فهرست مطالب مرتضی پوزش شیرازی

Over the last three decades, there has been a general tendency to change methods in research on soil resource management from conventional and mainly qualitative methods to Quantitative ones based on spatial correlation models which are called digital soil mapping (DSM). The present study was carried out in Shabankareh plain with an area of ​​15,000 hectares with different physiographic units that are mainly used as agricultural farms in Bushehr province, Southern Iran. Target sites (172 points) were selected for soil sampling at depths of 0-30 and 30-60 based on hypothetical networking on satellite images and visual differences observed in the study area. Digital soil texture maps were drawn for both old soil texture triangle (include sand, silt and clay particles) and the new one (include Geometric mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation of soil particle diameter). Soil texture is considered as one of the most important characteristics in determining the type and density of agricultural activities and types of land use. Two geostatistical programs include GS+ and ArcGIS and various methods of data estimators such as inverse distance weighting and ordinary Kriging method were used in this project. The results showed the strongest spatial structure class was observed in geometric standard deviation of the soil particle diameter (0.48) and the weakest in silt (0.73). The highest and lowest effective range among soil texture parameters were related to soil clay particles and geometric standard deviation of soil particle diameter with 684 and 336 meters, respectively. Number of drilled profiles (11 ones) was based on digital uniformity map. The generated digital maps can provide spatial information of important soil properties such as permeability and drainage, water holding capacity, fertility, soil erosion and salinity which increases the accuracy in the optimal management of agricultural lands.

Iran is one of the major date-producing countries and not only has a long history in this field, but also it currently has the second grade of Date production in the world. Therefore, the cultivation and production of Dates in Iran is of particular importance both nationally and for the inhabitants of the producing provinces. In this regard, planning for optimal utilization of production resources such as soil and lands for development of the yield in the country has a special place. Consequently, evaluation of land suitability and utilization of lands in proportion to their potential and capacity for specific land use seems an important solution. However, one of the necessities of land suitability assessment is to determine the crop requirements of the plants such as the status of the soil as a production bed. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of soil characteristics on Date yield and their rating for use in land suitability evaluation studies.

First, 91 palm Date orchards were selected with diversity of soil and yield in Kerman, Fars, Khuzestan, Hormozgan and Bushehr provinces, in each garden, a soil profile was studied and a land use questionnaire completed. Physicochemical and fertility analyses were carried out on the collected soil samples. Multivariate regression was investigated between yield as dependent variable and independent variables including salinity, percentage of exchangeable sodium, pH, gypsum, calcium carbonate equivalent, clay, sand, silt, gravel, available potassium and phosphorus by stepwise method. Then, by checking the relations of simple regression between the important and effective characteristics with yield, related equations and diagrams were drawn and the rating of land characteristics set. The proposed crop requirement table was evaluated and validated using soil and yield data of 20 orchards.

Results showed that potassium, sand percentage, soil salinity, ESP and CaCO3 had the highest and soil organic carbon content and pH had the least variation. Maximum amount of lime and gypsum was 74 and 17% and soil texture varied from sandy to clay, respectively. Regression results showed that independent variables including soil salinity, ESP, CaCO3, gypsum, gravel, available potassium and phosphorus were effective on yield, respectively. The determination coefficient of multivariate regression indicated that the variables entered into the model can determine 79% of the variance related to the dependent variable. In simple regression equations, soil salinity, ESP, gypsum, CaCO3 and gravel had a decreasing effect and organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium had increasing effect on yield. The highest contribution to the decline in Date yields was related to soil salinity, gravel, ESP and calcium carbonate.

The coefficient of determination between yield and soil index obtained from the proposed soil and landscape requirements table for the Date was about 0.79 which showed acceptable accuracy of the prepared table. Soil salinity, ESP, gypsum and calcium carbonate limit for Date palm were determined 8 dS/m, 12, 8 and 38 percent, respectively.

Understanding potential and capabilities in desert areas and Identification and introduction of plants compatible with those conditions, it is very important to modify hard and brittle conditions and forage production. In this study, to identify and introduce suitable pasture species for planting and establishment with the aim of restoring vegetation in Bushehr Province, the species of Cenchrus cilliaris, Cymbopogon oliveri, Panicum turgidum and Sporobolus arabicus were used. For this purpose, during the spring of 1394, the seeds of the studied species were collected and cultivated in the second half of 1395. The traits included altitude, percentage of viability, canopy percentage and forage production in year and plant deployment rate. Data collected in a randomized complete block design were analyzed by SAS software and the means of the collected samples were compared with Duncan multi-domain test. Results showed that there was a significant difference between the species in the measured factors. The species P. turgidum, C. oliveri and C. cilliaris were respectively identified as the best species in the climate conditions of the Dashti district in Kaki. S. arabicus specie in some traits, it could have a significant statistical significance but was not meaningful in terms of deployment and compatibility.

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables that are used by human. High price of tomato due to its out of season production in Bushehr province has made a great tendency for farmers of this area to cultivate it in fall and winter in nearly 12000 hectares in the province. Mean annual precipitation is about 250 mm per year. Maximum and minimum annual temperatures are 51 and -1 Celsius degrees. Mean annual evaporation is 3000 mm. Recent droughts and going down of water table because of over usage of underground water are main problems of this region that have enforced farmers to decrease irrigation water utilization and try to increase water use efficiency by using new technologies. Therefore, any new technical methods which can increase water use efficiency will help crop production quality and quantity and result in yield stability in the region. Many researchers have proved that mycorrhizal fungi can improve agricultural systems sustainability because of their ability to increase water absorption due to their long and expanded hyphae. Also they are known to increase nutrient uptake from soils even poor in minerals. Therefore, a greenhouse project was designed to
determine the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nutrients uptake and water use efficiency of tomato under drought stress in Bushehr province in southern Iran. The experiment was carried out on completely randomized block design in factorial with three replications during 2016-2017 in the greenhouse of Bushehr agricultural and natural resources research organization located in Southern Iran. Factors were as follows: 1) four Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae، Glomus intraradices ،Glomus vsersiform and Glomus caledonium) and a control (without inoculation), 2) irrigation at three levels based on soil moisture depletion at I1=25, I2=50 and I3=70 percent of available water to show stress (from non-stress to low and high stress levels). Soil used for this experiment was dried in sunshine for one month to be evacuated from any native fungi. Soils of the region are calcareous ones with low salinity limitation (EC= 3. 70 dS/m) and poor nutrition elements and slightly alkali (pH=7. 9). Inoculation of roots by fungi was done by pouring one spoon of fungi near tomato roots while cultivating the transported seedlings in the pot. This would help the roots to be exposed to fungi directly while spreading through growing. Irrigation water used were 22. 3, 20. 1 and 17. 7 liter for each pot filled with 10 kg soil during the season. The experiment lasted 100 days and tomato properties were measured such as yield,  colonization percent, nutrition elements concentration and also, water use efficiency. Dried leaves were milled and put in furnace at 550 Celsius degrees. Roots were soaked in water for five minutes to be detached from soil and cleaned toughly. Detached roots were maintained in small glass jars filled with alcohol and were kept inrefrigerator at 5 Celsius degrees. Roots were then colored by Try pan blue method and root colonization percent was measured by Grid line intersect method. Results showed that interaction effect of mycorrhizal fungi and irrigation levels was significant at 1% level on tomato properties (except for N concentration in leaves). Mean comparison with
Duncan`s test proved that increase in drought stress caused decrease in all tomato properties but fungi inoculation could mitigate water shortage in comparison to non-inoculated tomatoes Higher drought stress decreased colonization significantly. Drought stress caused significant deficiency in nutrition elements such as N, P and Fe, however some elements such as K, Zn and Mn were increased in medium drought stress.  Inoculation with all mycorrhizal fungi improved nutrition elements concentration in tomato leaves. Water use efficiency was increased 67. 9, 49. 6 and 52. 1 percent from non to medium and high stress respectively in tomatoes treated with Glomus intraradices. Using of mycorrhizal fungi specially Glomus intraradices and Glomus caledonium increased tomato water use efficiency and improved growth properties due to the increment of water resistance ability in plant. This phenomenon is caused by higher nutrition elements uptake by roots and optimization of water relationship in tomato in the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. According to results, it is suggested tomato roots inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi especially in regions with high water stress potential.

Shortage of non-saline and high quality irrigation water is a serious problem in agricultural farms which limits crop productions. Proper nutrient management is one of the key solutions to decreasing the adverse effects of salinity. Zinc is an essential trace element that can alleviate the negative effects of toxic ions on plant growth under the saline environments. Therefore, in this study, the effect of zinc an enhancer agent of saline irrigation water of wheat farms was investigated.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized completed block design with four replications. The Experiment was under the greenhouse condition located in Borazjan Research Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources during 2012-2013. The first factor comprised four levels of salinity including 4 (control), 8, 12 and 16 dS.m-1. The second factor was application of four levels of zinc including 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg.kg-1 soil.

Our results suggested that increase in zinc concentration could significantly alleviate negative effects of salinity stress on plant height. The highest plant height (84.13 Cm) was achieved by application of 30 mg.kg-1 soilzinc. Although increase in salinity stress reduced wheat growth potential there was no significant difference between 4 dS.m-1 (86.32 Cm) and 8 dS.m-1 (80.19 Cm) on the plant height. The lowest number of grain in spike (36.19) was observed in control treatment while the maximum number of grain in spike (53.44) was produced under 30 mg.kg-1 soil zinc. Increase of salinity from 4 to 16 dS.m-1 drastically reduced the number of grain in spike from 50 to 39.69. Application of 30 mg.kg-1 soilzinc resulted in higher RWC (85.02%) compared to control (69.30%). Increase in zinc concentrations led to a higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content. There was no significant difference between 10 and 20 mg.kg-1 soilzinc sulfate on chlorophyll content. Increasing salinity from 4 dS.m-1 to 12 dS.m-1 resulted in reduction of chlorophyll a from 2.58 to 2.08 mg.gr-1 fw, chlorophyll b from 0.79 to 0.59 mg.gr-1 fw and total chlorophyll from 3.76 to 2.90 mg.gr-1 fw. Zinc promoted synthesis of carotenoid. Carotenoid contents reached 8.43 mg.gr-1 fw by the application of 30 mg.kg soil-1. The maximum carotenoid content (9.30 mg.gr-1 fw) was observed at 8 dS.m-1 salinity while there was no significant difference with carotenoid content of 4 dS.m-1 (8.99 mg.gr-1 fw). However, by increasing salinity stress, the carotenoid content significantly reduced and the lowest carotenoid content (6.70 mg.gr-1 fw) was observed at 16 dS.m-1 salinity. Zinc content of leaf and grain of wheat significantly increase by the application of 30 mg.kg-1 soil zinc and in the highest concentration of fertilizer, zinc content of leaf and grain reached 32.07 and 63.76 mg.kgr-1 respectively. The highest wheat biological yield (1577.50 g.m-2) was observed in 4 dS.m-1 with 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil while the lowest biological yield (986.39 g.m-2) was observed at no added fertilizer and salinity of 16 dS.m-1. The maximum wheat grain yield (692.03 g.m-2) was observed in salinity of 4 dS.m-1 with 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil while the lowest grain yield (459.39 g.m-2) was observed at no added fertilizer treatment and salinity of 16 dS.m-1. Our results clearly proved that application of zinc could alleviate negative effects of salinity stress on wheat grain yield. Wheat biological yield at salinity of 16 dS.m-1 with no added fertilizer reached 986.39 g.m-2 while at the same salinity, application of 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil zinc enhanced biological yield to 1131.80 g.m-2. Although salinity level from 4 to 16 dS.m-1 significantly reduced wheat grain yield application of 30 mg.kg-1 soil zinc increase grain yield from 459.39 g.m-2 to 506.94 g.m-2 in 16 dS.m-1 salinity.

Wheat yield was significantly affected by the quality of irrigation water. The higher the concentrations of salinity, the lower wheat yield will be produced. However, our results revealed that application of zinc is an effective way of reducing salinity to restrict wheat grain yield. This trace element enhances plant production of photosynthetic pigments; therefore, physiological performance of the crop was improved under saline conditions. Application of 30 mg Zn kg-1 soil was highly recommended in farms with saline irrigation water

The aim of present study was to investigate phytoremediation potential of Puccinellia distans (Jacq) Parl using EDTA and DTPA and method of decreasing Cd- chelating leacing risk. The soil samples spiked with CdCl2. The treatments comprised the following dosages 2.5DTPA, 5DTPA, 2.5EDTA, 5EDTA, 2.5EDTA.5DTPA, 2.5EDTA, 5EDTA.5DTPA, 5EDTA and control pots were not treated with EDTA and DTPA. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and tolerance index (TI) were calculated to determine the Cd phytoremediation efficiency. Results indicated that EDTA and DTPA application significantly increased Cd content in the plant tissues and, root concentration of Cd was greater than the concentration in the shoot. The maximum bioconcentration factors (BCF) was observed in 5DTPA and 5EDTA respectively, and the maximum translocation factor (TF) was obtained for 5EDTA treatment. The results indicated that EDTA and DTPA had potential to promote the uptake of Cd by P.distans. In the next step to reduce leaching of Cd-chelate, 5mgkg-1 EDTA and DTPA in three ways of single, triple and six successive dosage were added to the soil. The results indicated that under single application, Cd content reached at its minimum concentration in the soil and, in the plant organs, the Cd concentration was the maximum. Metal concentration in the plant organs did not vary significant when triple and six successive dosage were added (p

Such aabiotic stresses like water stress are some of the most important threats to the production of agricultural crops. It is almost very rare to find a place with no stress where plants can reach their potential yield. A water stress of 17 percent decrease yield، due to its effect upon fruit setting is notable. Therefore، a study was conducted in Bushehr Agricultural Research Center (located in Borazjan) to determine the effect of irrigation timing and regime (in vegetative and reproductive stages) on yield and the quality of tomato. The experiment was carried out based upon a completely randomized block design of three replications during 2005-2006. The treatments of the study adopted were as follow: 1- complete irrigation during vegetative and reproductive stages (when soil moisture is depleted by 50% of the available water)، 2- complete irrigation during vegetative stage and then water stress (when soil moisture is depleted by 65% of the AW) to the end of the reproductive stage، 3- complete irrigation during vegetative stage followed by water stress (when soil moisture is depleted by 80% of the AW) to the end of reproductive stage، 4- stressed irrigation during vegetative stage (when soil moisture is depleted by 65% of the AW)، then complete irrigation to the end of reproductive stage، 5- stressed irrigation during vegetative stage (when soil moisture is depleted by 80% of the AW) followed by complete irrigation to the end of reproductive stage. Such plant and fruit characteristics as yield، mean fruit weight، water use efficiency، pH، vitamin C content، dominant organic acidity (ascorbic acid) and TSS were assessed. Results indicated that the effect of irrigation treatments was significant on yield and water use efficiency (at 1% level)، on total soluble solids and pH (at 5%)، was not significant on vitamin C، mean fruit weight and active organic acidity. The treatment I4 with a quaintly of 6336 m3 of irrigation water per ha per year was shown to be the most appropriate among all the treatments.

There are more than 5.5 million date palms in Bushehr province in southern Iran. Repeated droughts and lack of irrigation water in recent years are being the most important factors for yield reduction and low quality of date fruits. Proper utilization of water supplies in order to increase water use efficiency and also, identification of more tolerant plants are so sensed according to recent drought crisis in the region. Although, date palm can suffer water shortage for a long time but higher water levels and annual soil temperature between 17 to 45 centigrade degrees would make the highest production. Therefore, a study was conducted in Bushehr Agricultural Research Center to determine the responses of three date palm cultivars of Kabkab, Zahidi and Shahabi to deficit irrigation. This experiment was carried out on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2004 to 2007. The irrigation treatments of this study were water depth in four levels of 35, 50 and 65 percent of irrigation water, which shows the cumulative evaporation of class A pan. Irrigation water was offered to plants under pressured system. Tree responses were evaluated in each year for the following properties: fruits and seeds weight, length and diameter, pulp to seed ratio, TSS, pH and yield. Results showed that cultivar effect was significant in all date palm responses (p>0.01) which can prove different inherent qualitative and quantitative characteristics in date palm cultivars. Zahidi cultivar proved to have higher water use efficiency in water stress conditions during drought periods. Irrigation treatments affected only the yield responses. Although, 65 percent of irrigation water showed to have higher production abut it was classified in the same statistical class with 50 percent of irrigation water. This means that in the situation of water shortage, 50 percent of irrigation water would be the choice. Also, mean water usage during three years of the experiment were 5497, 7758 and 9822 m3 ha-1 per year in the irrigation treatments with 0.544, 0.481 and 0.409 kg m-3 water use efficiency respectively. The sequence of water stress toleration in three date palms was Zahidi > Shahabi > Kabkab.

Organic matters have positive effects on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and its fertility as well. Because of low organic matter content in Bushehr Province soils (in southern Iran), a 5-year study was carried out in randomized block design, using 8 treatments with 7 organic matter sources: M1) control, M2) cow manure, M3) poultry manure, M4) clover as green manure, M5) Palm leaves compost, M6) sesame residues, M7) salicornia residues and M8) urban waste compost, at 2 rates with 3 replications. Clover was planted in the first year followed by onion, faba bean, spinach, and canola, respectively, in the following years. The results showed that the effects of organic matter on plants yield were significant until three years. At the end of the experiment, soil samples were taken from different treatments and their chemical and physical properties were analyzed. The results showed that, with application of organic matter to the soil, E.C and saturation percentage (S.P) increased. On the other hand, soil bulk density declined significantly. Soil organic carbon, phosphorous, organic nitrogen, and potassium did not have significant differences with the control treatment.

Due to good climatic condition for producing spinach during autumn in Bushehr province, a study was carried out in Borazjan Agricultural Center during 2001–2002 to determine the effects of irrigation regimes, plant density and cultivation method on spinach. The experiment was based on a complete randomized block design having split factorials with three replications with the following treatments: three methods of cultivation (plant rows in basin (B1), ordinary bed and furrow (B2), and on upper part of furrow (B3)); three plant densities (40×15 (C1), 50×15 (C2), and 60×15 (C3) centimeters); and three irrigation intervals (I1=25mm, I2=35mm, and I3=45mm based on cumulative evaporation from a class A pan). Results showed that the effects of all main factors and their interactions were significant at P