razavi. In conclusion, this study indicates that the high prevalence of GI-23 lineage viruses in Iran may enhance the chance of virus mutations and the emergence of new viral strains, so effective vaccination and biosecurity measures are required to control the virus spread.

Soil macrofauna is one of the important components of soil biodiversity. This research was conducted to study the effect of climate and land use on soil macrofauna biodiversity in Northern Khorasan in 2009. The impact of climate was considered with selection two regions including Shirvan, with semi-arid climate and Jajarm, with arid-climate. In each region, two land uses including rangeland and agricultural land were considered. In sample units, the macrofauna were collected with pitfall traps, sorted and counted in terms of family. The analysis of data were perfumed using of t-test, ANOVA and PCA. The results showed that land use had significant impact on diversity in both regions. So, the taxonomic richness and Shannon diversity index were lower in rangelands compared to agricultural lands. This was attributed to low plant diversity and pressure of livestock grazing in rangelands. Also different composition of macrofauna was formed in two land uses. Impact of climate on diversity and composition of macrofauna was too much, so the favorable climate in the Shirvan compared to Jajarm region led to its improvement of soil macrofauna biodiversity.