مرتضی قدیمی

Iraq and Iran have always stood up to domestic and foreign oppression throughout their history of struggles. Maruf Al-Rusafi (1875) Iraqi poet and Farrokhi Yazdi (1889) Iranian liberalism poet have always called on the people to rise up against foreign oppression and colonialism and defend their homeland to the extent their patriotic sentiments and calls to fight oppression and injustice are clearly appear through their poetries. These two poets, as representatives of the intellectual and liberalism class of society, were well aware of the evil intentions of the enemies and following the rejection of oppression and tyranny in their own country or in other lands, condemned the actions of aggressors in their poems and fated people and called for an uprising against them. The method of the present study is descriptive – analytical and library resources are applied to explain the manifestations of the struggle of these two poets against oppression and injustice by referring to their poetries.

In this research, the method of mechanical alloying and subsequent sintering has been used to obtain Zr-based MAX Phases compounds with nanocrystalline structure. For this purpose, a stoichiometric mixture of high purity elemental powders of ZrH2, Al and C (Graphite) was subjected to intense mechanical alloying in a planetary high energy ball mill under different milling conditions (5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 h). The fabricated compounds were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microhardness measurements. Experimental results exhibited that after an optimum milling time of 40 h, Zr2AlC MAX phase with the crystallite size of less than 25 nm and high microhardness of 971 HV can be obtained. Also with milling time, morphology of pre-alloyed powders changed from lamella to globular. Sintering of milled powders at 1300 °C for 2 h resulted in the production of nanometric Zr3AlC2 and Zr4AlC3 MAX phases, increase the crystallite size (grain growth), and release of internal strain. The results revealed that this route (high energy milling followed by sintering) is a powerful, cost effective and high productive technique for preparing Zr-based MAX phases compounds with nanometric structure and homogenies morphology.

Providing reliable monthly to seasonal forecasts of the climate system using regional climate models with a relatively high spatial resolution is essential to reduce the socio-economic impacts of extreme climate events. In this study, performance of the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) with four different sub-grid scale parameterization schemes in simulating 2-m temperature and precipitation over Iran against the observational Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset in 2010 is evaluated. The climate forecast system version 2 (CFSv2) data are used as initial and boundary conditions for RegCM4. Analysis of 2-m temperature biases of these four simulations by RegCM4 indicated that the largest negative bias is located in the southern coastal plains of the Caspian Sea and over the Alborz Mountain, while the largest positive bias is located over Dast-e Lut and southern Iran. It is found that the largest temperature biases over Iran mostly occur in late spring, during summer and early autumn. Analysis of absolute monthly mean 2-m temperature biases indicated that in two of the conducted simulations the bias is lower, in both of which the Holstlag boundary-layer scheme is used. The root mean square errors (RMSE) of 2-m temperature for these four simulations are also examined and it is found that the Holstlag boundary-layer scheme and UW PBL perform better in cold and warm months, respectively. Using a combination of the Tiedtke convection scheme and the Holstlag boundary-layer scheme significantly reduces the RMSE of 2-m temperature in warm months of the year and leads to the least bias during the whole year over Iran. Thus, to conduct simulations with RegCM4 over Iran, the Holstlag boundary-layer scheme in cold months of the year and the same boundary-layer scheme along with the Tiedtke convection scheme during the whole year are recommended in order to have the least 2-m temperature biases. In the conducted four simulations, positive precipitation biases are observed over Iran in most months of the year, suggesting that RegCM4 generally overestimates precipitation over Iran. Results also indicated that the largest correlation between the observed and simulated precipitation is seen over southeastern, eastern, central, western and northwestern Iran, while the least correlation is seen over the Alborz Mountain, western foothills of the Zagros Mountains, western parts of southern Iran and some parts of Dasht-e Kavir. It is also found that in the RegCM4 simulation with the Tiedtke convection scheme, there are larger spatial and temporal correlations between the observed and simulated precipitation.

Dic ol Jen al Hemsi is one of the Few Shiite Poets that Made Use of His Poem to Express His Belief and Feeling، Instead of Praising Wealthy and Powerful People. One of His Important Parts of His Beliefs Centralized on the Subject that Imam Ali is the Real Sovereign after the Prophet Mohammad Peace be Upon Him and Declared his Idea Through his Poem. Dic ol Jen Presents Two Kinds of Scriptural and Intellectual Reasons to Proof Imam Ali’s Right in the Mentioned Affair. In His Poems Dic ol Jen Notes Qadire Khom Event، Hadith e Manzelat and Hadith e Qertas، as Intellectual Reasons. On the Other Side he Recites Imam Ali’s Eloquence، Bravery، Resoluteness، Benevolence، as Scriptural Reasons. These Reasons Make Everyone to Believe in Imam Ali’s Sovereignty after Prophet Mohammad PBUH، and to Reproach his Right Usurpers.

NiTiCu intermetallic compound with nanocrystalline structure was successfully synthesized through mechanical alloying and subsequent annealing process. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that after 60 h milling of high purity elemental powders mixture of Ni، Ti and Cu via a planetary high energy ball milling، the Cu dissolved into B2 structure and NiTiCu phase was obtained. Annealing of as-milled powders at 1173 K for 15 min leads to formation of nanometric NiTiCu (B19'') phase، grain growth and release of internal strain. Structural characterization was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results demonstrated that this route result in preparation compounds with suitable morphology and homogeneous structure. Formation of nanometric structure enhances thermoelasticity and shape memory behavior in this compound by narrowing the thermal hysteresis.