فهرست مطالب مصطفی عالیپور

Approximately 80 to 85 percent of the costs of raising fattening lambs are related to the cost of feed. Therefore, conducting research in order to determine the functionally and economically optimal ration for fattening lambs will help to improve the country's animal husbandry situation. On the other hand, with the advancement of technology and the use of new methods for converting and processing food, many sources of animal feed have become competitive with human food sources, including corn, wheat and barley. In order to compensate for this deficiency, exploitation and optimal use of agricultural wastes and by-products as feed in feeding ruminants to improve livestock production is inevitable. One of these agricultural wastes is the by-product of corn called corn germ meal, which is produced during the process of extracting corn germ with dry or wet milling process to produce corn germ to produce corn oil for human consumption. Therefore, based on this, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with corn germ meal (CGM) in the diet on performance, digestibility, chewing behavior, and blood parameters of fattening lambs.

In this research, 30 breeding lambs (with an average weight of 32.1±2.7 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 repetitions. The lambs of the control group were fed with diet without corn germ meal. Other groups were fed by replacing 50% and 100% soybean meal with sprout meal in the diet for 84 days. At the beginning of the research, in order to ensure the complete health of the lambs and being free from parasites, parasite control (disinfecting the place and eating albendazole tablets) was carried out, and enterotoxemia vaccine was injected subcutaneously. Finally, the animals were randomly assigned to each of the experimental treatments and placed in individual cages. During all stages of the research, animals had free access to rock salt and clean drinking water. Lambs were weighed every 14 days. The amount of food consumed and post-feeding was recorded on a daily basis. The diet of fattening lambs was adjusted according to the recommended requirements of the tables of the National Sheep Research Association, and the experimental treatments were the same in terms of protein and energy content. In order to calculate the weight changes, the animals were weighed weekly after 16 hours of starvation using a digital scale. The daily feed was completely mixed to the animals and the remaining feed for each animal was weighed and recorded every day. The feed consumption of each animal was also calculated from the difference and then the remaining manger of each animal was calculated. For samples related to digestibility, firstly, feed, waste and feces samples collected from each animal on day 77 to 82 were collected for five days. In order to measure blood metabolites, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of lambs using heparinized tubes and syringes on the 60th day. Chemical kits of Pars Azmoun company and autoanalyzer were used to measure blood glucose, urea and triglyceride levels. Finally, during the 82nd and 83rd days of the test period, chewing activity was measured for a duration of 48 hours. The time spent for the activities of eating, resting and ruminating was recorded visually every 5 minutes and assuming that the activity continued for the last 5 minutes for all the animals during the day and night hours. Finally, the results of the experiment were analyzed with SAS statistical program.

According to the results obtained in the present study, replacing soybean meal with corn germ meal in fattening lambs did not show any difference in body weight gain on days 28, 56 and 84. In addition, total body weight and daily weight gain during the entire experimental period were not affected by the replacement of soybean meal with corn germ meal in the diet of fattening lambs. Also, weekly feed consumption, daily dry matter consumption and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the consumption of corn germ meal in the diet of fattening lambs. Also, the results of the apparent digestibility of the nutrients of the experimental diets showed that the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, insoluble fibers in neutral detergent, insoluble fibers in acidic detergent and ether extract of fattening lambs was not affected by corn sprout meal feeding. The results of the chewing behavior of the lambs showed that there was no significant difference between the different treatments in terms of time of eating, rumination, chewing, resting and standing. The results of some blood serum parameters showed that the concentrations of triglyceride (P=0.031) and urea (P=0.014) in lambs fed with corn germ meal showed a significant increase compared to the control group; Anyway, replacing soybean meal with corn sprout meal in this study had no effect on blood glucose concentration.

According to the results obtained from the present research, corn germ meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs without reducing performance, feed consumption, nutrient digestibility, chewing behavior and blood serum parameters, and this product can be completely replace soybean meal.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional disorder with an unknown etiology. Some recent studies report the presence of a microscopic inflammation in people with IBS. This micro-inflammation can be due to an alteration in the pattern of recognition receptors especially in Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this systematic review, we reviewed an evaluated existing studies related to TLRs and their changes in patients with IBS.

Three science citation index databases including Web of Science, Pubmed and Embase were searched for related keywords from September 2000 to September 2018. There was no language restriction. Two reviewers screened and extracted data independently.

A total of 178 records were retrieved and eight eligible studies (265 patients) were included for data extraction and analysis. The results showed that, compared with the healthy group, the expression of some of the TLRs such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 increased whereas the expression of some others including TLR7 and TLR8 decreased significantly.

 Alteration of TLRs in patients with IBS can be due to changes in microbiota causing a micro-inflammation. This alteration can have a potential role in pathophysiology of IBS.