مریم میرجلیلی

Atherosclerosis is a complex arterial disease that is caused due to the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Mutations in the mitochondrial genome have probably a direct effect on increased oxidative stress and thereby cause progression of the disease. The aim of the current study was to identify the possible nucleotide changes in the mitochondrial ATP6, ND3 and COX3 genes in Iranian patients with atherosclerosis.
In this case-control study, DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 90 patients with atherosclerosis and 95 healthy individuals by standard method. The regions of the mitochondrial genome including ATP6, ND3 and COX3 genes were studied by PCR-SSCP; and banding shift specimens were sequenced to determine the exact nucleotide changes. The obtained data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test and GraphPad prism software.
The results of SSCP and DNA sequencing lead to the detection of three nucleotide changes in ATP6 gene including a synonymous polymorphism at position m.9034 G>A, and an SNP at position m.9055 G>A, in which alanine is converted to tyrosine and synonymous hetroplasmic variant at m. 9162C>T. Also, it was found three homoplasmic nucleotide variations including synonymous m.9602A>G, m.9899T>C related to histidine amino acid and homoplasmic variant m.9929C>A that resulted in changing of tyrosine to stop codon.
. Since it has been proven, m.9055G>A variant increases the risk of developing breast cancer, and on the other hand, this polymorphism has also been reported in the Caucasian population of Parkinsons; Therefore, it can be said that the combination of this mutation with other predisposing factors increases the severity of coronary heart disease. Investigating other mitochondrial genes could be regarded important in order to find the the relationship between nucleotide changes of mitochondrial genes cardiovascular diseases.

Today, the country's banking system, according to the discussions to join the World Trade Organization is encountered with new challenges such as entry of foreign banks, emerging private banks and increasing the activities of financial and credit institutions. Therefore, in order to survive and compete in this dynamic environment banking organizations require paying more attention to human resources as one of their main pillars. Human resources function for any organization is that which can lead to survival or destruction of that organization. Therefore, in this paper affecting factors on human resource performance are investigated. Then Data Envelopment Analysis method (DEA), which is a common method of performance evaluation in different fields, is used to determine efficiency, rank, surplus of input parameters, deficiency of output values and critical indicators in banks. Since in some real world cases, the criteria for evaluating the operations of employees cannot be precisely measured, a FDEA is proposed to consider the uncertainty existent within qualitative indicators. Then efficiency and rank of banks are determined. Moreover, the ranking results obtained by FDEA with crisp inputs have been compared with DEA using Spearman correlation technique in which a relatively high degree of correlation has been identified between DEA and FDEA with crisp inputs. The proposed approach in this paper can be utilized for ranking, and investigation of human resources efficiency and suggestion of optimum human resources operation in any banking organization.