فهرست مطالب مریم حسنی

Fear of natural childbirth is a common problem among pregnant women. The present study was performed with aim to explain fear of natural childbirth and its related factors among primigravid women.

This sequential-explanatory mixed-methods study with participant selection type was conducted in 2014-2015. At quantitative phase, using a multistage cluster sampling method, 400 primigravid women with 18-32 gestation weeks were selected. To collected data, Childbirth Attitude Questionnaire, demographic characteristics, and Northouse Social Support Questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and multivariate logistic regression. At qualitative phase, semi-structured individual interviews using open-ended questions was performed on 15 primigravid women who were selected using purposive sampling method. The data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method.

Mean score of fear of natural childbirth was 37.86±9.44 and its prevalence (CAQ≥28) was 80.8%. According to the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis, a significant relationship was found between lack of sufficient income (p=0.020), not participating in childbirth preparation classes (p=0.040) and selection of delivery method (vaginal delivery) (p<0.001) with fear of childbirth. Analysis of data at the qualitative stage led to three themes including feeling of inability for natural childbirth, confusion in decision making and concerns about natural childbirth complications.

Fear of childbirth was influenced by personal, social and cultural factors. Therefore, it is suggested that health service providers use the results of this study to implement educational programs in order to encourage natural childbirth.

Psychological load such as workload not only disrupts work performance, but can also have a direct effect on employee safety through accidents. However, despite this issue, many efforts have not been made to develop an assessment tool to measure psychological burden related to occupational safety and health of employees. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim of validating the psychological burden scale of workers by Kim et al. (2018) from the perspective of occupational health and safety. 

The statistical population of the research consists of all the workers working in the Eastern Alborz Company of Shahroud city, and 349 workers participated in the research using a simple random sampling method. In the present study, the mental load scale of Kim et al. (2018), the Copenhagen psychosocial scale (COPSOQ) and the occupational stress scale (HSE) were used. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient tests and confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS-22 statistical software and Lisrel version 8.5.

Resalts: 

The results showed that all the components of workers' psychological burden with the overall score and Psycho-social scale and occupational stress scale have a positive and significant relationship. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also showed the good fit of the model in determining the factors in the initial form expressed by Kim et al. (2018). To determine the reliability of the scale, the value of Pearson's correlation coefficient was obtained at 0.82 in the test and retest phases. Also, the results of this study showed that 26.1 percent of workers experience low psychological burden, 49.6 percent of workers experience moderate psychological burden, and 24.4 percent experience severe psychological burden.

Based on the results of the current research, the workers' mental burden scale (Kim et al., 2018) is a valid and reliable scale and can be used to evaluate the psychological burden of workers in research and intervention studies.

The present research was done with the aim of encapsulation of fish oil with a ratio of 3:1 (oil: coating) with coatings of maltodextrin, sodium caseinate, whey protein concentrate and modified starch with different ratios by freeze dryer and in order to achieve the maximum encapsulation efficiency was optimized using a mixture design. Optimizing the concentration of different walls for microencapsulation using numerical and graphical optimization revealed that the optimal wall composition contains maltodextrin (15.16%), sodium caseinate (20%), whey protein concentrate (20%) and modified starch (19.84 %) with the encapsulation efficiency was 89.3 %.The results showed that according to the difference in the wall compositions and their ratios, the particle size, poly dispersity index (PDI), and encapsulation efficiency had different values. So that the size of the particles varied from 0.34 μm to 1.3 μm, and the PDI varied from 0.1 to 0.92. Evaluation of oxidative stability in optimal microcapsule powder and free fish oil stored at 0 and 32% humidity during 21 days of storage showed that encapsulated oil at zero humidity had higher oxidative stability during the storage period. In addition, the increase in humidity in the storage environment of microcapsules increased the intensity of oxidation in the treatments stored in 32% humidity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of microencapsulation technique is a practical and effective method to increase the oxidative stability of fish oil for use in the food and drug industry.

In the present study, a composite gel was prepared based on gelatin and sesame seed protein containing a fixed amount of oleosome. The different ratios of sesame protein to gelatin (30:70, 50:50, 70:30 w/w%) and a constant amount of 20% (w) oleosome were used to prepare the composite gel. Then the physicochemical properties of sesame seeds, oleosomes and their extraction efficiencies were determined. The rheological, textural and microstructural properties of the gels were also investigated. Protein and oleosome extraction efficiencies from sesame seeds were 21±1.23% and 68.96±1.41%, respectively. The results showed that the amount of sesame seed protein had significant effect on the gelation behavior and gel hardening, and the storage modulus and loss modulus increased in the samples with the decrease of the process temperature from 50 to 4 degrees Celsius. With the increase of sesame protein ratio, the amount of storage modulus and loss modulus at 4 degrees Celsius temperature increased from 258 pascals to 149400 pascals and from 46.7 pascals to 37648 pascals, respectively. The accumulation of protein molecules in the gel structure was observed with increasing the proportion of sesame protein to 70% by light microscope. The results of the present research confirm that sesame seed oleosome can be used as a substitute for fat particles in food products.

The present study was conducted considering the importance of low-fat meat products such as hamburgers with reduced calories and the production of nanoliposomes carrying fish oil as a substitute for fat in the nutritional quality of hamburgers and the production of a beneficial product. For this purpose, the physicochemical properties of nanoliposomes were investigated and nanoliposomes contain fish oil and non-liposome fish oil (5 and 10%) were substituted for fat in the hamburger formulation. The values of pH, protein, fat, ash of the raw sample, caloric content, water holding capacity, moisture, and cooking efficiency were calculated. The particle size and poly dispersity index of liposome were reported as 507.3 nm and 0.567, respectively, with a uniform distribution. The zeta potential of liposomes was evaluated as -12.9 mV and the efficiency of nanocoating was 76.8%. The results showed that the use of nanoliposomes in burgers has increased the water holding capacity and cooking efficiency, as well as reducing the total calories and improving the protein and fat oxidation. Also, after the cooking process, it improved the texture and color. The sensory evaluation of the samples showed that the addition of nano liposomes contains fish oil in the burger received the highest score in terms of texture, taste, smell, color, and overall acceptance. According to the results, it is possible to use encapsulated fish oil in nanoliposomes with the aim of enriching meat burgers and producing burgers with fewer calories without unpleasant odors and tastes.

The purpose of this research is to investigate social adaptation and progress goals in predicting the academic involvement of students with learning disabilities. The statistical population of this study included all students with learning disabilities in Tehran in the academic year of 2011-2012, and 150 of them were selected by convenience sampling. The measurement tools in this research were Sinha and Singh's (1993) social adjustment questionnaires, Elliott and McGregor's (2001) achievement goals, and Rio's (2013) academic engagement questionnaires, which had acceptable validity and reliability. In order to analyze the data, inferential statistics of Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression were used using SPSS-23 software. The results showed that between social adjustment and academic involvement; And there is a relationship between achievement goals and academic engagement of students with learning disabilities. Also, the results of statistical analysis indicated that social adaptation and achievement goals are predictors of academic involvement of students with learning disabilities.

Encapsulation in liposome structure can be used as a protective carrier system for bioactive compounds during processing and storage under different conditions. Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) extracted from algae with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties can be applied to produce raw materials for functional foods. Therefore, in the present study, phycobiliprotein pigment was extracted from Gracilaria algae and the amounts of pigment was investigated. Also, nanoliposomes containing PBPs coated by chitosan (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) were prepared and their physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were evaluated. The mean diameter of nanoliposomes and Polydispersity index (PDI) ranged from 336.9 to 577.7 nm and 0.25 to 0.28 in nanocarriers, respectively. The highest values of nanoliposome encapsulation efficiency of PBPs (83.98%) were obtained under optimal conditions in nanoliposomes with 1.5% chitosan coating. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of the treatments increased significantly after encapsulation in the nanoliposome. In addition, the antioxidant activity of PBPs increased significantly after nanoencapsulation in liposomes. So that the EC50 level decreased to 81.27 and 107.67 ppm in DPPH and ABTS tests in nanoliposomes with 1.5% chitosan coating, respectively. Based on the findings of this study, it can be realized that nanocoating with chitosan effectively increases its stability, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Therefore, in order to increase the stability of natural compounds during different processes, it is recommended.

In recent years, the aquatic waste as a source of bioactive peptides has been considered by many researchers. Bioactive peptides require protective methods to increase physical stability and, controlled release and optimize efficacy during oral delivery. The aim of this study was to develop an oral phospholipid nanoliposomal system incorporated with bioactive peptides derived from fish protein hydrolysate of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with separating fractions of peptide in range of 3 kDa to 30 kDa in chitosan coating (0.5%, 1% w/v) by the alkalase enzyme. The results showed that chitosan coating greatly improved the stability of nano-liposomes. The average particle size was in the range of 333.9- 533.9 nm with a zeta potential of -54.03 to +46.3 and a poly dispersity index (PDI) of 0.2- 0.54 in nano-liposomes. The Encapsulation Efficiency (EE%) values were significantly influenced by changes in the concentration of chitosan and the maximum EE% (72.57± 0.51) was observed in the nano-liposome containing peptide with 3 kDa fractions coated with 1% chitosan. Study on the invitro releasing rate of the peptide showed the effect of the coating on the slower release and peptide stability in nano-liposomes.Physical stability evaluation determined a faster release of the peptide from the liposomes after freezing/thawing and freeze-drying / rehydration processes. The results of long-term storage of nano-liposomes at temperatures of 4 and 20 ° C indicated that chitosan coating increased the stability of nano-liposomes by adding membrane thickness and increasing repulsion between the particles. The results of this study showed that encapsulation of bioactive peptide in the liposomal system could be a useful approach for direct application of peptides with bioactive potential in food and drug industry.

Nowaday, the demand for low calorie food based and keeping primary features including texture and taste is increasing. Jelly is one of low calorie products produced from fruits and other components, and its consumption is increasing for human health. Jelly is semi-solid and transparent product that prepared with the use of sugar or juice and pectin or gelatin and flavor and color may also be added. Potato peels contain valuable substances such as pectin. Using potato peels to produce pectin with appropriate properties can solve the environmental issue resulting from these wastes in addition to make value added product. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that is found in the wall of early plant texture and in the intercellular layer. Pectin contains a group of rich polysaccharides of galacturonic acid units with lower amounts of different sugars (Baiano, 2014). Two commercial forms of pectin are available: high-methoxyl and low-methoxyl pectin (high ester and low ester pectin). High-ester pectin forms a gel in a solutions containing high soluble solids and acidic systems, whereas low-ester pectins form more gel at wider pH and range of solids content but they do require divalent cations to form the gel (Kratchanova et al., 2012). In the food industry, pectin is used as a jelly-making agent, especially in the production of jellies and jams. Pectin is also used in fillers, medicine, pastries, bakery products and also as a stabilizer in juices and beverages, as well as in dietary fiber (Sharma, 2006). Pectin also has therapeutic benefits such as lowering blood cholesterol levels, removing heavy metal ions from the body, stabilizing blood pressure and facilitating intestinal activity (Ptichkina et al., 2008). Temperature, pH, and acid extraction time are the most important factors affecting the extraction yield and quality of produced pectin (Yapo et al., 2007). Currently, almost all commercial pectins are produced from citrus or apple peels, both of which are juices by-products (Thirugnanasambandham et al., 2014). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to optimize the conditions of extraction of pectin from potato peel by response surface methodology and to compare the physicochemical properties of Jelly produced from potato peel under optimum conditions with Jelly produced from apple and citrus  

Potato of Granola variety was purchased from the local market in Ardebil. The chemicals used for the tests include: citric acid, sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein, and Calcium chloride were purchased from Merck Company (Germany). The method of Hoseeni et al (2017) was used for jelly production with slight modification as follows. In the First step,0.5 and 1% pectin extracted from potato peelings, 30 % Sugar, 0.014 % Cherry edible color and 0.75 % Cherry essential oil were mixed then 100 CC Boiling water was added to the mixture and mixed again. After the sugar was completely dissolved, 15, 30, and 45 mg of calcium chloride was added per gram of pectin. The pH of the samples was regulated by citric acid solution on 2.5 and 4. The heating of the samples was continued until the brix of the treated treatments was set to 42. The prepared samples were kept at room temperature for half an hour. The treatments were then refrigerated for 2 to 3 hours to complete the jelly closing process. For this purpose some jelly characteristics such as texture properties, physico-chemical (pH, acidity, brix, moisture and Drainage) and sensory properties of samples were investigated using five point hedonic scale. A one-way analysis of variance and Duncan test (P≤ 0.05) in three replications were used to establish the significance of differences in the experimental data. The results were analyzed using the Minitab version 16.  

Results showed that by increasing calcium chloride, pH and Pectin concentration had a significant effect on increasing the hardness of the gel and the strength needed to make the gel brittle (P≤0.05).The highest hardness of the gel in pectin emulsion extracted from potato peel was 30.0959 N and highest force required to break the gel was 27.3431 N in the most severe extraction conditions at Calcium chloride 35.2286 mg/g, Pectin concentration 1% and pH 4. Results of physico-chemical properties showed that there was no significant difference between pH, acidity, brix and moisture of jelly made from apple pectin and citrus and apple commercial pectin. The results of the syneresis showed that the syneresis by the jelly of potato pectin is not similar with jelly from apple pectin and citrus and apple commercial pectin significantly different. Also Results of sensory properties showed that it was no significant difference between jelly from apple pectin and citrus and apple commercial pectin. The results of this study showed that by optimizing the production conditions, potato pectin can be used in jelly formulation and jelly can be produced with desirable and comparable quality compared to the commercial pectins

At the present study, nucleation pool boiling of the saturated refrigerant R-245fa on the horizontal tube at pressure of 123.8 kPa and temperature of 20°C under different heat fluxes (18-27 kW/m2) has been simulated numerically and the details of the flow are investigated. Numerical simulation is carried out based on the volume of fluid model with piecewise linear interface construction method, without pre-determined bubbles by Lee phase change model and surface tension model of continuum surface force. The importance of this study and the numerical model, in addition to its industrial applications at nuclear reactors and flooded evaporators, is the model validation at predicting boiling portion of forced falling or climbing flows on horizontal tubes or bundle of tubes. The heat transfer coefficient of the present model, in comparison with the experimental data at two heat fluxes of 18 and 24 kW/m2 and the results of pool boiling Cooper correlation at heat fluxes of 18-27 kW/m2 has the maximum error of 6.67% and 8.64%, respectively. In addition, at this study, bubble nucleation and its departure from the tube wall and superheated liquid beside the wall, liquid and bubble temperature and modality of fluid movement due to the generated bubbles around the tube have been studied.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects own physical function and body image. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of expressive writing on body image in women with MS.

In this randomized trial, the Solomon four-group design was employed. The study was carried out in 116 women attending an MS clinic in Tehran, Iran 2019. The participants were randomly assigned to two subgroups of control (A1 and A2) and two subgroups of intervention (B2 and B1). Pretest and posttest were done in A2 and B2 while for A1 and B1only posttest was performed. Expressive writing including morning pages, meeting the inner child, and creative assignments were carried out for six weeks. The control group received routine care. Fisher Body Focus Questionnaire was completed at pretest in A2 and B2 and at posttest in all groups (immediately after the intervention, and at weeks four and eight). Data analysis was done in SPSS V26.

The mean scores for body image in B2 were 145.65±19.89 at pretest, 156.89±9.54 immediately after the intervention, 158.16±8.92 at week four, and 153.96±8.27 at week eight. In A2, the mean score at these times were 144.96±7.17, 145.55±5.10, 145.28±7.84, 145.00±9.15, respectively. Expressive writing significantly improved body image in B2 at immediately and four weeks after the intervention compared to pretest (P˂0.001). There were significant differences between the control group and intervention group at immediately after (P=0.002) and four weeks (P=0.03) after the intervention.

Expressive writing could be effective in improving body image in women with MS.

Gold nanoparticles have different uses in medicine. Since the produced chemical nanoparticle is reviewed but the character of the biological one is not checked sufficiently. Therefore, this study on the poisonous effects of the cells in the produced biological nanoparticles is done on the rat’s kidney. After preparing bio-gold nanoparticles from Bucillus subtilis and sterilization bacteria, the nanoparticles were calculated in toxic and non-toxic doses and injected into rats at two doses in 48 hours. Then, after 24 hours, tissue sampling and histological examination were performed. The nonpoisonous nanoparticle injection caused the glomerulus to be smaller & contracted but the other assumes are normal. Nevertheless, the poison injection caused the glomerulus to be fewer in some parts. Dilatation and enlargement was seen in urine space and some glomeruli are smaller and more compressed. The kidneys tubules had no problems but there was a little hyperemia in interstitial space. The usage of biological nanoparticles via the non-biological one had little poisonous effects and the poisonous effects were dosage related.

Exclusive breastfeeding does not continue until six months in many places. It is seem, many factors are involved. The interventions for increase mothers’ social support during breastfeeding could be effective. The aim of this study was to examine effect of home visit on social support and the continuity exclusive breastfeeding in Bokan city from kurdestan province.

In this research, 108 mothers which have 3-5 day’s old neonates that were referred to 8 health care centers of Bokan (Iran). They were entered into the study by random allocation using randomized block design and were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention consisted of six home-based training programs of about 30 minutes. The instruments used included demographic questionnaire and midwifery history, perceived social support tool of Zimet, and a researcher-made questionnaire on exclusive breastfeeding.

Most mothers in the intervention group continued exclusive breastfeeding until the fourth month, and the majority in the control group continued exclusive breastfeeding until the first and second months. In general, the mean number of breastfeeding months in the intervention group was 3.15±1.01 months and in the control group 1.71±0.906 months. Also, most people in the intervention group (76%) had more than 8 times breastfeeding per day, while most mothers in the control group (88%) had less than 8 times breastfeeding. Mothers’ perception social support score were not significant difference in two groups.

Home visit and follow-ups have led to a long-term exclusive breastfeeding and more often overnight, so itchr('39')s possible to set up such plans to enhance breastfeeding status. Home visit did not effect on mothers’ perceive social support and fathers’ attitude. It is seem to need future further interventions in this field with long time follow up and qualitative study with influence in deep layer in culture people in Bokan city

self-medication of herbal medicines during pregnancy can create dangers for the mother and fetus. Considering the existence of common pregnancy problems among many pregnant women and since people think that herbs are harmlessness; this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of self-medication of medicinal plants in treatment of common pregnancy problems in women referred to health centers in Kashan. This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on 300 pregnant and postpartum women referred to health centers of Kashan in 2018. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which included demographic information and a checklist of herbal medicines for treatment of pregnancy common problems. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 17), and descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. P˂0.05 was considered statistically significant. According to the results of this study, 164 cases of women (57.1%) had used the herbs to resolve the common problems during pregnancy without consulting and prescribing of physician. The most common problems for which the pregnant women used herbs to treat them were heartburn، constipation، nausea، and anemia. Considering the high prevalence of consumption of herbal medicine in resolving the common problems of women during pregnancy, the necessity of informing the public about self-medication of medicinal plants is felt.

Severe hyperbilirubinemia may cause side effects such as hearing impairment or bilirubin encephalopathy. In this way, transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TCB) is a non-invasive screening method, which is performed using BiliCheck and does not require frequent blood sampling, time and cost. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of TCB on third day of birth in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia diagnosis in term and near-term neonates. A test assessment method was chosen with continuous sampling in 388 neonates 35 weeks and more at AkabarAbadi hospital in Tehran in 2011. On the third day of birth, cutaneous bilirubin levels (TCB) in the forehead by using BiliCheck and serum bilirubin (TSB) was measured from the heel capillary sample and consequently were compared with each other. In neonatal hyperbilirubinemia diagnosis on the third day of birth, cutaneous bilirubin measurement had the sensitivity of 82% with the confidence interval (78.2%, 85.7%), specificity of 99.3% with the confidence interval (98.7%, 99.9%), positive predictive value of 92.9 with the confidence interval (88.0%, 96.2%) and negative predictive value of 94.8% with the confidence interval (92.8, 96.8). Generally, the third day measurement of cutaneous bilirubin had a predictive value of 94.5% in detecting high-risk neonates for hyperbilirubinemia. Third day TCB, in addition to being non-invasive and convenient use, has a high predictive value to detecting the risk of hyperbilirubinemia in neonate and it is recommended to use hyperbilirubinemia screening

In order to investigate the effect of amount and salinity of irrigation water equal to 0.5, 3 and 6 dSm-1 caused by NaCl (S0.5, S3 and S6, respectively) and irrigation levels equal to 60, 80 and 100% of full irrigation (E 60, E80 and E100, respectively) on nutrients and growth spinach, and also soil salinity profile, an experiment was carried out in the pot in a factorial method as a complete randomized design with four replications. According to the results of the research, salinity and water had effect on plant height, number of leaves; leaf area and chlorophyll index so that increasing salt amount in irrigation water and decreasing water usage leaded to decreasing chlorophyll index, height and number of leaves in the plant. Due to increasing salinity to 3dS.m-1, concentration of P and N had increased significantly and K had decreased to S0.5, insignificantly. Content of P and N decreasing in E60 treatment to E100 was 1.3 and 0.46% respectively and the Content of K increasing was 1.62% which was not significant. Study of soil salinity profile showed that in 0-6 cm soil layer for 3 and 6 dS.m-1 treatments, salinity increased about 23 to 53% to 0.5 dS.m-1 treatment. Due to saline water 6 dS.m-1, soil with the average of salinity is acceptable.

Pharmaceutical wastes that contain a range of antibiotics, painkillers and cancer drugs can cause environmental pollution and disruptions in the normal functioning of ecosystems and causing serious environmental and human health problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pharmaceutical wastes on the environment and human health.
This study was conducted by searching databases of Science direct, PubMed , Google Scholar , SID , Springer ,Scopus, Elsevier using the keywords of Pharmaceutical wastes , Environment, Hazardous waste and Health from 2000 to 2018 and employing AND, OR words.
A systematic review of various studies showed that the environmental risks and damaging are the effects of pharmaceutical waste. Out of 40 articles related to the environmental impacts of pharmaceutical waste, 20 articles with high reliability and high significance, 15 articles with moderate significance, and 5 low reliability papers on the effects of medicinal wastes on human health including mortality and outbreaks of diseases Respiratory and pulmonary diseases, cancer, and negative effects on soil, agricultural products and drought are other adverse effect.
Research evidences declared the adverse effect of this type of wastes on the environment includings surface and underground water, plants, soil and agricultural products and fish can be resulted. Moreover serious damage to human health such as respiratory diseases, cancer, neurological disorders also are other adverse effects. However, this evidence requires a more comprehensive evaluation, so that the results need interpretation should be made with more caution.

The origin of quince is the Caucasia and Northern regions of Iran, therefore wild genotypes and native cultivars of this species are distributed in various regions of Iran. According to this diversity, the genetic diversity of 30 native quince genotypes of Iran and 4 other genotypes from Caucasia and Western Europe were evaluated by using RAPD marker. Ten RAPD primers used for this evaluation were able to amplify 164 bands, including 105 polymorph bands from all quince genomes. opn102 and opn100 primers with 21 and 11 bands, respectively were had the highest and lowest number of detectable RAPD bands, and also the highest number of polymorphism belonged to the opn211 primer. Cluster analysis categorized the majority of quince genotypes of Guilan, Esfahan and Khorasan provinces in the separate categories, demonstrating that the quince genotypes of various regions of Iran are considerably separable by their origin.

Society health is dependent on providing women’s health, economic and cultural needs. Menopause is a women’s period of life which has a particular importance in reproductive health and appropriate educational program is needed to improve their sexual satisfaction. Therefore this study was performed with aim compare the effect of individual and group education on sexual satisfaction in postmenopausal women.
This randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 postmenopausal women in Andimeshk from 2014-2014. The subjects were placed in 2 groups with 30 members as individual and group education. Individual education program was implemented in 4 educational sessions for 60 minutes (once a week) as individually and group education program in 4 educational sessions for an hour (once a week) in 10 members groups for a month. Sexual satisfaction questionnaire was completed by both groups, one and four weeks after the end of the educations. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21), using independent t-Test, Mann-Whitney Test, Repeated measures analysis, Friedman Test and Chi-square test. P 4 weeks after intervention, the mean score of sexual satisfaction was significantly different in the women of group and individual education (p With regard to the increase of sexual satisfaction in group education compared to individual education, it is recommended that group education method be used for improving the women’s quality of sexual life in menopausal period.

Based on the important role of nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus in hospital settings and their importance in the transmission of bacterium to patients and other personnel, the aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of nasal carriers, antibiotic resistance patterns and genotyping of S. aureus isolated from personnel of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Yasuj city (Iran) using the agr typing method.
In this cross-sectional study, a total of 347 nasal samples were collected from the healthcare workers of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in order to identify S. aureus. Cefoxitin containing disks and detection of the mecA gene were used for the identification of methicillin resistant isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates were tested against 15 different antibiotics using the Disc Agar Diffusion method. The Multiplex-PCR method was used for the agr typing of S. aureus isolates.
Ninety-three (26.8%) of personnel were nasal carriers of S. aureus, among them 9 isolates were identified as MRSA. Among agr groups, agrI (40.9%) and agrIII (40.9%) were the prominent genotypes. All of the isolates (100%) were resistant to Penicillin. The resistance rate to erythromycin and co-trimoxazole were 12.9% and 5.38% respectively. Most of the isolates were sensitive to other antibiotics.
Based on the low resistance rate of S. aureus, it appears that the eradication of nasal carrier states could be possible. S. aureus agr types I and III have an important role in nasal colonization in comparison to other agr types.

Alleviating labor pain has always been one of the most important issues in midwifery practice. Nowadays, non-pharmacological pain relief methods such as aromatherapy are considered due to low side effects. This study was performed with aim to review the studies which evaluated the effect of aromatherapy on relief of labor pain.
In this review study, electronic databases including: SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, IranDoc, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched with the keywords of aromatherapy, labor pain and clinical trial up to November 9, 2016. Search was limited based on English or/and Persian articles. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane "risk of bias" tool. The results were reported qualitatively.
Of 456 articles which were found in the initial search, 24 randomized trials (3414 participants) were selected for systematic review. The studies were conducted in Iran, India, Egypt, Korea, Italy and New Zealand. The used essence were lavender in 11 articles, rose in 6 articles, common sage in 3 articles, geranium in 3 articles, jasmine in 3 articles, chamomile in 2 articles, peppermint in 2 articles, bitter orange in 1 article, mandarin in 1 article, orange in 1 article, pink in 1 article, ginger in 1 article, lemongrass in 1 article and frankincense in 1 article. Most of the studies showed the positive effects of aromatherapy on labor pain relief.
Available data demonstrate that aromatherapy can be an effective intervention for alleviation of labor pain, but more studies with strong methodology are needed to achieve more rigorous evidence.