فهرست مطالب مختار جعفر پور

Aspirin is widely used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. The aim of this study was to investigate the side effects of aspirin on placenta. Forty balb/c female mice were randomly divided into experimental and placebo groups; further each placebo and experimental groups were divided into groups 1 & 2. All animals were mated with male mice. Pregnant experimental mice were treated daily by 200 mg/ kg aspirin dissolved in 1 ml saline (through gavage) during pregnancy while, the animals of placebo groups received saline (1 ml /kg/day). Mice in groups 1(both placebo and experimental) were anesthetized and killed at day 10 and mice in groups 2 (both placebo and experimental) were killed at day 20 of gestation. Placentas were removed and processed for histological evaluation using routine histological procedures. Abortion occurred in two pregnant mice in experimental group 1 and in seven in experimental group 2. There was no abortion in placebo groups. Pathologic changes i.e. syncicial degeneration and fibrotic tissue formation were present in placental tissues of both experimental groups but no histological changes were observed in placebo groups. Side effects of aspirin such as gastrointestinal bleeding has been reported in several studies. Placental bleeding and subsequently abortion was observed in this study. Therefore, it can be proposed that consumption of aspirin may cause bleeding and disconnectivity in placenta and may cause abortion. It may be suggested that aspirin should be used in pregnant women with caution.

Uncontrolled salt intake may increase arterial blood pressure. In many patients, high blood pressure is associated with big arterial wall injuries. This study was performed with the aim of evaluating the probable changes of arterial wall in laboratory mice after a period of oral salt intake. In this experimental study, 20 male and 20 female laboratory mice weighing 30-35 grams with 2 months of age and Balb/c ethnicity were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. There were 10 male and 10 female mice in each group. The experimental group received normal saline as 18 gram NaCl solved in 1000 cc tap water for 12 weeks and the control group received tap water in the same period. All mice were anesthetized by chloroform and killed and the aorta and carotid arteries were excised and placed in 10% formalin solution for fixation. Sections were obtained from the paraffinized blocks and stained by Hematoxylin & Eosin. Stained sections were observed microscopically. Elective specimens were photographed and findings were statistically analyzed. Atheromas were observed in big arterie's intima in experimental mice but this phenomenon was not seen in control group. Cholesterol deposition and vacuolated macrophage infiltration were other abnormal changes in arterial wall of mice in experimental group that did not exist in control group (p<0.001). Abnormal changes in the experimental group which are mentioned above indicate atherosclerosis in these laboratory models. Therefore, probably high salt intake induces atherosclerosis.

Destructive effects of ethanol consumption have been confirmed on several organs of the body. Nevertheless, classic research which has been done on kidney in this field had less attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate of ethanol effects on light microscopic structure of Mice kidneys. In this experimental study, Balb/c strain mice, equally 40 males and females, weighing 30-35 grams were divided in two equal experimental and control groups randomly. The Mice in control and expermented groups further divided in two sub groups. One sub group received 1mg/gr body weight daily of ethanol for one month, intraperitoneally and other sub group received 1mg/gr body weight of ethanol for two months, intraperitoneally. Control groups divided in two sub groups and Mice received daily salin with same volume as experimental groups. Then, the Mice have been anesthetized and sacrificed and then, subsequently kidneys were removed. Routine histological methods and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining were done. Slides were observed by light microscope. In experimental group, Mice which received ethanol for one month, interstitial bleeding and inflammatory cells infiltration in cortical zone of kidney was observed. In Mice which received ethanol for two months, we observed massive and concentrated lymphoblastic infiltration, especially on deep medulla around the blood vessels with extending to calyxes and pelvis of the kidney. No histological changes were observed in control groups. This study showed that the intraperitoneal injection of ethanol cause progressive destruction effects on cortex and medulla of the kidney. These effects depend on duration of ethanol consumption.

Opioids consumption during pregnancy increase abortion. But the mechanisms that opioids increase abortion have been remained as a question. One of the mechanisms that may be caused to increase abortion is placental histological changes during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine histological changes after morphine consumption. Forty intact adult female Balb/c mice with two months-age, weighing 30-35 gr were used in this study. The animals were maintained at the animal house under controlled conditions (12 h light and dark cycle, 21°Cand 50% relative humidity). Then they were mated overnight with 20 fertile males of the same strain. The day on which spermatozoa were found in vaginal smear was designated as embryonic day 0(E0). The pregnant mice were divided in 4 groups (2 experimental and 2 control groups). Experimental group 1 was received daily 10mg/kg morphine for 10 days and Experimental group 2 was received daily 10mg/kg morphine for15 days. In Control grope, mice were injected 10mg/kg normal saline parallel to experimental grope as a placebo. After this, in both control and experimental gropes, mice were anesthetized and placentae were removed from the body. Then they were fixed in formalin for 48 hours. After routine histological processing and embedding in paraffin, all the specimens were cut in to 5 μm thickness sections and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. Then specimens were observed by light microscopy and photographs were taken. In experimental group1, two pregnant mice were died and one abortion was occurred. In experimental group 2, four mice were died and also two abortions were occurred. In control groups neither die nor abortion occurred. In experimental group 1 disruption of the placental villi were irregular and fibroblast cells were increased. In experimental group 2, intensive necrosis was seen. Our research was showed that abortion histological changes in placenta and significant neonate mortality rate and nervous system defect may be occurred after morphine consumptions.

Ethanol is a well-known substance with extensive medical and industrial applications. It is used also as a drinking and has dangerous side effects on several organs of the body. Effects of ethanol on some organs of the body have been studied but few experimental studies have been carried out on lung. The purpose of this research was to study the effects of ethanol on histological changes of lung structure after ethanol consumption in adult mouse. Twenty adult Male and female, 3 month age mice, were selected and divided randomly into two experimental and control groups. Diluted ethanol was injected intraperitoneally, once daily, for 21 days in the experimental group. Control group received normal saline simultaneously. After 21 days ethanol consumption, mice were anesthetized and lungs were removed. Specimen were immediately washed in normal saline and fixed in formalin, dehydrated with an ascending ethanol series, cleared with xylene and then embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were cut into sections of 5µm thickness. Sections were stained with H&E and were studied by light microscope. Congestion in blood vessels of the septal alveolar, accompanied by bleeding, moderate and severe inflammatory cells infiltration, mainly polymorphonuclear neutrophill, were seen on septal alveolar tissues by light microscopy. Focal intraalveolar bleeding was seen in some areas of the lung as well. This study showed that ethanol may have destructive effects on lung tissues such as blood congestion, bleeding and inflammation.

Sciatic nerve, as the largest branch of the sacral plexus and the thickest nerve of the body, forms from the union of ventral branches of L4-S3. Then it leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen below the piriformis and descends between the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity. Afterwards, it divides into the tibial and the common proneal nerves, most frequently at the level of the upper angle of the popliteal fossa. Bifurcation into its two major divisions may occur, anywhere, between the sacral plexus and the upper angle of the popliteal fossa. However, concurrent occurrence of these variations: dividing of the sciatic nerve into two terminal branches in pelvis, existence of piriformis with completely separated upper and lower parts, the common proneal nerve passing through the two parts of piriformis in which one part of inferior gluteal nerve fibers and tibial nerve passing under the lower part of this muscle in company with the other part of inferior gluteal nerve, is a rare and very important phenomenon. This phenomenon may be of great importance in view of both entrapment of these members between two parts of piriformis which can lead to "piriformis syndrome", and being next to the muscular injection site of the gluteal region. Furthermore, it might be of major significance for medical specialists in particular for anatomists and surgeons to reduce the postoperative complications.

The axillary artery, a continuation of the subclavian artery, begins at the outer border of first rib, and ends nominally at the inferior border of teres major muscle where it becomes the brachial artery. During the dissection of a 30-35-year-old man cadaver, according to classical anatomy method (Grant’s method), we found an unusual branching in the second part of the axillary artery on the right side. The second part of axillary artery had a common branch, from which a lateral thoracic and subscapular artery was originated. This is an infrequent variation that has not been reported in the anatomy references, as yet.The increasing use of invasive diagnostic and interventional procedures in cardiovascular diseases, as well use of branches of upper limb arteries for coronary bypass and flaps in reconstructive surgery. Therefore, accurate knowledge of normal and variant arterial pattern of the upper extremities, for example axillary artery, is very important for medical specialists particularly anatomists and surgeons. Awareness of such variations can help surgeons to reduce the postoperative complications.

Background and Many studies have been conducted on the effects of ethanol on testis; however, little attention has been paid to microscopic changes due to alcohol administration. This study is, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effects of ethanol on the microscopic structure of testis in mice and whether probable changes are restricted to a specific area or the entire testicular tissue is affected. Methods and Materials: For the purposes of the study, forty male Balb/c mice were selected and randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 1mg ethanol intraperitoneal injection per each gram body weight every day; the control group mice were injected, as a placebo, the same amount of normal saline. After one month, one half of the mice and after two months, the other half - in both control and experimental groups - were anesthetized; their testis were immediately removed, washed in normal saline and placed in fixative formalin. After routine histological processing and embedding in paraffin, sections of 10 mm thickness were cut and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. Prepared specimens were examined and photographed by light microscopy. Abnormal testicular changes occurred in mice with one month ethanol injection. Excessive somniferous tubules destructions were also observed in mice with two-month ethanol injection. But no abnormal changes or destructions were observed in mice of the control group. The injection of ethanol has a progressive destructive effect on somniferous tubules and germ cells of testis in a way that the longer the duration of the ethanol injections, the stronger the effects of destructive changes will be.

Destructive effects of ethanol consumption on several organs of the body have been studied. Nevertheless experimental research has not been done on ovary in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ethanol on light microscopic structure of mouse's ovaries. Forty female, BALB/c strain, weighing 30-35 grams mice were selected and divided in two equal experimental and control groups randomly. In experimental groups, mice were injected intraperitoneally 1mg ethanol per each gram body weight every day. In Control groupe, mice were injected 1mg normal saline per each gram body parallel to experimental group as a placebo. After one-month injection, One-half of mice and after two months injection, another half of mice, in both control and experimental groups, were anesthetized and sacrificed. Ovaries were removed and washed in normal saline. Then they were placed in fixative (formalin) for 48 hours. After routine histological processing and embedding in paraffin, all the specimens were cut in to 10μm thickness sections and stained by Hematoxylin-Eosin. Then specimens were observed by light microscopy and photographed. In experimental group, female mice that had received ethanol for one month, diminished follicles in the cortex and increased fibroblasts in the medulla. Mice that had received ethanol for two months showed massive fibrotic tissues both in cortex and medulla without any follicles in the cortex. No abnormal changes were observed in control groups that were injected normal saline for one and two months. According to our results, we suggest that injection of ethanol has the progressive destructive effects on cortex and medulla of ovaries and these changes depend on duration and amount of ethanol administration.

Morphine is an opioid analgesic and has known effects on different organs. This study was done to determine the histopatological changes of liver due to morphine adminstration in adult mice. In this experimental study, 20 male Blab/c mice divided experiment and control groups. In experiment and control group, animals recived 15mg/kg/day morphine and salin normal interperitoneally, for 21 days respectively. Day 22 the livers were dissected under anaesthesiology. Specimens were processed for histological study and stanied with H&E. In experimental group, small sites of necrosis with poly morphic inflammatory infiltration and debris formation of necrotized nucleus in death area, so hepatitis was suggested. Also accumulation of micro droplets of lipid inside the hepatocyte cytoplasm withont nucleus displacement (fatty damages with small vacuoles) observed in cases. In addition, microvesicular steatosis and mouth teeth necrosis in liver parenchyma with inflammation in the vein and portal space were seen in cases. Any changes was not seen in control group. The interperitoneal adminstration of morphine can cause histopatological changes in mice liver.

Background and The role of glycoconjugate terminal sugars on development of fetal tissues as inducing factors has been distinguished. Lectinhistochemistry tracing of α-L- fucose terminal sugar, defining its effective time and elucidating its specific role in development of the mouse kidney were among the main objectives of this study. Fetuses of Balb/c pregnant mice on 9th – 20th gestational days were fixed by formalin. Specimens were histologically parffinized after dehydration. Serial sections were done for preparation of 10 micrometer sections. Lotus tetragonolobus (LTÂ) lectin as specific tracer of α-L-fucose terminal sugar was diluted as standard solution (10 micrograms lectin in 1 ml PBS as defined by Sigma Çompany). Üsable sections which had been matched by alcian blue were posed to lectin. Then alcian blue was used as counterstain. Prepared sections were observed using light microscope and the range of reactions determined. The first reaction with LTÂ was observed on 15th fetal days. Range and intensity of reaction to LTÂ increased in higher gestational day. This phenomenon reached to maximum on 19-20th fetal days. Ôutstanding point was selective reaction of urinary tubes to lectin and other tissues were stained merely by alcian blue. Çonclusion: Previous researches have confirmed that terminal sugars reveal in some stages of organogenesis and do their key roles on development. Ïn this study we observed that α-L-fucose reveals in 15th fetal day on urinary tubes and increases in higher days. Ït reaches to maximum in terminal fetal days. So we suggest that this terminal sugar has key role in development of urinary tubes.

Background and Since histologists studied suprarenal glands more with immuno histochemical methods, and less about its surface cell glycoconjugate chains. Therefore this study was conducted to examine sugar or terminal glycoconjugate sugar chains of surface developing medullary chromatinic cells in mouse embryonic suprarenal glands. Mice embryos at days 13th to 20th of gestation developed by mating of 26 balb/c mice, were desected in diameter of 5 micrometers by serial section method after tissue processing. For observation of suprarenal glands and selection of proper sample, specimens were first stained with hematoxyline eosine (H&Ë) methods, then by using lectin, histochemistry processing microssopic study was done. Âmong the used lectins such as, MPÂ, PNÂ, VVÂ, WGÂ and ÔFÂ, only MPÂ on different embryonic days, with intensity and weakness related to the age, increase and/or decrease of chromaffinic cells, showed medullary region of adrenal gland. PNÂ was used as positive control. Çonclusion: Since only MPÂ lectin on the days of embryonic study had reaction with the chromaffin cells of suprarenal gland medullary region, and specifically binds to the cell surface receptor Gal-GalNÂc (Galactose-N-Âcetyl Galactosamine). Therefore it is proposed that, termal sugar Gal-GalNÂc as a recipient of the development inducing factors, be considered an important factor in development of chromaffin cells at medullary region of suprarenal gland.