فهرست مطالب مرضیه سادات آذرنیوه

Obesity leads to increased health risks and increased economic burden. Obesity, especially in the long term and visceral type, is the cornerstone of the pathogenesis of diabetes. Depending on race and gender, 50 to 90% of type 2 diabetics are overweight and obese, a rate that has been reported to be higher in older patients. The pathophysiological pathways behind this association are complex and ultimately lead to insulin resistance and secondary cell dysfunction. Adipose tissue accumulation produces a range of metabolic and hormonal changes that gradually disrupt the insulin signal transduction pathway and manifest as increased insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. On the other hand, it should be noted that the reduction of insulin sensitivity at the cellular level is a natural result of aging. One of the most important compensatory mechanisms against insulin resistance is the increase in pancreatic beta cell mass. This increase in pancreatic cells regulates the dynamic balance between neogenesis, proliferation and apoptotic processes in the islets of Langerhans, which is age-dependent. Are, reflects. But genetic predisposition and aging contribute to beta-cell dysfunction, which, along with chronic glucotoxic and lipotoxic effects, manifests itself in the development of insulin resistance in obese individuals, resulting in impaired glycemic control and diabetes. Nowadays, the basic principles of diabetes control are knowledge and awareness, control of diabetes complications, diet, medication and physical activity, which the low cost and non-pharmacological nature of physical activity increase its therapeutic importance. On the other hand, the beneficial effects of exercise on aging and the side effects associated with it are not hidden from anyone. One type of exercise that has been considered in the control and management of diabetes is high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Due to the characteristics of HIIT and its effects on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and weight, it has been considered by researchers today, although the same results are not reported, which requires further studies in this field. Dietary supplements, on the other hand, are a form of complementary and alternative therapies that are widely used by the general public, including diabetics. One of the best supplements available is Spirulina Supplement. Spirulina may be helpful in preventing diabetes; because it is low in calories, and contains large amounts of vitamin B1, which improves the metabolism of sugars in the body, it also contains vitamin B2, which helps burn calories, prevents obesity and contains Vitamin B6, which is effective in making the hormone insulin in the body. Increased inflammation due to aging, which also leads to diabetes, and the anti-inflammatory effects of regular physical activity and spirulina supplementation have led researchers to hypothesize that the two may have synergistic effects that could have an optimal effect on Reduce obesity and diabetic complications.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training with spirulina supplementation on weight changes and glucose indices in obese elderly diabetic rats.

This research was of experimental and applied-developmental type. For this purpose, 40 old male Wistar rats (20 months) with an average weight of 280 to 325 grams were purchased and transferred to the laboratory. Then, the standard diet of field rats was calculated and based on that, a high-fat diet derived from soybean and animal oil was prepared and used. The rats were on a high-fat diet for eight weeks. Rats need 10 grams of pellets per 100 grams of body weight per day (standard diet of rats and 10-15 ml of water). The composition of rat pellets included carbohydrates: wheat flour, barley, bran and corn. Protein included: fishmeal powder and soybean meal and fat included soybean oil and a mixture of animal oils. However, in this study, rats had free access to the researcher's high-fat food and the amount of water they needed. The high-fat diet for weight gain consisted of 40% fat, 17% protein and 43% carbohydrates, which were prepared in this study according to livestock and poultry experts. After the weight of the rats reached more than 310 grams according to the Lee index; Diabetes was induced, then HIIT training began. To do this, after a 12-hour period of malnutrition, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (Sigma Germany). For this purpose, STZ was first dissolved in sodium citrate buffer solution with pH = 4 and injected into field rats at the rate of 40 mg / kg body weight. After five days, the rats' blood glucose levels were assessed and if the level was more than 300 mg / ml, the rats were diagnosed as diabetic. Blood glucose concentration was measured using blood samples collected from the tails of animals by a glucometer (Buerer GL42 model, made in Germany) and glucose oxidase enzyme method. The criterion for being diabetic was blood glucose concentration higher than 300 mg / 100 ml. The living conditions of the animals in the control group were similar to those in the exercise group except for daily exercise at other times. Then they were randomly divided into 5 groups of 8. Groups include HIIT, HIIT+spirulina, Spirulina, Sham and Control. Then, animals for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, HIIT (including running on a treadmill with a maximum of 90% VO2max for 30 seconds, the first week with 5 repetitions and one repetition was added every week) and throughout the training period, the control group did not do any training. Changes in weight, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance were measured by standard methods. Data analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test using SPSS software.

There was a significant difference in fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance between the groups (p = 0.0001). The results of Tukey post hoc test showed that HIIT and supplementation caused significant improvements in glycemic index values compared to control and sham groups. The most improvements were observed in the HIIT + supplement group, which showed the interactive effect of independent variables. HIIT and supplementation caused significant changes in weight between the studied groups. After the post hoc test, it was found that the HIIT + supplement group had more weight loss than the control and sham groups (p = 0.0001).

In general, weight gain and body fat percentage are directly related to increased insulin resistance, and the presence of these two factors increases the risk of diabetes. On the other hand, diabetes is one of the consequences of aging and for the treatment and control of diabetes, especially in old age, in addition to drug therapy, it has been shown that exercise with insulin-independent mechanisms activates muscle glucose uptake. Although the role of HIIT in diabetic and non-diabetic populations has received considerable attention among a variety of sports activities today, its prescription for diabetics has not yet been fully studied, including improving health and reducing complications. Diabetes depends on factors such as the intensity of exercise; For example, six months of moderate-intensity exercise and high-intensity exercise improved insulin sensitivity by 40 percent and 85 percent, respectively. HIIT also showed a greater increase in insulin sensitivity, which in turn Increases muscle glucose uptake in humans and healthy and obese animals. Also, this type of exercise has been useful in improving athletic performance, increasing the physical fitness of healthy people and treating and rehabilitating some diseases, and on the other hand, the energy cost of this type of exercise is higher and improves aerobic fitness. Research has shown that a lack of time to engage in regular exercise and lower blood sugar, even up to 48 hours after regular exercise sessions in people with diabetes, is one of the main reasons these patients do not engage in exercise. That all these cases have been resolved in HIIT. Spirulina can also be effective in weight control and diabetes due to its very rich composition. According to research on the effect of spirulina on blood sugar in research, the effect of this supplement is mainly attributed to the water-soluble part of this algae, which is composed of a protein called phycocyanin and acts as a hypoglycemic agent. In addition, the fiber in spirulina supplementation, which reduces glucose uptake into the gastrointestinal tract, is also shown to be effective in lowering blood sugar. Since the most appropriate dose and timing of intervention for a better response of the body to spirulina supplementation is still inconsistent in the research background, the present study may emerge as a new idea alone in interaction with HIIT for better treatment and control of the index. Sugar and weight should be considered in these patients. According to the obtained results, this study can be used by all researchers who are looking for appropriate and low-risk treatments to treat or control diabetes and weight loss, especially in the elderly.

Exercise is a suggested way to reduce inflammation and atrophy and control diabetes. Spirulina supplement also has anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with spirulina on changes in the expression of genes of inflammation and atrophy in the soleus muscle of obese elderly diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 40 old male Wistar rats (20-month-old) with an average weight of 280-325 g became obese after purchase for 8 weeks on a high-fat diet, and then became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (40 mg/kg). They were divided in 5 equal groups of HIIT, HIIT + supplement, supplement, sham and control. They did 5 sessions of activities on treadmill with an intensity of 90% VO2max per week for eight weeks to perform HIIT in training groups, and used spirulina consumption (50 mg/kg body weight) as supplementation on training days. Expression of genes were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

Induction of diabetes significantly increased the expression of TWEAK, Fn14, and atrogin-1 genes in study groups compared to controls; but exercise and supplementation significantly reduced these variables more in exercise and supplementation groups compared to other groups. After training, body mass in HIIT, supplement, and HIIT + supplement groups decreased significantly compared to sham and control groups; and soleus muscle mass increased significantly only in HIIT and HIIT + supplement groups compared to control group.

According to the results of HIIT + supplementation, it is recommended as an effective method to reduce atrophy and improve muscle health in diabetic elderly.

Obesity is associated with increased inflammatory factors such as fibrinogen and white blood cells. However, physically active people have lower levels of inflammatory factors. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on fibrinogen level and blood cell number of  obese girls.
 

This study was conducted as semi-experimental and subjects were divided (BMI > 30) into two groups: aerobic training (AT, 12 subject) and control (Con, 12 subject). The former group did aerobic exercises for eight weeks (four sessions a week, each session 60 min with the max heart beat 65-75%). Blood samples were taken before and after the exercise program. T-test was used to compare the groups (using SPSS-16 statistical software and the significance level of p < 0.05).
 

The results showed that aerobic exercise program had no significant effect on the fibrinogen level in the experimental (29.19 ± 2.46) and control (28.08 ± 2.59) groups and also on blood cell (p < 0/05). Osmolality was significantly reduced in the training group. Similarly, the dietary micronutrients and macronutrients analysis showed that between control and experimental groups throughout the training, there was no significant difference.
 

Eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise had no significant effect on plasma fibrinogen and blood cells in obese girls. It seems that the exercise program should be associated with weight loss and reduction of fat mass to improve inflammatory markers associated with obesity.

Unhealthy lifestyle and inadequate physical activity in college can lead to overweight and obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate different body composition measures and anthropometric indices (body mass index and waist-hip ratio) in active and inactive male students in Zabol.
In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 370 male students of Zabol University were selected using random sampling method in 2013. Data were collected using a researcher-made demographic questionnaire and Beck’s physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ). Data were analyzed using t-test via SPSS 16.
The results showed that there was a significant difference in fat mass index (P=0.008), body mass index (P=0.01), and waist-hip ratio (P=0.04) between active and inactive male students of Zabol, but there was no significant difference in fat free mass index (P=0.693) between the two groups.
Anthropometric indices and some body composition measures in inactive students was significantly higher than those in active students. Besides resulting in physical deformities, this inactivity is a risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases that can be prevented to a large extent by creating the culture of physical exercising in the universities.

Sleep is an important component of the circadian cycle is associated with the restoration of the physical and mental faculties. Physical activity is one of the confounding factors in improving sleep quality. This study was done to evaluate the effect of body mass index (BMI) on quality in active and inactive female students.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 female students in Zabol University in south-east of Iran. Demographic data through a questionnaire were collected for each subject. Sleep quality and physical activity of subjects were recorded using standardized questionnaire Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and physical activity Beck test. Subjects according to physical activity divided into active and inactive groups.
Poor sleep quality was seen in 25.2% and 67.4% of active and inactive students, respectively. Mean of Sleep quality in both groups active 5.73±3.22 and inactive 7.21±3.75 was inappropriate but sleep quality in active females was higher than inactive females (P Poor sleep quality was seen in high percentage of female students and physical activity influences the quality of sleep.

Physical activity is one of the important determinants of weight and significant impact on reducing the incidence of overweight and obesity in women. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity and different measures of obesity was carried out on students.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 female students from the University of Zabol. Beck standardized questionnaire was used to assess physical activity of students that physical activity in three areas of work, sport and leisure can be questioned. Also, Researcher made questionnaire were used to evaluate demographic information. Then age, height, weight, WC, BMI, WHR, WHtR was evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using statistical analysis methods.
The results indicate that low levels of physical activity (work, sports, leisure, and total) in the students. On the other hand, measures of obesity were (BMI, WHR, WHtR, WC), respectively (21.88± 3.40, 0.74 ± 0.05, 0.43 ± 0.05, 69.82 ± 7.22) who were all in the normal range. The relationship between measures of obesity and physical activity survey, a significant association was found between any of the cases. Between all measures of obesity but also positive and significant relationship was found.
Considering the importance of physical activity in young people, especially female students, results showed that despite the natural range of exposure levels of obesity, physical activity in the population studied not enough and it is necessary to encourage and teach this group to change the life style of careful planning must be done.

Depression is a common mental disorder and physical activity and exercise are the most important ways to prevent and treat it. The aim of this study was to compare depression and academic achievement in athlete and non-athlete university students.
Material & The present study was a comparative cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 375 students (athletes and non-athletes). Participants were selected by multistage sampling and completed the standard Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire. The academic achievement of students evaluated with the average of their scores in past two semester Data analyzed using SPSS software, version18, through descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient with a significance level of P≤0/05.
The results showed that 42% of athletes and 48% of non-athletes students had a various degrees of depression. Significant difference was found between depression in athletes and non-athletes student (P0/05). Significant inverse correlation was found also between depression and academic achievement of students (P Given the relatively high prevalence of depression among students and the undeniable positive effects of exercise, it is necessary to consider exercise as a strategy for preventing mental illness, decrease the healthcare costs and improve student's academic achievement.

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects the quality of life and mental health of the patients. There are different recommendations about doing effective exercise for diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two aerobic trainings and a detraining periods on quality of life and mental health in women with type 2 diabetes. In this Semi-experimental research in 2011 in Sabzevar City, Iran, 33 women with type 2 diabetes in 40-60 years age range were selected purposefully and were divided into 3 groups each contain 11 samples; control, daily 5-week aerobic exercise and every other day 10-week aerobic exercise. Aerobic training was conduct with an intensity of 60-70% of maximum heart rate for 30-60min per session. The research instruments were the Quality of Life and Mental Health questionnaires. Data analyses were done in SPSS 18 software by repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. There were significant differences between quality of life (p=0.002) and mental health (p=0.04) of training groups and control group, but two training groups were not significantly different. There were also significant differences in physical (p=0.004) and psychosocial (p=0.004) domains of quality of life between the three groups at 5- and 10-weeks after the start of the exercises. Daily 5-week and every other day 10-week aerobic exercises improves mental health and quality of life in women with type 2 diabetes, but the benefits are not maintained after 2 months of detraining.

The object of this research is to recognize energy system involved in volleyball by emphasize on differences in different posts in super league games of Iran’s sport clubs. According to the games table، all 24 go and return games of one teams has been filming directly by researcher. In order to examine better، at first by expert programs، films were changed to usable format in analyze program، then the number and the type of gathered jumps has been gathered، examined and the analysis has been stored. Through one-way variance analysis، gathered information has been evaluated on meaningful level of (p<0. 05). Along rally in all games، the mean time of activity and rest is (20±9، 6±4)، respectively. The mean of jumps in setter post، middle blocker، hitter، opposite hitter are (66، 70، 62، 53)، respectively. Also، the method of distribution of activity times for rallies during competitions shows that the most frequency is in 4، 5 seconds. Also، the mean activity time is equal to 6second and more than 90%of the all plays time is under 11seconds. Based on research findings، the most energy system in volleyball is of anaerobic and based on phosphagen system. Therefore، according to different performance requirement in which requires different Physiological، physical، skill characteristic، we should perform and program special exercise program according to individual differences of players.

Diabetes is associated with many metabolic disorders such as changes in adipokines like Vaspin and Chemerin. Effects of aerobic training on these adipokines in diabetic women is less studied. So, the aim of the present study was to survey effects of two aerobic training protocols on Vaspin, Chemerin and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes. In a semi-experimental research design 36 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups: daily aerobic training group, five weeks training (n=12), every other day aerobic training group, 10 weeks training (n=12) and control group. Aerobic training was conducted with an intensity of 60%-70% of maximum heart rate for 30-60 min. per session. Measurements and blood sampling were taken before, after 5 weeks and 10 weeks of training protocol. Data were analysed using a repeated measures analysis of variance and one-way ANOVA. The test significance level was taken as p<0.05. Our measurements did not have a significant effect on weight (P=0.05), body fat percent (P=0.54), BMI (P=0.65) and Vaspin (P=0.59). Also, 10 weeks of every other day aerobic training did not have a significant effect on weight (P=0.35), body fat index (P=0.30), BMI (P=0.27), Vaspin (P=0.67) but significantly reduced Chemerin concentration (P=0.001). However, five weeks of daily aerobic exercise training did not have a significant effect on any indicators were mmeasured. Five weeks of daily aerobic training and 10 weeks of every other day aerobic training does not have a significant effect on of Vaspin concentration and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes. It seems that for the effectiveness of aerobic training, these patients should perform these trainings within a prolonged duration.

Obesity is associated with increased resistance to insulin، hypertension، hyperlipidemia، hyperinsulinemia، and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate some factors associated with overweight and obesity among normal، overweight، and obese women aged 30 to 50 years from Sabzevar. A questionnaire with 56 questions was prepared. The Beck questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level. Weight، height، and waist circumference of the participants were measured using standard methods. Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2)، obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m) and abdominal obesity (WHR ≥0. 85) were also evaluated. MANOVA، Tukey post-hoc test، Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients، Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square test were used for the statistical analysis of test variables. P ≤0. 05 was considered significant. The results showed that 22. 5% of women had normal weight، 42. 4 percent were overweight، 31. 6 percent were obese، and only 3. 5 percent of women were underweight. Our results showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 74% in women living in Sabzevar، indicating the necessity of using educational methods to familiarize people، especially women، with weight control issues and prevention of obesity. The findings revealed that age، number of children، number of pregnancies، age at menarche، number of family members، working with the computer، and high-fat meals may increase the risk of obesity. Lifestyle modification and physical activity، as the most affordable and safest methods of preventing obesity، require more attention.

The increased level of Hcy is correlated with the early coronary artery disease، heart attack and Atherothrombosis even among individuals with normal levels of cholesterol and reducing the Hcy levels is correlated with the reduced incidence of heart attack. The present study was conducted aiming at investigating the effect of resistance training and detraining on tHcy and group B vitamins on obese girls. For the purpose of this semi-experimental study، 24 individuals with a BMI greater than 30، ready to participate in the study were selected using available sampling method as the subjects of the study. They were divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The subjects of experimental group underwent 8 weeks of resistance training and 10 days of detraining. A pretest was taken before the initiation of trainings، posttest 1 after trainings and posttest 2 after detraining period. After taking of blood sample، in each stage of the test، the concentration of plasma Hcy، B6، B12 and folate vitamins، the content of fat and fat free mass were measured. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software and ANOVA with repeated measures. Just concerning LBM، a significant increase was observed in posttest 1 results in the experimental group comparing the control group (p=0. 024; F=6. 192). the amount of، B6، B12 and folate vitamins revealed no difference all over the training course in experimental and control groups (p>0. 05). In experimental group، power was increased significantly compared with the control group (p=0. 01). Implementation of 8 weeks resistance training and 10 days detraining do not influence the concentrations of plasma tHcy، vitamins B6، B12 and folate vitamins in obese girls.

Concerning performing effective exercise (intensity, duration, type and number of sessions in a week), there are different recommendations for diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of five weeks of daily aerobic exercise training and every other day aerobic training for ten weeks in the women with type 2 diabetes. Thirty six women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups: daily 5-week aerobic exercise training group (12 women), every other day 10-week aerobic exercise training group (12 women) and control group. Aerobic training was conducted with an intensity of 60%-70% of maximum heart rate for 30-60 min per session. Measurements and blood sampling in the beginning of research protocol, after 5 weeks and 10 weeks after implementation of research protocols were conducted. For analyzing the data, ANOVA with replications and One-Way ANOVA were applied. Five-week daily aerobic exercise training did not have a significant effect on weight (p=0.5), body fat index (p=0.54), BMI (p=0.65), adiponectin (p=0.91), and insulin (p=0.06). Ten week every other day aerobic exercise training also did not have a significant effect on weight (p=0.35), body fat index (p=0.30), BMI (p=0.27), adiponectin (p=0.51), insulin (p=0.51), HbA1C (p=0.34), glucose (P=0.94) and the insulin resistance index (p=0.53). There was not also a significant difference between these two protocols of aerobic training. Five week daily aerobic training or 10 week every other day aerobic training do not have a significant effect in diabetic patients and for effective aerobic training, these patients should perform these trainings within a prolonged duration.