فهرست مطالب مرضیه حاج محمدی

Today, fungal toxins or mycotoxins are a major problem in the food industry and food chain safety, which can contaminate a wide range of agricultural products, and thus they have negatively affect on health and production of livestock and poultry, and consequently human health, the economies of countries and even international trade. Since mycotoxin contamination cannot be completely prevented before or after harvest, it is important to know exactly how to remove mycotoxins during technological processes and feed clearance strategies. Today, the biological control of mycotoxins by microorganisms and other biological factors is becoming a valid approach to protect food products from contamination by these toxins, which increases the safety and quality of crops and animal feed, and ultimately reduces toxin concentration in animal products (milk, meat and eggs), and increase food chain security.

Due to growing demand of human communities for livestock products, livestock farms have trended towards industrialization.Therefore, with increasing livestock production, the use of highly fermentable carbohydrates has increased in livestock diets. On the other hand, the incompatibility of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants with this feeding method causes the occurrence of various metabolic diseases and reduces the herd's economic longevity. Research has also shown that adding antibiotics to cow diet increases growth, reduces feed conversion ratio, and improves production and reproduction. But the use of antibiotics for long-term increases antibiotic resistance in livestock and consumers of livestock products. Therefore, it seems necessary to find a suitable alternative to antibiotics such as probiotics. The use of yeast in ruminant nutrition improve to establish and maintain the balance of beneficial bacterial populations, increase fiber digestion, improve ruminal function, ruminal pH and reduce the occurrence of various metabolic diseases. Yeast diets have also to improve milk production performance, persistence in dairy cattle, and milk quality. Probiotics can reduce the risk of intestinal infections and inflammation by competing for food, producing antimicrobial compounds, neutralizing toxins produced by these microorganisms. Also, the presence of effective compounds such as beta-glucans and mannas in the yeast cell wall reduces poisoning by fungal toxins, especially in ruminants, and by stimulating the immune system and the production of digestive enzymes, plays an important role in the growth performance, production, reproduction and the immune system in ruminants.

The effect of replacing alfalfa hay by ferula ovina on microbial protein synthesis and rumen parameters of Kermani sheep were studied in a 4×4 completely randomized design experiment. In this experiment, four Kermani sheep (38 ± 3 kg BW) were used in four periods of 21 days, including 16 days for adaptation and five days of sampling. Animals received a diet which had 30% alfalfa, 10% wheat straw and 60% concentrate and in experimental diets, alfalfa was replaced by 10, 20 and 30 percent by dried ferula ovina which was collected from Baft city pastures. In order to estimate microbial protein synthesis, the urine of animals in last five days of each experimental period were collected. In animals which received 10% ferula ovina, allantoin quantity, total excretion of purine derivatives, total nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis were the highest. The amount of creatinine in animals received diet containing 20% of ferula ovina was higher than those who received diet containing 30% ferula ovina. Feeding animals with diets containing ferula ovina, significantly decreased the amounts of dry matter intake, nitrogen intake and its retention, ammonia nitrogen and total protozoa population. In conclusion, the results of this experiment showed that dried ferula ovina can be used up to 10% of diet of sheep.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Ferula Ovina as an alternative to alfalfa hay, on digestibility and blood parametersin Kermani sheep. The design of experiment was 4×4 in four periods of 21-day which include 16 days of adaptation and five days for sampling.Experimental diets were as 1-Control(without Ferula Ovina); 2- diet containing %10 Ferula Ovina; 3- diet containing %20, Ferula Ovina and 4- diet containing 30% Ferula Ovina (completely replaced alfalfa hay).Chemical composition and metabolizable energy of Ferula Ovinaand alfalfa were determined.The result showed that crude protein (CP) and crude fiber were lower but EE, metabolizable energy and ash were higher in Ferula Ovinathan alfalfa. Feeding Ferula Ovina significantlyreduced dry matter intake (P<0.05). However, there was no effect on organic matterdigestibility. Dry matter (DM) and CP digestibilities were changed cubically and quadratic ally, respectively.However, NDFandADFdigestibility were changed linearly. Replacing alfalfa by 30% Ferula Ovina caused an increase following by a decrease in cholesterol and blood creatinine (P<0.05), but no effect onglucose, triglycerides andureanitrogen of blood were achieved.In conclusion,replacing alfalfa by10% Ferula Ovinahad no negative effecton sheepperformance anddue tolessreplacement cost thanhaycrop,the efficiencyoflivestock husbandry will be improved.