مرتضی یاری

Motion sickness is a natural and temporary response to unfamiliar motor stimuli which reduces performance in complex tasks that require constant attention. The aim of this research was to study the effect of a special exercise training period on motion sickness in the pilots and flight crews of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In this study, 20 pilot students of Shahid Sattari Army Air Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran with an average (age of 21.10±1.31 years, weight of 70.27±8.23 kg, height of 173.32±5.77 cm) participated voluntarily. After completing the motion sickness questionnaire and based on the average age and scores of the rain seat test, they were divided into two equal training and control groups (n=10). The training group performed exercise training for four weeks (four sessions per week). The post-test was done after 72 hours from the last training session. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software in two descriptive and inferential sections at a significant level (P<0.05).

After four weeks of exercise intervention, the intragroup results showed a significant increase in the motion sickness tolerance variable only in the training group (P=0.001). Also, the intergroup results showed a significant difference between both training and control groups in the post-test (P=0.037).

According to the results, the special exercise training can cause a significant increase in motion sickness tolerance in pilots; by stimulating the visual-vestibular and vestibular systems. Therefore, based on these findings, it is recommended that the pilots who experience symptoms of motion sickness while flying, help to improve the current conditions by performing the suggested exercise interventions.

The flame fuel cell is a new type of solid oxide fuel cell in which the solid oxide fuel cell is integrated with a rich fuel flame to generate power. In this paper, a flame-assisted solid oxide fuel cell is employed to generate power, and the cell is simulated in EES. The model includes the equations of mass, energy, and chemical and electrochemical reactions. Parametric analysis of the fuel cell shows that by increasing the equivalence ratio from 1.2 to 2.8, the fuel cell efficiency changes from 4.21% to 18.23%. In this study, the supercritical Brayton carbon dioxide cycle is used to recover the waste heat of the cell. To optimize this thermal cycle, the compressor pressure ratio and flow split fraction have been considered. In the optimal pressure ratio, efficiencies for turbine inlet temperatures of 583.15 K, 823.15 K and 923.15 K have been obtained as 31.56%, 47.95% and 52.69% for the pressure ratio parameter, respectively. The results reveal that the efficiency of the integrated cycle is improved and reached from 18.23% to 26.95% for Φ = 2.8

In this research for the aim of optimizing the gas consumption, increasing the thermal efficiency of a household gas water heater has been investigated numerically. The optimal design and configuration of the baffles in the middle tube of the gas water heater prevents the quick exit of the exhaust gases and consequently increases the retention time of the hot gases inside the middle tube and reduces the wasting of their thermal energy. The combustion process in the gas water heater is a chain process and completing this process occurs along its path in the middle tube. Therefore for obtaining the maximum thermal efficiency, the numerical analysis of the combustion process and designing and configuration of the baffles inside the middle tube have been carried out and conducted simultaneously. The Ansys Fluent computational fluid dynamics code has been employed for the computational simulation of the combustion of the gas, the heat transfer from the contents of the middle tube into the water tank and distribution of the velocity of the exhaust gases along their path inside the middle tube and around the baffles. Computational simulation of the problem under investigation has been carried out by considering different geometries and configurations of the baffles along the path of the exhaust gases. Numerical results show that the mass fraction of the methane gas and the carbon dioxide in the exhaust gases is negligible and consequently all of the methane gas has been consumed. The numerical results have been verified by the experimental results.

The aim of this study was to comparison of the effect of two different frequencies of aerobic exercise with the same volume and detraining period on the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and lipid profiles in obese middle-aged women with type 2 diabetes.

Thirty-six obese women age?? with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups of 12 equal members (Group I = three sessions and group two = six sessions per week, with the same volume). Subjects in Groups I and II performed aerobic training for eight weeks with an intensity of 60 to 75% of the maximum heart rate and the same volume. Samples were taken Pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session. Biochemical variables were measured by ELISA method. The repeated measure of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to evaluate intra-group changes and One-way ANOVA with post-test Tukey test were used to evaluate the inter-group outcomes at each stage.

After eight weeks of interventions, the intergroup results showed that TNF-α, IL-6, TG and total cholesterol were only significantly reduced in Group I (P <0.05). Also, the between-group results showed a significant difference between groups one with control, and I with two in the above variables (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the group two with control in the post-test and detraining stages (P <0.05). And there was no significant difference between group two and control in post-test and detraining stages (P <0.05). Moreover, results in weight, body fat and BMI variables were only significantly reduced in Group I (P <0.05).

The effect of exercise training with a longer duration than the frequency in short-term training sessions was better in controlling the IL-6, TNF-α and lipid profiles in obese women with type 2 diabetes.

In this paper improvement of efficiency of a household gas water heater has been investigated experimentally. For this purpose, six baffles have been used for deceleration of the hot exhaust gases in the middle tube of the water heater. Three of the baffles have almost the same geometry and dimension and the other three are different from geometry and dimension points of view. Also the same distances between the baffles have been considered. The geometry and dimension of the baffles have been chosen by experimental tests. Experimental results show that by employing the optimum geometries and dimension of the baffles and by selecting the optimum arrangement of the baffles, the thermal efficiency of the household gas water heater has been improved and increased up to 82.5 percent. Experimental results also show that by improvement of the thermal efficiency of the household gas water heater, pollutant emissions which have been measured by the gas analyzers at the laboratory remained almost at the lowest level. Finally by taking into account the effective parameters on the uncertainty for the thermal efficiency, in terms of the level of almost 95 percent for insurance against the reported number for the efficiency, the total uncertainty of the final optimized model for the thermal efficiency is ± 0,17.

The usage of multi-generation systems is quickly developing in the last decade. The current study develops a new geothermal based integrated system, double flash, organic Rankine cycle (ORC), proton membrane electrolyzer (PEM), reverse osmosis (RO) unit and domestic heat water. The configuration is designed to produce four outputs namely, power, heating, desalination water and hydrogen. The proposed multi generation system is evaluated from thermodynamic and exergy point of view. A comprehensive parametric study is done as well and then, the multi generation system is optimized for three viewpoints (net output power, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency). The results show that the net output power, thermal and exergy efficiencies have optimum values in regard to two separator pressures. Also, optimization results from net output power viewpoint show that, the power generation, desalination water, thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, hydrogen production and heating were obtained as 5091 kW, 41.75 kg/s, 15/58%, 43.44%, 2.83 kg/hr and 350.6 kW, respectively.

Due to the capability of using exhausted gases of power plants directly in reforming process and producing high quality syngas, the tri-reforming process is a considerable kind of reforming process. In the present study, a power generation system based on solid oxide fuel cell with specific capacity and equipped to the external reforming is proposed and investigated form the viewpoint of thermodynamics. In order to conduct the external reforming process, exhausted gases from the system including the steam, carbon dioxide and oxygen are recycled and utilized as the reforming agents in the reactor. In order to model the proposed system thermodynamically, the principals of mass and energy balance are applied in Engineering Equation Software (EES). Effects of such important parameters as the current density and solid oxide fuel cell operating temperature on the system performance indicators including the various voltages, fuel mass flow rate, power generation and the energy as well as the exergy efficiencies of the system are investigated. The parametric study results shows that for the lower values of the current density and higher values of the SOFC operating temperature as well as the fuel utilization factor, the system energy and exergy efficiencies enhances.

The purpose of this study was to compare the responses of testosterone, cortisol and creatine kinase in two types of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction. For this purpose, 36 adolescent gymnast boys aged 10 to 14 years participated in a quasi-experimental research design. The subjects (weight 37.11 ± 8.11 kg, height 145.16 ± 11.58 cm, body mass index 17.40 ± 1.77 kg/m2) were randomly divided into three groups; control (n=12), traditional resistance training (n=12), and resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (n=12), respectively. Training protocol includes three motions included leg extension, elbow flexion and bench press. The results of intergroup showed that a variable testosterone after acute exercise in traditional resistance training groups (p=0.653) and resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (p=0.107), was not significant. But changing of cortisol in both groups, traditional resistance training groups (p=0.015) and resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (p=0.015), was significant. creatine kinase increased significantly only in traditional resistance training group (p=0.001). The results showed that in both of them protocol, there was no significant difference between groups in levels of testosterone and cortisol, but in varying creatine kinase was significantly different (p=0.05).

The scarceness of non-renewable energies, rising fossil fuels prices, as well as strict environmental regulations have forced many researchers to focus on utilizing environmentally friendly renewable energies such as biogas in internal combustion engines. Variety in raw materials and process of biogas production results in different components and percentages of various elements, including methane. These differences make it hard to control the combustion, effectively, in internal combustion engines. In this research, by means of 3D-CFD model, the effect of reformed biogas (R.BG) was investigated on the combustion characteristics, emissions and performance of a RCCI engine. Validation of the model was done on a single-cylinder compression ignition engine in conventional diesel and dual-fuel operations. The combustion model of the RCCI engine was simulated by replacing diesel with 20%, 40% and 60% of R.BG as low reactivity fuel. The results showed that by increasing the R.BG energy share with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.43, the average combustion temperature decreases to 1300 K and the maximum in-cylinder pressure increases up to 22.63%. Instead, it results in 2.3%, 7.9%, and 14.5% engine output losses, respectively. Also, the emission of NOx, against CO, is reduced by 50%. Soot and UHC emissions were found to be slightly decreased while using R.BG more than 40%.

The performance of refrigeration cycle depends not only on their configuration, but also on thermodynamic properties of working pair. Typical absorption systems use refrigerant/absorbent combinations of lithium bromide-water and water-ammonia. Because of difficulties in using these combinations, researchers proposed Ionic Liquids as novel alternative absorbent of refrigerant which can be used in absorption refrigeration cycles. In this study, the performance of the absorption refrigeration system with two different ionic liquids, thermodynamically and economically investigated and compared with the water-lithium bromide system. Multiobjective optimization using genetic algorithm is carried out for optimization of cycle. The thermodynamic properties of mixtures as the working fluid pair are predicted using Non-Random Two Liquids model. The coefficient of performance, exergetic efficiency and product cost flow rate are the parameters which were selected as objective functions. The optimal values of objective functions and design parameters were found and compared to the initial values. Among the combinations include ionic liquids, the highest coefficient of performance and exergetic efficiency and minimum product cost flow rate are obtained for the water-1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate combination.

Syngas, mainly composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is a suitable candidate for RCCI engines. In the present effort, the impact of syngases with different compositions, on the performance and emissions of a RCCI engine, at constant input energy, has been numerically investigated. For this purpose, different gasification processes have been employed to generate three different types of syngases for comparison with the simulated one which contains solely H2 and CO. Using these kinds of syngases compared with simulated one, results in less NOx in expense of more other emissions and less GIE. The ratio of hydrogen mass to the mass of other combustible species has a direct relation with maximum pressure and temperature, gross indicated efficiency (GIE) and NOx and a reverse relation with other pollutants. Syngas type I with a 78% reduction of NOx and a 11.7% reduction of GIE compared to conventional diesel and a 3.6% increase of exergy destruction compared to simulated syngas is the best alternative syngas in all cases.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two frequencies of equal volume aerobic exercises and detraining following these exercises on resistin and adiponectin levels, hemoglobin glycosylate, insulin resistance and body composition in obese women with type 2 diabetes. 36 obese women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups (each group, n=12): 1= LFT, 2= HFT, 3= control. Group LFT and HFT performed 8 weeks of aerobic exercises (LFT=3 sessions and HFT=6 sessions a week, with the same volume) with intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples, anthropometric and functional variables were measured at pretest, 48 hours later and two weeks after the last exercise session. Depended t test was used for within-group comparisons and ANCOVA test was used to investigate the differences among the groups. The within-group results showed that after 8 weeks of intervention, weight, body fat, BMI, adiponectin, glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in LFT group and resistin, insulin, insulin resistance and maximal oxygen consumption in both experimental groups significantly decreased (P<0.05). Also, ANCOVA test results showed a significant difference among all studied groups in all research variables in the posttest (P<0.05) and in the body fat, BMI, adiponectin and insulin resistance in the sustainability stage (P<0.05). Regarding the results of this study, longer exercises can better control type 2 diabetes than repeated short-term physical training especially in obese people.

Resistance training is the most effective way to increase muscle mass. The hormonal axis of GH-IGF-1 is considered important for the health of the musculoskeletal system in both childhood and adulthood .The purpose of this study was to compare two types to resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on GH-IGF-1 axis after the exercise.

In this study, 36 adolescent gymnast boys aged 10 to 14 years participated in a quasi-experimental research design. The subjects (mean weight 37.11 ± 8.11 kg, height 145.16 ± 11.58 cm, body mass index 17.40 ± 1.77 kg m) were randomly divided into three groups; control (n=12), high intensity resistance training (n=12), and low intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (n=12). Training protocol contained three motions included leg extension, elbow flexion and bench press. Blood samples were taken before and half an hour after training.

The results of inter-group showed that a GH variable after acute exercise in resistance exercise with blood flow restriction group (p=0.195), traditional resistance training groups (p=0.182), and control (p=0.317) was not significant; But IGF-1 variable increased significantly in blood flow restriction group (P=0/004). There was no significant difference between groups in levels of GH and IGF-1 (p>0.05).

One session low intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction compared to high intensity resistance training, has a similar effect on increasing serum IGF-1 in children athletes. Such as high intensity resistance exercise seems appropriate to provide hypertrophy and increased in the muscle mass.

In this paper, a biogas steam reforming system, ORC, is combined in order to produce hydrogen and power at the same time. The mixture of biogas contains a large percentage of Methane, Carbon Dioxide and negligible amounts of other gases. A thermodynamic comprehensive modeling was done on the proposed system. A parametric study is also done on the energetic performance combined system. The results show that by increasing the temperature in a constant molar ratio of carbon dioxide to methane, thereby hydrogen production rate, net generative power, and energy efficiency increased. Moreover, increasing the molar ratio of carbon dioxide to methane, resulted a decrease in hydrogen production per mole of methane and an increase in the net generative power, and so the energy efficiency of the combined system decreased. the most net generative power, energy efficiency of the combined system in the case of hydrogen production is maximum, achieved to 19.24 kW, 44%; respectively; that compared to biogas, hydrogen production system through reforming, has 5% increased.

Lung volume loss, airway obstruction and air flow limitation, and also hypertension are risk factors for mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of supplementation of saffron and exercise training on blood pressure changes, pulmonary function and spirometric indices in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes. In this quasi-experimental study, forty-eight type 2 diabetic obese and overweight women were non randomly divided into four equal groups including placebo, saffron + training, training + placebo, saffron plus placebo). The saffron group + training and training + placebo groups did aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). A daily dose of 400 mg of saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The variables were measured in the pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session. Intra-group results showed a significant increase in pulmonary function variables (VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FVC/FEV1, PEF, MVV), and significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices (weight, BMI, and body fat percentage) in all three groups of exercise, saffron and practice + saffron (P<0.05). However, the results intra-group showed a significant difference in the above variables between the exercise + saffron supplement group in compared to other intervention groups (P<0.05), also, the highest effect was observed in the exercise + supplemental group. According to the results of this study, saffron with exercise led to significant improvement in pulmonary volume and capacities, as well as a decrease in blood pressure in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

In this paper, a novel biogas steam reforming system for producing hydrogen is presented. The mixture of biogas contains a largepercentage of Methane, Carbon Dioxide,negligible amounts of other gases. A thermodynamic comprehensive modeling (energyand exergy) was done on the suggested system. The impact of various system parameters in the mixture of biogas such as,temperature,molar ratio of carbon dioxide to methane is also done on the hydrogen production rate, energy,exergyefficiencies of the entire system. The results show that by increasing the temperature of the steam reforming reaction in reactor, in aconstant molar ratio of carbon dioxide to methane in the mixture of biogas, hydrogen production rate,energy,exergyefficiences are increased. Moreover, increasing the molar ratio of carbon dioxide to methane in the biogas combination at hightemperatures, resulted a decrease in hydrogen production per mole of methane,so the energy,exergy efficiencies of the entiresystem (decreased). As well as the most energy,exergy efficiencies of the whole in the case of hydrogen production is maximum,achieved to 52%,42%, respectively.

Exposure to microgravity condition such as space, bed rest and other microgravity environments lead to several neuromuscular problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of four weeks endurance training under microgravity condition on serum level of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in male rats. In this regard, 36 six-week-old male Wistar rats (weight range 175 ± 15 gr) were randomly selected and divided into four groups including suspension group (n=10), endurance training group (n= 6), endurance training + suspension (n=10), control (n=10) and were examined for four weeks. To simulate microgravity condition on Earth, hind-limb suspension model was used for four weeks. After collecting blood samples from left ventricles of rats and separating serum BDNF levels were measured by ELISA kit. our results showed that serum levels of BDNF in endurance training with suspension group compare to other groups significantly increased (P<0.05). Based on the present results, it seems that endurance training under microgravity condition could reduce the neuromuscular problems induced by microgravity. Also this type of training like exercises with anti-gravity treadmills can be used for other physiological condition similar to astronauts, such as the elderly and patient on bed rest and people with spinal cord injury

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on resistin, glycated hemoglobin, indicator of insulin resistance and some cardiovascular risk factors in obese women with type 2 diabetes. 22 obese sedentary women with type 2 diabetes in Kermanshah (mean age 44.95±2.33 yrs, weight 78.88±0.82 kg, height 161.11±5.45 cm) were randomly divided into 2 groups (each group 11 subjects): experimental and control. The experimental group performed aerobic exercises for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session 60 minutes) with 60-80% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples were collected 2 days before and after the intervention. Independent t test was used to compare the intergroup differences and dependent t test was used to compare the intragroup results. After the intervention, weight, body fat percent, insulin, HbA1c, hc-CRP, LDL-C (P=0.05), fasting blood glucose (P=0.032), insulin resistance, resistin (P=0.04), cholesterol (P=0.028) and TG (P=0.014) significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. HDL-C and BMI levels had no significant differences between the groups. Weight (P=0.02), fat percent (P=0.01), glucose (P=0.004), insulin (P=0.031), resistin (P=0.024), TG (P=0.039), BMI, HbA1c, hc-CRP, LDL-C (P=0.05), insulin resistance and cholesterol (P=0.045) significantly decreased in the experimental group in the posttest compared with the baseline. The improved insulin resistance and decreased inflammatory markers and glycated hemoglobin reduce the potential risk of cardiac diseases and complications and diabetes and regular aerobic exercise can influence controlling the complications of this disease.

In this paper, an integrated biomass gasifier–SOFC–GT–ORC system for decentralized power generation application is presented. The proposed system includes a gasification unit, a gas cleaning unit, a SOFC-GT hybrid system and an organic Rankine bottoming cycle. High temperature gas cleaning system (HTGCS), were proposed for this integration. The performance of the system is evaluated using thermodynamic calculations. The results obtained indicate that for the integrated biomass gasifier–SOFC–GT–ORC power generation plant the net electrical efficiency based on lower heating value (LHV) is 55.73%, when 2.3 MWe power was produced. The proposed system has been modeled using Cycle-Tempo software.

Resistance training as an effective way to get different adaptations of exercise. In the most studies is taken into consideration the increase strength and muscle mass to follow this training method. Recently, it has been considered cardiovascular adaptations such as angiogenesis, increased blood flow to tissue and improve aerobic performance after resistance training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the acute responses to endothelial growth factor-A in two types of resistance training with and without the blood flow restriction.
Material and

For this purpose, adolescent gymnast boys aged 10 to 14 years participated in a quasi-experimental research design. The subjects (mean weight 37.11 ± 8.11 kg, height 145.16 ± 11.58 cm, body mass index 17.40 ± 1.77 kg m) were randomly divided into three groups; control (n=12), traditional resistance training (n=12), and resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (n=12), respectively. Training protocol includes three motions included leg extension, elbow flexion and bench press. Blood samples were taken before and half an hour after training. Using T-dependent test to check the results of intergroup and One-Way ANOVA with LSD test was used for evaluating the results of between groups.

The results of inter-group showed that a variable VEGF after acute exercise in traditional resistance training groups (p=0.001) and resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (p=0.001), was significant. The results showed that in both of them protocol, there was no significant difference between groups in levels of VEGF, was not significantly different (p=0.33).

One session Resistance exercise with blood flow restriction compared to high intensity resistance exercise, a similar effect in increasing serum VEGF children athletes and for this reason, such as high intensity resistance exercise seems appropriate to provide Angiogenic adaptation of VEGF and improvement in aerobic performance.

In this paper, a new integrated power system based on biomass gasification and solid oxide fuel cell with low temperature gas cleaning system is proposed and the performance of the system is evaluated using thermodynamic calculations. The proposed system includes a gasification unit, a gas cleaning unit, a SOFC-GT hybrid system and an organic Rankine bottoming cycle. The generated raw syngas need to be purification before it can be used in SOFC system. For this reason, low temperature gas cleaning system is selected. A sensitivity study is carried out to investigate plant responses to different working parameters. The results obtained indicate that for the current system, the gross and net energy efficiency of the system are 54.56% and 50.55% respectively, while the gross and net exergy efficiency are 48.57% and 45.08% respectively. The proposed system has been modeled using Cycle-Tempo software.

In recent years, the use of Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) which operates in accordance with closed Brayton cycle with helium fluid as working fluid has attracted researchers’ attention because of its high efficiency, high reactor safety, being economical, and low maintenance costs. In the present study, a combined system, including GT-MHR cycle, Kalina cycle and Ammonia-water absorption cycle is investigated with respect to energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic. As the bottoming cycle, Kalina cycle and absorption cycle are used in order to avoid energy wasted by gas turbine cycle and to increase efficiency of energy conversion. The results of the simulated model show that, in the basic input mode, the overall work is 304462 kW, the overall exergy destruction is 289766kW and the overall exergy efficeincy of cogeneration cycle is 0.689kW. Also reactor, turbine and compressor in helium cycle are the component to which more attention should be paid with respect to exergoeconomic because the highest amount of cost rate is related to these components. At the end, parametric analysis is carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the changing pressure ratio of helium compressor, input temperature of helium compressor, input pressure and temperature of turbine and mass fraction of the base mode of the Kalina cycle on the output parameters.

In this study, the thermoeconomic performance of absorption refrigeration cycle utilizing binary solution containing water - ionic liquid (1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Trifluoroacetate) is investigated and compared with the water-lithium bromide cycle. For this purpose, the thermodynamic and thermoeconomic analysis have been employed to simulation of the cycle and then, the effects of design parameters on the performance parameters like coefficient of performance, exergetic efficiency, solution circulation flow ratio, area of heat exchangers and cost of the streams are studied. The thermodynamic properties of the binary solution are predicted using Non-Random Two Liquids model. It has been found the system with ionic liquid has a lower coefficient of performance and exergetic efficiency (0.66, 10.15%) than aqueous solution of lithium bromide system (0.78, 12 %). The total area and total cost of the ionic liquid system (49 m2, 4907 $/year) is larger than water-lithium bromide cycle (16 m2, 3347 $/year). Despite the Lower performance of systems with ionic liquid, the advantages of these liquids like no crystallization, negligible vapor pressure and weak corrosion tendency to iron-steel materials make the new working pair suited for the absorption refrigeration cycle.

In the present study a two-stage thermoelectric heater and a two-stage thermoelectric cooler are analyzed and compared from the perspectives of the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Based on the first law analysis results, for both two-stage thermoelectric heater and cooler, the coefficient of performance optimizes by current variation. The optimal value of coefficient of performance decreases with the hot and cold junctions temperature difference increasing. Based on the exergy analysis results, the exergy efficiency optimizes by the current variation same as the coefficient of performance. Moreover, for the case of heating, increasing the hot and cold side’s temperature difference increases the exergy efficiency but for the thermoelectric cooler leads to exergy efficiency reduction. Generally, the amount of exergy efficiency for two-stage thermoelectric cooler is lower than that of two-stage thermoelectric heater. Results show that optimum exergy efficiency of two stage thermoelectric heater is 0.181, 0.193 and 0.208 for hot and cold side temperature differences of 15, 30 and 45 K, respectively. Also, the optimum exergy efficiency of two stage thermoelectric cooler is 0.096, 0.073 and 0.04 for the same temperature differences between hot and cold side temperature differences.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, hs-CRP, insulin resistance and peptide hormone adiponectin in type 2 diabetic patients. For this purpose, twenty-two obese, sedentary females with type 2 diabetes (age 45.9±3.2 years and BMI=30.7±0.7 kg/m2, History of disease: 5.4±9.2 years and blood glucose 152.7±15.05 mg/dL), were selected and randomly divided into experimental (n=11) and control groups (n=11). The experimental group performed aerobic training for 8 weeks (three sessions per week, each session 60 minutes) with 60 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate. Blood samples were taken two days before and after 8 weeks of aerobic training. (HbA1c) by Electrochemiluminesence method, adiponectin, insulin and hs-CRP by ELISA, glucose, HDL-C, TG and LDL-C by direct methods and total cholesterol were measured by enzymatic methods. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance by HOMA-IR was calculated. The results using the paired and independent t-test showed that, after the intervention, fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, HbA1c, hs-CRP, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and weight, BMI, percent body fat significantly decreased and adiponectin levels significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control. However, after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise HDL-C increased in the experimental group, but HDL-C levels difference was not significant between the two groups. A significant inverse correlation between serum adiponectin levels with glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, body weight and body fat percentage and no significant correlation with HDL was observed. According to the findings of the present study was the reduction in visceral fat and lipid levels by eight weeks of aerobic exercise may the performance of adiponectin and reduce insulin resistance in diabetic patients is effective.