مسعود خوران

In geographical studies based on systemic approach, each area is considered as an open system in which villages and cities are the two main components of the residential system. Villages and cities have structures and functions that evolve through the interaction of the natural environment and human groups. These structures and functions in Marivan Township have undergone many changes due to government intervention and policies. Government interventions have taken the form of rural development and post-war reconstruction programs (expansion of communication networks), security, and the strengthening of economic foundations (opening of informal border markets). The aim of the present paper was to investigate the impact of the mentioned policies on the structural-functional changes of rural housing. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in nature, and methodologically based on the positivist approach. The statistical population includes households living in 121 villages with more than 20 households (2016 census) in Marivan Township. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula in two steps. First, 52 villages were selected by cluster sampling method in proportion to the share of the western and eastern areas of the township, 27 and 24 villages, respectively. Then, out of a total of 6305 households, 307 were selected by simple random sampling. The results showed that the housing in the western areas has undergone more structural and functional changes. According to the t-test, the average difference in changes related to the pattern of construction and form (4.64 units), biological elements (8.99 units) and livelihood (20.69 units) of rural housing in the western area is greater than the eastern part of the township.

Located in mountainous regions, Sarkal county has not developed much either physically or agriculturally. However, the same climatic circumstances have provided it with opportunities for growing irrigated grapes. Attempting to identify the environmental potentials and the benefits of growing irrigated grapes, this paper counts on appropriate practical plans to make further vintage. A questionnaire was prepared in 2013-2014 following which 83 grapes raisers in 31 villages and some associated managers as well were interviewed according to 343 Kookran formula .Applying the measurement method, case studies, and also enumerating the pros and cons, and opportunities as well as threats based on SWOT, the research offers solutions for the development of growing capability irrigated grapes. Next, the provided solutions are prioritized based on QSPM matrix. The research results show that the offered solutions for growing irrigated grapes are of aggressive type. In the Matrix of the assessment of internal factors, the final score 2.52 shows that developing the production and growing of irrigated grapes based on internal factors in Sarkal will be fruitful. Moreover, the matrix of the assessment of external factors with a total score of 3.44 shows that in the present conditions, the development of the production and growing of irrigated grapes in Sarkal reinforces the opportunities as well. Lastly, the offered solution based on QSPM matrix is So6 which reads “constructing Agro-processing industries to save the vintage and cut down the damages”.