مریم خطیب

There are scattered reports about common recitation (Qira’at) in various regions and eras of Islam. These reports cannot provide a clear picture of the diversity and dissemination of recitations (Qira’at) in different periods of Islamic regions. One of the pieces of evidence that can help complete such data is the examination of written manuscripts from that era. In this article, the researchers have selected five manuscripts from the 7th-century Hijri found in the library of the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza. By extracting statistics on the similarity of script and manuscript drawings in these Qurans with the script and recitations (Qira’at) of native reciters from different regions, they have attempted to identify the common recitation (Qira’at) in Iran in the 7th century. According to the obtained statistics, only in Quran number 67, which dates back to the early 7th century, does the manuscript drawing resemble that of the Basrah Quran the most, while in Quran number 84, the manuscript drawing resembles both the Basrah and Kufic manuscript drawings to an equal extent. The script of the other three Qurans also has the highest similarity, with approximately four percent difference, to the Kufic script, and then Basrah. This is the first time such findings have been reported from the 4th to the 7th centuries. Concerning the strong recitation (Qira’at) in the manuscripts in Iran, from the 5th and 6th centuries, there was a gradual inclination towards Kufic recitations (Qira’at), especially the recitation (Qira’at) of Asim with both its narrations. However, in the 7th century, more clarity and intensity were found, particularly focusing on the recitation (Qira’at) of Asim.

Applying the Dickson quality index (DQI) is an efficient but destructive and time-consuming method for predicting sapling quality in nurseries.Fast and low-cost prediction of the quality, establishment, and growing strength of fruit tree saplings in the orchard through the identification of morphological characteristics, which are so highly correlated with this index, is necessary for different stages of sapling production.To evaluate the relationship between the morphological characteristics in peach and nectarine saplings, bare-root saplings of 16 commercial cultivars with three replicates from 10 nurseries, located in four provinces, were studied. The samples provided from two types of non-certified sapling, grafted on the seedling rootstocks, and certified sapling on the vegetative rootstocks during the transplanting seasons of 2020-2021. Sapling height, diameter above grafting line (DAGL), root length, number of roots and branches, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, height to diameter ratio, and DQI were evaluated, and simple correlations between them were estimated. The correlation coefficients were broken down into direct and indirect effects through path analysis, with DQI as the dependent variable.The results showed that the average DQI for non-certified saplings, produced in different climates, was 14. The higher values were observed in areas with more than 3100 AGDD. In certified saplings, DQI reached to 47. Based on the results of the path analysis for DQI evaluation, the highest direct effect was related to the DAGL.DAGL is the most efficient index in the quality assessment of the saplings, due to having the highest correlation with the DQI and most of the morphological traits.