فهرست مطالب مریم عمادی

Commentators have expressed different views about those who are the referents of Divine promises in verse 55 of Surah al-Noor and each of them has usedvarious arguments to prove his opinion. Using a descriptive-analytical method, in this study, their comments and arguments have been collected and criticized. The findings show that in determining the instances of the promised ones in this verse, the commentators of two Islamic sects have generally adopted two approaches: specification of certain individuals or times and generalization. In other words, in the first approach, some of them have considered a specific group or time as the purpose of the promise in this verse; some Sunni exegetes have introduced the Two Scholars (Abu Bakr and Umar) or the four caliphs as the intention of this verse or have commented that this verse will be fulfilled on the Day of Resurrection. Still, in this study, their arguments were rejected. On the contrary, some Shiite commentators have limited the purpose of this verse to the household of the Prophet (Ahl al-Bayt) or the time of reappearance of Imam Mahdi (AS); this comment does not seem to be correct too, and instead of an exclusive referent, the reasons of these Shiite exegetes indicate the most perfect instance for this verse. The second approach also suggests that, unlike the first category, some of the exegetes of the two Islamic sects not only have not regarded this promise to be specific to a special person or time but also believed that whenever the conditions of faith and good deeds arise, this promise will be fulfilled. By examining their evidence, in this study, this view was preferred as the correct one. So, the innovation of this article is related to collecting all the comments in this regard and rejecting the popular Sunni view as well as suggesting that the famous Shiite perspective is comparative and not interpretive. In other words, the popular Shiite view isn't the explicit purpose of this verse; instead, it is the most perfect instance of the meaning of this verse. Also, the preferred view of this study, more than the famous Shiite perspective, can create unity between Shia and Sunni.

Architecture is created by human beings and this architecture is influenced by human ideals and continues to affect human beings and forms part of their ideals and ideals according to the needs in life. It is certain that design with a religious approach and attention to socio-cultural sustainability, can play an important role in human well-being and lead them to a healthy and appropriate society. Therefore, in urban policy and design, it is very important to consider the purpose of the design, visual experience and behavioral patterns of users. In the present article, the concept of quality and components and criteria affecting the design of landscape architecture and cultural space and the type of their relationship with humans are discussed through the views of thinkers in the field of urban design and planning. The most important questions of this research are; what are the qualitative components of socio-cultural sustainability in urban public spaces? And what is the relationship between the qualitative components of socio-cultural sustainability and Iranian-Islamic architectural criteria? To achieve this goal, the research method of this article is a qualitative method and the components of sustainable urban development and the qualitative components of socio-cultural sustainability and Iranian-Islamic architectural criteria are identified. The results indicate that the design of urban public spaces with emphasis on socio-cultural sustainability and attention to the components of Iranian-Islamic architecture, to create a living and dynamic atmosphere and by influencing the mental thinking of individuals to create gatherings and collective memories. It achieves peace of mind and, in addition to quantitative values, also takes steps to meet quality needs, and also with proper design, provides the possibility of better spatial separation and a sense of calm and dynamism at the same time.

Tinnitus understands a sound in the ear and sometimes in the head without external source or stimulus.  Any disorder in the brain, especially the auditory system, can cause tinnitus. About 10-15% of people experience it in part of their lifetime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the pathophysiology of this disease, to identify and prevent this problem, and to look at the future of the treatment and to help the complications of the disease decrease by providing new strategies.
The study examines Tinnitus disease by categorizing the topics studied and important known aspects associated with tinnitus disease. In order to gather information about tinnitus disease, the content of the keywords was searched at the sites.
Among the cases of Tinnitus acute exposure to acute respiratory distress, autoimmune drugs, chemotherapy, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapeutic measures include sound therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and music therapy. Protecting the ears against loud noises and controlling the volume of sound devices and the use of plaques in the face of very high sounds can also be effective in preventing the disease. Although much research has been done, no effective drugs have ever been identified for the treatment of this disease. Auditory pathways and musculoskeletal disorders is a good option for treatment.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder associated with metabolic disorders and infertility. Evidence suggests that the adipose tissue secreted products, adipokines, play an important role in the pathophysiology of PCOS. Reciprocally, PCOS influences on the adipokines serum content, also on gene or protein expression of some of them. Finding out of association between serum levels of adipokines and PCOS will help to understand the pathology of PCOS and identify treatment solutions of this syndrome. In this paper, we review the assosiation of several known adipokines with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background and Stimulus–evoked otoacoustic emission (OAE) is generated by the outer hair cells (OHCs) and high levels of noise will highly damage these cells. Therefore, even a mild loss in OHCs could alter the generation of OAE. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the pure tone threshold, Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) amplitude in industrial workers experiencing non-permissible noises and administrative staff. This descriptive cross-sectional study included 134 workers who were exposed to non-permissible noise and a control group consisting of 89 administrative staff. The threshold of pure tone and DPOAE amplitude were assessed and recorded. The mean of pure tone threshold was high in 1,2,3 and 4 KHz in workers compared to that of the administrative staff. There was a significant difference in the mean of pure tone threshold in 3 and 4 KHz (P<0.01). DPOAE amplitude for 4 frequency (1.4, 2.2, 2.9, and 4.4 KHz) was greater in control group, however, this difference was significant only in 4.4 KHz (P<0.01). The decrease of OAE amplitude and increase in audiometric threshold in workers exposed to noise indicates damage to cochlea. DPOAE may closely match with audiometric results since there is frequency sensitivity in DPOAE amplitude due to noise-induced hearing loss.

Tinnitus is one of the most common symptoms of patients referred to audiology clinics affecting more than 10% of the adult population. An important feature of tinnitus is its maskability which has been considered as a physiologic treatment. In this study، the role of various factors on tinnitus masking such as the loudness and frequency of tinnitus، hearing loss and the location of tinnitus has been studied. In this descriptive-analytic study، 45 patients with tinnitus، who were referred to the audiology clinic of Hamadan rehabilitation faculty، were evaluated via various audiometric tests including determination of tinnitus loudness and tinnitus frequency، minimum masking levels and residual inhibition. Maskability has been determined on the basis of residual inhibition test that used narrow band noise at 10 dB above minimum masking level for 1minute. All tests were performed with Madsen OB822 audiometer. The results showed that 46. 7% of subjects who evaluated for tinnitus had complete maskability and 35. 6% of them had partial maskability. Only 17. 6% of these patients could not be masked. The results showed that there is a relationship between tinnitus loudness and maskability. Moreover، no relation between maskability، tinnitus frequency and hearing loss were found. Results did not show any relationship between location of tinnitus and maskability. The result of this research shows that tinnitus will be masked in considerable percentage of individuals and this method can be used to control and relieve related symptoms.

Adiponectin is one of the adipokines derived from adipose tissue. It is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism, Insulin Resistance (IR) and obesity-related disorders. Adiponectin in patients with Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) has a different expression. This study was performed to assess the serum levels of adiponectin in PCOS patients considering the high prevalence of insulin resistance in this patients and its relation with body mass index, fasting insulin and fasting glucose to evaluate This case-control study was performed on 45 PCOS patients and 45 controls being matched in regards to age and BMI. Adinopectin level was measured by ELISA. FBS and insulin were measured by glucose oxidase and ELISA method, respectively. Insulin resistance was determined by HOMA-IR. Serum adiponectin level in PCOS subjects and healthy women did not differ statistically. There was no significant difference between fasting insulin and fasting glucose levels in PCOS subjects and healthy women. However, HOMA-IR in PCOS subjects was significantly higher than healthy women. There was a significant negative correlation between adiponectin level and BMI (p=0.035) and fasting glucose (p=0.019). However, after separation of the two groups there was no correlation between adiponectin and BMI. Despite the relationship between adiponectin levels and BMI, and as no relation is observed with PCOS, the role of this adipokine in the syndrome is unlikely. Thus, apparently increase in the amount of adiponectin will not be effective in preventing the syndrome.

ntroduction: There are contradictory reports regarding vestibular function after cochlear implant surgery. In this study, we evaluated the influence of cochlear implant surgery on vestibular function by comparing the results of caloric test in both ears of patients who received implants. 24 adult patients who had undergone cochlear implant surgery at least 6 months earlier, were participated in this study. Caloric test with the stimulus of cold and warm water was performed on both ears of each patient and results were compared with each other regarding unilateral weakness, directional preponderance and areflexia. The differences between two ears regarding directional preponderance, unilateral weakness and areflexia were not statistically significant. It seems the pathological cause of deafness is a more influential factor on vestibular dysfunction than the damage following cochlear implant surgery.

Imported mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) as a root –end filling material has many applications in root repairing and bone healing including direct pulp capping, repair of root and furcation perforation, and apexification. By introducing a similar material, made in Iran, namely Root MTA, primary tests such as cytotoxicity test should be performed. The purpose of this study was to compare the 24h and 48h cytotoxicity effect of Root MTA on peripheral blood mononuclear cells using MTT Assay. In this study, after blood sampling, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated on a gradient of ficole hypac. After several washing phases, cells were cultured in RPMI with 10% FCS in 96 well U shape microtiterplates in a 5% Co2 incubator. Serial dilution of MTA and Root MTA were added to the wells. Cell cytotoxicity was determined, 24 and 48 hours after treatment by MTT Assay. Cytotoxicity of Root MTA was less than that of MTA (ProRoot). At 24 hours after culture there was significant difference between cell viability affected by Root MTA and MTA in the three different dilutions 20 λ, 50 λ, and 100 λ (p<0.05). At 48 hours, there was also a significant difference between cell viability after using Root MTA and MTA in two dilutions 50 λ, 100 λ (p<0.05). Root MTA could be considered as a proper alternative for MTA. For ther studies such as clinical trials should also be performed.