فهرست مطالب معرفت مصطفوی راد

The production of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) as one of the vital industrial plants is affected by the environment, genotype, and their interaction. Therefore, the environment × genotype interaction on peanut yield should be evaluated before the introduction of cultivars. Evaluation of the genotype × environment interaction provides valuable information regarding the performance of plant cultivars in different environments. It plays a crucial role in evaluating the stability of the performance of breeding materials. This experiment evaluated the stability and yield of superior peanut genotypes in three regions of Guilan province, Iran, in the 2018 and 2019 crop years.

In this study, the top 10 peanut genotypes (130, 140, 113, 115, 128, 176, 178, 192, 201, and 208 from ICRISAT) along with the NC2 variety as a control were assessed in a complete randomized block design trial with three replications across three regions Rasht, Masal, and Talash. Each plot comprised six lines, each with 5 m long, 50 cm row spacing, and 20 cm plant spacing. Upon reaching physiological ripeness, a 5-m2 area was harvested from the middle four rows of each plot after removing 0.5 m from both ends to eliminate marginal effects. The plant height (cm), average number of sub-branches per plant, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod were randomly recorded and counted from 10 plants. After drying, biomass, pod, and seed yields were calculated in kg/ha. Following seed separation from the shell, five random samples of 100 seeds were taken from each plot to measure the 100 seed weight (HSW). Additionally, the length and width of peanut pods and seeds were recorded (in mm) using a digital caliper. To determine seed oil percentage, 150 g of peanut seeds were randomly selected from each plot, and their oil percentage was measured using the Soxhlet method after grinding the samples. Composite variance analysis was conducted after ensuring the uniformity of experimental error, and the mean traits were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) method. The stability of peanut genotypes was assessed using the GGE bi-plot analysis.

The variance analysis revealed that the interaction of location × genotype significantly affected the peanut plant's height, sub-branches, and pod diameter at a one percent probability level. Additionally, the year × location × genotype interaction significantly affected other traits such as pods per plant, seeds per pod, HSW, pod yield, seed yield, seed oil percentage, oil yield, shell yield, pod length, and peanut seed length and width at the 1% probability level. Notably, genotype 208 in the Rasht region exhibited the tallest average plant height (103.5 cm), which was not significantly different from line 201. Furthermore, the highest number of peanut pods (31.72 pieces) was observed for genotype 128 in the Rasht region in the first crop year, showing no significant difference with line 128 in the first and second crop years. Significant differences were also noted in the number of seeds per pod across different genotypes and regions. For instance, the second crop year in the Rasht region and genotype 113 yielded the highest peanut HSW (71.45 g), which was not significantly different from some lines in the two crop years in the Masal and Rasht regions. Furthermore, the pod yield of genotype 192 in the first crop year was superior in Rasht (5583 kg/ha), Masal (5233 kg/ha), and Talash (4166 kg/ha) regions compared to the other genotypes. Genotype 192 exhibited the highest seed yield (3777 kg/ha) in the first crop year in Rasht, representing a 133% increase compared to the control (NC2). These results underscore the significant influence of climatic conditions on peanut seed yield and the genetic potential variations among different genotypes in diverse regions. Additionally, genotype 192 in the first cropping year and Rasht region attained the highest peanut oil yield (1841 kg/ha), aligning with findings from other researchers regarding varying oil yields among different peanut lines.

Based on the findings of this study, all traits measured in peanuts were impacted by the interaction of genotype and environment. Line 192 displayed significantly superior quantitative and qualitative performance of peanut seeds to the NC2 variety, known as the Goli native variety, and the other studied lines. The increase in the number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, and the peanut HSW were important agronomic indicators in improving the performance of line 192 in the Guilan region. The results indicated that the interaction effect of genotype and environment led to changes in the yield components, resulting in changes in the yield of peanut seeds and pods per unit area, with the oil yield increasing in parallel with the grain yield. Using the GGE bi-plot method to evaluate performance stability, peanut line 192 was identified as a high-yielding line with high performance and stability in all environments. Therefore, groundnut genotype 192 is recommended for achieving the highest seed yield in the region's climatic conditions.

In order to evaluate the foliar application of Ca and Zn fertilizers on seed and fatty acids composition of peanut oil (cv. NC2), an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Rasht, Iran, during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons.

This experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Four levels of Zn fertilizer sources, including without Zn application (as control), nano-chelated Zn fertilizer, Zn-EDTA, and Zn sulfate were considered as the main plot and four levels of Ca fertilizer sources, including nano-chelated Ca fertilizer, Ca-EDTA, Ca-chloride and, Ca-nitrate were considered as the sub plot.

Foliar application of fertilizers was done before the flowering stage and then repeated with 30-days intervals. The highest seed yield (2790 kg/ha), biological yield (9303 kg/ha), seed oil content (52.3 percent), oil yield (1625 kg/ha), protein yield (673 kg/ha), and oleic unsaturated fatty acid (57.3 percent) was obtained under simultaneous foliar application of Ca and Zn nano-fertilizers and increased the parameters by 29.8, 17.5, 13.4, 38.3, 24.4 and 19.2 percent in comparison to control treatment, respectively.

Application of Zn and Ca nano-chelated fertilizers as foliar sprays improved seed and oil yield of peanut under the local conditions. Hence, the Zn and Ca nano-chelated fertilizers could be recommended to enhance the quantitative and qualitative yield of peanut.

The new oilseed rape cultivar Nilofar (R15), is the result of screening and purifying single plants in segregating generations derived from the cross "Symbol×Orient". During five years of consecutive cultivation, screening of single plants was continued to access pure lines using pedigree method and pure lines were selected in F4 generation. During cropping season 2008-2009, 84 pure lines were evaluated in preliminary yield trial. Results showed that Nilofar variety with a mean yield of 3352 kgha-1 had higher grain yield by 45% compared to the Okapi control variety with a mean grain yield of 1833 kgha-1. In the Value for Cultivation and Use (VCU) trial in six research stations of cold and mid cold regions of Iran including Karaj, Isfahan, Hamedan, Islam abad-e- gharb, Khoy and Arak during two cropping seasons 2009-2011, Nilofar variety with an average grain yield of 3783 kgha-1, ranked first and had 16.1% grain yield more than the Okapi. Under delayed sowing date and stopping irrigation from silique development stage in Karaj during two cropping seasons 2012-2014, Nilofar with 1986 kgha-1 and 0.62 kgm-3 in term of grain yield and water use efficiency, respectively, was superior to Okapi with 1626 kgha-1 grain yield and 0.62 kgm-3 water use efficiency. The glucosinolate content of Nilofar variety was less than 10 μmolg-1 of dry matter and the erucic acid content of the oil was less than 2%. The results of the extension research project in Kermanshah province showed that the mean grain yield of the Nilofer variety at two sites of Sarab Nilofer and Mahidasht was 4004 kgha-1, which was 14.8% higher than the Okapi control cultivar. Due to its high grain yield potential and appropriate agronomic characteristics, line R15 was released under the name of Nilofar and is recommended for cultivation in the cold and mild cold regions of Iran.

In order to evaluate of grain yield, anti-oxidante enzymes activitie and osmolytes accumulation in leaves of peanut as affected by different irrigation levels and Salicylic acid, the present study was done. This experiment carried out as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara, Iran, during 2018 and 2019 years. Four level of irrigation regimes including no irrigation (as control), irrigation at initial flowering stage, irrigation at pod formation stage and irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages and three levels of salicylic acid such as 100, 200 and 300 µmol/l comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively. Deficit irrigation decreased grain yield, chlorophyll index (SPAD) and leaf relative water content in peanut. Prolne, catalaz, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and leaf anthocyanin content enhanced in responses to deficit irrigation. In addition, foliar application of salicylic acid caused to improve all measured traits in peanut at different irrigation levels. The greatest grain yield of peanut (3450 kg/ha) was obtained in response to supplementary irrigation at both initial flowering stage + pod formation stage along with salicylic application at the rate of 300 µmol/l. Based on results of this study, supplementary irrigation and foliar application of salicylic acid could be recommendable in direction to increase plant resistance to drought stress and grain yield improvement in peanut .

In order to evaluate peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) NC2 variety growth as affected by supplementary irrigation and Salicylic acid, this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province (Kanroud research station of Astara), Iran, during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes: no irrigation (rainfed condition), supplementary irrigation at initial flowering stage, supplementary irrigation at pod formation stage and supplementary irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages and three levels of salicylic acid (SA): 100, 200 and 300 µmol/l comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively. Drought stress dercreased all measured characteristics in peanut and foliar application of SA at the rate of 300 µmol/l improved all studied characteristics under bath supplementary irrigation and rainfed condition. The greatest pods number per plant (51.57), grain yield (3450 kg/ha) and pod yield (4958 kg/ha) of peanut were obtained under supplementary irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages with SA and these agronomic traits increased 38.79, 70.8 and 57.6 percent compared to rainfed comdition, respectively. Results of this reaserch indicated, supplementary irrigation and foliar application of SA at the rate of 300 µmol/l could be recommendable to enhance plant growth and grain yield of peanut under similar climatic condition.

This research was done to study the grain yield stability of 11 groundnut genotypes based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at three different research stations in Guilan province, Iran, during two growing seasons of 2020 and 2021. The combined analysis of variance indicated that the main effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interactions (G×E) were highly significant (p<0.01). The principal component analysis (PCA) based on the rank correlation matrix indicated that the first two PCAs explained 76.6% of the variance of the original variables. Based on the biplot analysis, the non-parametric stability statistics were classified into four groups. The clustering of the genotypes according to the mean yield and non-parametric stability statistics showed four main clusters. The ideal genotype selection indicator (IGSI) results, calculated based on all non-parametric methods, indicated that the genotypes 178, 128, 201, 176, and 115 having the maximum IGSI values, were the most stable genotypes. In addition, according to the multi-trait genotype-ideotype index (MGIDI), genotypes 178 and 176 were introduced as the most stable genotypes, and the 115, 201, and 128 genotypes followed the next.

In order to evaluate of grain yield and fatty acids composition in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) oil as affected by supplementary irrigation and Salicylic acid, this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran, during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes including no irrigation (as control), irrigation at initial flowering stage, irrigation at pod formation stage and irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages and three levels of Salicylic acid such as 100, 200 and 300 µmol/l comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively. Drought stress dercreased grain yield, grain oil content, oil yield, protein yield, linolenic, stearic and bihenic fatty acids percent in peanut oil. But, grain protein percent, oleic, palmitic and arashidic fatty acids percent enhanced in response to drought stress. Foliar application of salicylic acid at the rate of 300 µmol/l improved all measured characteristics except stearic and bihenic fatty acids under both drought stress and supplementary irrigation conditions. The greatest grain yield (3450 kg/ha) of peanut was obtained in response to supplementary irrigation at initial flowering + pod formation stages along with Salicylic acid application at the rate of 300 µmol/l. Also, Salicylic acid application at the rate of300 µmol/l. showed the highest rate of oleic acid in peanut oil (60.98 %) under no irrigation (rainfed) condition. Hence, supplementary irrigation and foliar application of Salicylic acid could be recommendable in direction to enhance quantity and quality of grain and oil yield of peanut under similar climatic condition.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Drought stress is the prime abiotic constraint, under the current and climate change scenario in future situation. Globally, abiotic stresses drastically affect crop productivity and cause to decline substantial yield. According to the reports, the decline of quantitative and qualitative yield in crops is primarily due to water deficit condition. Foliar applications of methanol and ethanol cause to increas CO2 assimilation in plants. A wide range of C3 crops have shown an increase in growth and seed yield after spraying with 10-50% methanol alcohol. Positive effects of methanol and ethanol on C3 crops have been reported for wheat, soybean and oilseed rape.

In order to evaluate of seed yield changes and some agronomic characteristics in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as affected by different irrigation regimes and foliar application of Ethanol Alcohol , this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation and three levels of ethanol such as 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental treatments, as main factor and sub factor, respectively.

All measured agronomic characteristics in groundnut were significantly influenced by the interaction effect between irrigation regimes and ethanol applications except the number of sub-branches per plant at 1% probability level (Table 2). In this experiment, the greatest days number to the initial flowering (41.5 days), days number to the end of flowering (89 days), flowering period (49.5 days), days number to the maturity (139 days), plant height (65.85 cm), biological yield (8492 kg/ha), pod yield (4067 kg/ha), grain yield (kg/ha), pods number per plant (49.26) and 100-seed weight (53.49 g) were obtained in response to the interaction effect between irrigation regim at 25 mm evaporation from class A pan evaporation and foliar application of ethanol at 20 % (v:v). But, drought stress significantly reduced all mentioned agronomic traits and foliar application of ethanol at 20 % (v:v) significantly improved these agronomic characteristics in both drought stress and irrigation conditions. In this experiment, the highest coefficient correlation was obtained between grain yield and agronomic traits such as plant height (r=0.95**), pod yield (r=0.97**), pods number per plant (r=0.92**) and 100-grain weight (0.91**).

Results of this experiment showed that irrigation and foliar application of ethanol caused to improve plant growth and grain yield of groundnut under region climatic condition. Hence, the foliar application of ethanol with 20 % (v:v) does could be recommendable to enhance plant growth and grain yield of groundnut under region and similar climatic conditions.

In order to evaluate the effect of different irrigation regimes on quantitative and qualitative yield of grain and oil in peanut as affected by Ethanol Alcohol, this experiment was performed as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan and three levels of Ethanol Alcohol such as 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental treatments, as main plot and sub plot, respectively. Drought stress caused to decrease grain yield, grain oil content, oil yield, protein yield and inoleic acid, palmitic acid and arashidic fatty acids lin peanut oil. But, drought stress had positive effect on grain protein content, oleic acid and stearic fatty acids. The greatest grain yield (3275 kg/ha) was pbtained influenced by the interaction effect between irriation regim at 25 mm evaporation fron A pan and Ethanol application at thr rate of 20 % (v/v). Ethanol foliar application at thr rate of 20 % (v/v) showed the highest rate of oleic fatty acid (57.17 %) under irrigation regim at 100 mm evaporation fron A pan (sever drought stress). In this experiment, drought stress caused to decrease quantitative yield of grain (69.56 %) in peanut and enhancement of oleic acic synthesis under drought stress condition improved oil quality (13.93 %) in peant. Ethanol applicatiom led to improve the quantity and quality of grain and oil yield in peanut under bath irrigation and drought stress conditions. Hence, foliar application of ethanol could be recommendable in direction to enhance quantitative and qualitative yield of grain and oil in peant under similar climatic condition.

Corn is a crop which grows in a wide range of temperatures and due to its diversity, adaptability and high nutritional value is one of the most important crops in the world. Among the required nutrients by crops, nitrogen is the most important nutrient element affecting the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops. Nowadays, the application of biological fertilizers such as vermicompost has been considered as a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers. The use of vermicompost gives vitality to the soil due to the activity of microorganisms and it is considered a long-term investment and a permanent part of soil structure.

In order to evaluate the accumulation of nitrate in aerial organs and seed yield in corn as affected by the rate of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted in 2018 cropping season in Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran, Rasht. This experiment was performed as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Maize cultivars including 703, 704 and 705 (as main plot) and the rates of different nitrogen fertilizers such as N1 = no use of nitrogen fertilizer (control treatment), N2= 200, N3= 300 and N4= 400 kg nitrogen per hectare and N5= 8500, N6= 17000 and N7= 25500 kg vermicompost per hectare (as subplot) were comprised experimental treatments.

The results of this experiment showed that the highest corn seed yield and dry forage were obtained in 703 and 705 corn varieties as affected by 300 kg nitrogen per hectare, respectively. The greatest nitrogen accumulation was shown in stem of 705 corn variety. The interaction between 705 corn variety and the application of 300 kg nitrogen per hectare, produced the highest stem dry weight. The greatest weight of leaf dry was obtained in 704 crop variety as affected by 25500 kg vermicompost fertilizer per hectare that had no significant difference with the application of 300 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. The application of vermicompost fertilizer increased the dry weight of photosynthetic area of plant (leaf) in 704 variety and decreased 1000-seed weight of corn. Hence, the seed yield of corn decreased in response to vermicompost fertilizer compared to nitrogen fertilizer.

Results showed that the highest rate of nitrogen was accumulated in stem of 705 variety of corn. Increment of the dry weight of leaves in 704 and 705 varieties of corn in response to 300 kg nitrogen per hectare and 25500 kg vermicompost per hectare had no significant difference. The application of vermicompost biological fertilizer in comparison to nitrogen chemical fertilizer could enhance the dry weight of photosynthetic area of plant (leaf) in 704 variety of corn. But, seed yield of corn decreased as affected by biological vermicompost fertilizer compared to chemical nitrogen fertilizer.

In order to evaluate of physiological activities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in response to different irrigation regimes and Ethanol foliar application, an experiment carried out as split plat based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Agicutural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara (Kanroud research station), Iran during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Four level of irrigation regimes at 25, 50 and 75 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan and three levels of Ethanol 10, 20 and 30 % (v:v), comprised experimental factors, as main plot and sub plot, respectively. The interaction effect beween irrigation regime and Ethanol alcohol was significant for all measuered characteristics in peanut at 1% probability level. Drought stress caused to decrease grain yield per unit area, leaf chlorophy index and leaf relative water content in peanut. But, drought stress increased the value of proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, anthocyanins and the activitiy of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. The greatest grain yield (3275 kh/ha) was obtained in response to irrigation regime after 25 mm evaporation fron “A pan” along with foliar application of Ethanol at the rate of 20% (v/v). In general, result showed that the foliar application of Ehanol could be recommendable in direction to enhance grain yield and resistance of peant plans againest to drought stress under similar climatic condition.

In order to evaluate of grain yield of groundnut under intercropping with corn under the application of phosphorus chemical and bio-fertilizers, this experiment is performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran in 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. Five level of phosphorus fertilizer (PF) as triple super phosphate (TSP) including 1. Zero (as control), 2. 50 kg/ha TSP, 3. 100 kg/ha TSP, 4. 50 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha Barvar2 phosphate bio-fertilizer (BPB), and 5. 100 kg/ha TSP + 200 g/ha BPB, and five intercropping pattern (IP) including 1. maize sole cropping, 2. groundnut sole cropping, 3. intercropped groundnut-maize with the ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 rows, comprise the experimental treatments. According to the results from this experiment, the interaction effect between phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system has been significant for all measured characteristics. Maximum grain yield of maize and groundnut are observed in the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under sole crop. The combined usage of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizer increase grain yield of maize and groundnut under sole crop. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) equal 1.88 can be seen under control treatment and maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows. Intercropping system improve yield attributes of groundnut such as pod numbers per plant and grain number per pod, pod length, and diameter. Based on the results of this experiment, maize-groundnut intercropped system are advantageous for crop production per unit area. In addition, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus content in groundnut grain rise in response to the integrated application of chemical phosphorus and Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer under maize-groundnut intercropped system. Maize-groundnut intercropped system with the ratio of 1:1 rows and the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer plus 200 g Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer are superior to other treatments. Hence, Barvar2 phosphat bio-fertilizer superiority could be recommendable to enhance profitability and crop production at maize-groundnut intercropping system under region climatic condition.

Peanut is one of the most important oilseed plants with indeterminate growth habit, which its seed and meal contains a range of 40-50% and 30-50% oil and protein on a dry seed basis, respectively. In many countries, peanut is planted as ridge method which help to control weeds by mechanical methods using rotary or cultivator. Also, a suitable plant density per unit area can improve photosynthetic process and enhance quantitative and qualitative yield in peanut seed. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of planting method and plant density on seed yield and physiological characteristics in some new lines of peanut under Guilan climatic condition.

In order to determine the best planting method and plant density to improve seed yield of some new lines of peanut, two experiments carried out in 2017 - 2018 cropping seasons as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Two planting methods (Flat and Ridge), three plant density per hectare (D1=125000, D2= 100000 and D3= 83333) and five new lines of peanut (128, 176, 192, 201 and 208) comprised experimental treatments as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively.

Results showed that 192 new line produced the greatest seed yield per hectare (3128 kg/ha), seed number per pod (2.08) and biological yield (8983 kg/ha) in response to flat method and D1 plant density. Also, the interaction effect between flat planting method, 100000 plant per hectare and 176 line showed the highest seed oil content (57.67 %). The highest harvest index (40.29%) was observed in 128 new line under flat planting method and 100000 plant per hectare.

In general, results showed that the flat planting method, 125000 plant per hectare and 192 new line of peanut caused to enhance seed yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition. In this experiment, flat planting method had superiority to ridge planting method and new lines of peanut were differ for seed yield per unit area. The results of this experiment, indicated that peanut seed yield enhanced due to increase of plant density per unit area which could be caused by improvement of solar radiance absorption, exceed of photosynthetic capacity, optimized uses of field unit area and decline of inter plant competition. Based on results of this experiment, flat planting method, 125000 plant per hectare and 192 new line of peanut could be recommendable in direction to enhance seed yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition

Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea L.) is a winter season vegetable crop grown in many countries. Broccoli contains all the essential vitamins, mineral nutrients, amino acids and it has antioxidant and anticancer activity. Vegetables play a major role in daily human diet and they are required for maintaining of good health. Broccoli is one of the leading vegetables in the world. The selection of suitable planting dates and varieties is crucial for successful cultivation during rainy season. Fore this reasone, this experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of transplanting dates and broccoli varieties on their growth and yield.

This experiment carried out in 2017 - 2019 cropping seasons as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht (Guilan province) climatic condition, Iran. Three transplanting dates (August 29, October 7 and November 15), four broccoli cultivars (Agassi RZ, Heraklion, Aquiles and Romanesco) comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively.

In this experiment, the effect of variety, transplanting date and the interaction effect between transplanting dates and variety was significant for all measured characteristics such as cordon weight, cordon yield, cordon diameter, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf length and diameter and stem diameter. Results of this study showed that the highest cordon weight (800.82 g), cordon yield (33.36 t/ha), cordon diameter (31.42 cm), leaf length (57.06 cm) and diameter (26/69 cm) and stem diameter (6.30 cm) were obtained in Heraklion cultivar in response to August 29 transplanting date. But, greatest plant height (47.70 cm) and leaf number per plant (27.41) were observed in Aquiles cultivar and August 29 transplanting date. In addition, Romanesco broccoli after Heraklion cultivar showed superiority to other cultivars for all studied agronomic traits. There were positive and significant correlation between cordon yield and all measured characteristics including cordon weight, cordon yield, cordon diameter, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf length and diameter and stem diameter.

In this experiment, delayed transplanting date, related to broccoli variety caused to a sever decrease in cordon yield. It seems that, delayed transplanting date could reduce cordon yield due to the decrease of plant photosynthesis capacity in broccoli plants. Hence, based on results of this experiment, early transplanting (August 29) after harvesting of rice crop and land preparation (second cropping) and Heraklion broccoli cultivar could be recommendable in order to enhance cordon yield per unit area under Guilan climatic condition.

Intercropping is a possible pathway for sustainable increases in crop yields (10). Researchers have reported that intercropping system with legumes led to maximum maize gain (24) and biological yield (4). Ghasemi et al. (2011) reported that grain yield in maize was the highest when the combination of chemical and bio-fertilizers were used (8).

This experiment was performed as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design in 2017 and 2018 cropping deasons with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Five rate of phosphorus fertilizer (zero, 50, 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple, 50 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g phosphate barvar2 and 100 kg/ha as super phosphate triple + 200 g of phosphate barvar2) and corn and groundnut sol cropping, and mixed cultivation of one row of corn + one row of peanuts (1: 1), two rows of corn + one row of peanut (1: 2), one row of corn + two rows of peanut (2: 1) comprised experimental treatments.

In this experiment, phosphorus fertilizer × intercropping system effect on all measured characteristics was significant at 5 % probability level. The greatest grain yield (2360 kg/ha), oil yield (1182 kg/ha), grain protein percentage (27.70 %), protein yield (591 kg/ha) and palmitic acid (10.58 %) were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha super phosphate triple along with 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer under groundnut sol cropping system. The greatest grain oil percentage (53.45 %) and oleic acid (66.63 %) as the most important unsaturated fatty acid in groundnut oil were obtained in response to the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple, under groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 planting rows. But, the highest rate of linoleic acid (32.17 %) was observed in groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:1 planting rows as affected by the application of 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer as super phosphate triple plus 200 g phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer.

Results showed that the combined application of chemical phosphorus and bio-fertilizers enhanced groundnut grain yield that could causes by the improvement of yield components, enhancement of plant growth and nutrients absorption and increment of photosynthesis in groundnut plants. Apart application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer increased oleic acid synthesis and quality of groundnut oil. The application of chemical phosphorus fertilizer and groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 improved groundnut oil quality. But, integrated application of chemical phosphorus (super phosphate triple) plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer enhanced quantitative yield of groundnut. In this experiment, groundnut-corn intercropping system with the ratio of 1:2 and integrated application of chemical phosphorus plus phosphate barvar2 bio-fertilizer could be recommendable to enhance grain yield of groundnut per unit area.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the feasibility of Lima bean cultivation in Guilan province and to evaluate the effect of planting date and plant density on its yield and growth.

The experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors of sowing date (April 9, April 24, July 27, August 11) in main plots and plant density (plant distances 10, 15 and 20 cm) in sub plots in 2016 and 2018. Morphological traits and yield and yield components as well as phenological stages were evaluated. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of year on the studied traits was significant. Therefore, annual analysis of variance of the experiment was performed.

In the first year, the results of analysis of variance showed that in exception the grain yield per unit area and percentage of grain protein, other traits were significantly affected by the interaction of sowing date and plant density. The effect of sowing date on yield and grain protein percentage was significant, but these two traits were not significantly affected by plant density. Comparison of means showed that the first sowing date had the lowest grain yield per unit area. The sowing date of April 24 showed the highest yield and percentage of grain protein. In the second year, the results of analysis of variance showed that in exception the percentage of grain protein, other traits were significantly affected by the interaction between sowing date and plant density. According to the mean comparison of the traits, the highest grain yield was related to the sowing date of August 11, with a distance of 15 and 10 cm plant spacing, respectively. The lowest grain yield per unit area was obtained from the sowing date of April 9, with a plant distance of 15 cm.

According to the results of two years of experiment, a plant distance of 15 cm is suitable for planting lima beans. Considering the fixed distance of planting rows, in both spring and summer sowing dates, 24 April and 11 August are preferred. Also, due to rice cultivation in Guilan province as the main crop, cultivation of Lima beans after rice harvest in early August is recommended.

In order to determine the best irrigation method to improve growth and physiological traits of some promising peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) lines in Guilan province, two experiments carried out in 2017 - 2018 cropping seasons as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht, Iran. Two irrigation methods including of cretaceous (conventional) and furrow (ridge) methods and five promising peanut lines ( 128, 176, 192, 201 and 208) comprised experimental treatments as main and sub plots, respectively. Results showed that cretaceous irrigation method caused to increase pod numbers per plant (26.46). In this experiment, peanut 192 line produced the greatest seed yield (3128 kg/ha), seed unmber per pod (2.08) and biological yield (8983 kg/ha) in response to cretaceous irrigation method. In addition, the greatest seed oil content (52.94 %) was obtained under conventional cretaceous irrigation method. In general, results showed that the cretaceous (conventional) irrigation method of peanut enhanced seed numbers per pod, seed yield and biological yield of peanut promising lines under region climatic condition.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.; AACC, 2n = 38) is the most important edible oilseed crop in the world . In most breeding programs specially when comparing several varieties in different environments, because of line×environment interaction, lines in different environments show variable performances. For this reason, it is difficult to recommend and introduce superior cultivars in vast environments. Genotype×environment interaction can be estimated using diffrerent statistical procedures.This study was performed for determination of yield stability for 25 winter lines. Breeding to increase yield per surface unit is associated with the production of varieties that are able to properly utilize environmental conditions. therefore it is necessary to review and evaluate the compatibility of different cultivars in the target environments.

This study was conducted to evaluate compatibility and yield comparisons in cold and temperate cold conditions of the country. In which 20 winter rapeseed lines with two promising lines and three cultivars namely Okapi, Ahmadi and Modena in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications were planted and compared. This experiment conducted in five place (Karaj, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Tabriz and Arak) during two years of cultivation (2009-10, 2010-11). In this experiment, the AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) method was used to investigate the effects of multiplicity (genotype × environment interaction) and reaction analysis of the lines studied. In this research, SAS (Statistical Analysis System) software was used for analyzing AMMI method and Sigmaplot software was used for drawing plots.

Simple effects of location, genotype and genotype×environment interaction were significant. Analysis of AMMI method showed environmental portion of line×environment interaction had highest effect in seed yield. Based on this analysis, the first three principle components were significant at 1% probability level and the fourth principle component was significant at 5% probability levels and accounted for 26.8%, 21.23%, 13.58% and 10.99% of interaction sum of squares respectively. HW112 and L120 lines showed lower ASV after SW101, but the L120 line was found to have lower yields than the total average as high yield stable lines.

Sustainability evaluation using ASV index showed that SW101 line has the highest stability. This line was considered as a genotype with good general stability by having the lowest ASV and higher performance than the total average. Finally, SW101was introduced as a genotype with good general stability due to the lowest interaction effect and the mean yield higher than the mean average.

Peanut is one of the most important oilseed plants with indeterminate growth habit, its flowering continue at about 60 to 70 days after emergence, and then flower development will begin to decline. Peanut seed and meal contains a range of 40-50% oil and 30-50% protein on a dry seed basis. A suitable planting method and distance between plant rows can improve photosynthetic process and enhance quantitative and qualitative yield in peanut seed. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of row distance between peanut plant rows and transplanting and sowing method on seed yield and physiological characteristics of peanut new lines under Guilan climatic condition.

In order to evaluate the effect of row distance and planting method effects on important physiological peanut traits includings of plant height, number of second branch per plant, grain yield, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, grain number per pod, dry forage yield, biological yield, grain oil and protein content and harvest index in peanut (NC2), two experiments carried out in 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht (49º 57´ N; 37º 26´ E, and 10 m above sea level), Iran. Three row distances (40, 50 and 60 cm) and two planting methods (transplanting and sowing) comprised experimental treatments as main and sub plots, respectively.

Results showed that the interaction effect between row distances and planting method was significant on some agronomic characteristics such as plant height, number of second branch per plant, grain yield, number of pods per plant, 100-grain weight, grain number per pod, dry forage yield, biological yield and harvest index. Based on the results of this experiment, the transplanting method of peanut plants caused it to accelerate the initial stage of flowering. Maximum grain yield (2978 kg ha-1), number of pods per plant (56.65), dry forage yield (4698 kg ha-1), biological yield (9924 kg ha-1) and harvest index (30.02 %) were obtained at 40 cm row distance and transplanting method. Also, the highest grain number per pod (1.33) was obtained at 60 cm row distance and transplanting method. Maximum 100-grain weight (57.05 g) was observed at 50 cm row distance and sowing method. The results indicated that peanut grain yield enhanced in response to decreasing of planting row distance and transplanting method which could be due to improved solar radiance absorption, enhanced of photosynthetic capacity and optimized uses of unit area. Based on the results of this experiment, 40 cm distance between peanut plant rows and transplanting method could be recommendable to enhance peanut seed yield under the region climatic condition.

Peanut is one of the most important legume crop and rich in oil and protein. Topping of peanuts is important for penetration of solar radiant into canopy, and mineral nutrients improve peanut seed yield. This experiment was carried out as split plot arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in research station of Guilan agricultural and natural resources research and education center, Rasht, Iran, in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons. Experimental treatments included: no topping topping, of main stem at 10 and 20 centimeters height above the soil surface were assigned to main plots and 10 treatments: non application of nano chelate as check, soil application of Zn, Ca and Zn+Ca, foliar application of Zn, Ca and Zn+Ca nano chelates and integrated application methods of Zn, Ca and Zn+Ca nano chelates as sub plots. The results showed that the highest seed yield (2722 kgha-1), pod number per plant (24.47), 100-seed weight (82.19 g), biological yield (6540 kgha-1), harvest index (57.53 %) and seed Zn content (12.08 ppm) obtained in foliar application of Zn nano chelates and topping of main stem at 20 centimeters above the soil surface. The highest seed Ca content (35.86 ppm) was measured under foliar application of Ca nano chelates and toppin of main stem at 20 centimeters above the soil surface. It was concluded that the foliar application of Zn nano chelates and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters enhanced seed yield due to photosynthetic capacity increment and increasing of solar radiation penetration into the canopy of peanut under Guilan climatic conditions.

Peanut is one of the important legume crops and its grain rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very high nutrient requirement, Hence, in order to evaluate the effects of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and their application methods on yield and some physiological traits in peanut, a field experiment carried out in 2016 cropping season as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Rasht), Iran. Nano chelate fertilizers including of Zn, Ca and Zn + Ca as main plots, the application methods of nano chelate fertilizers such as in soil, foliar spraying, integrated methods of Nano chelate fertilizers application along with no utility of fertilizers (as check) as sub plots, were comprised experimental treatments. The results showed that the effects of nano chelate fertilizers and their application methods interaction effects between them were significant for all physiological measured characteristics. Also, the highest seed yield (3070 kg/ha), biological yield (7386 kg/ha), fruit (pod) yield (4545 kg/ha) and peanut hull production (1548 kg/ha) was observed as affected by simultaneously usage of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers, integrated method of the in soil utilization and foliar application of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers. The greatest fresh forage and hay yield (9235 and 2345 kg/ha, respectively) was observed under simultaneously usage of Zn and Ca chelate nono fertilizers and integrated method of in soil and foliar spraying application of Zn and Ca nano chelate fertilizers. Based on results of this experiment, the application of Ca nano chelate fertilizer could improve peanut reproductive growth and Zn deficiency during reproductive growth caused to enhance hollow pod numbers due to photosynthetic capability increment in peanut plants.

Nima variety, is resulted from the selection and purification of single plants in segregating generations derived from the cross Okapi´Modena. Single plants in F2 and their segregating generations were cultivated for five consecutive years until pure-lines were obtained in F6 generation. Selected pure lines were evaluated in a preliminary yield trial conducted in Hamedan in 2008-09. The result showed that seed yield of line SW102 (Nima) was 7% higher than Okapi (check cultivar). The study of selected lines in Karaj, Hamedan, Arak, Khosroshah near Tabriz and Islamabad-e-Gharb during 2009 and 2010 showed that seed yield of line SW102 (Nima) was 18% higher than Okapi. Based on stability parameters of environmental coefficient of variation and mean and variance of ranks for grain yield, SW102 had a good yield stability across different environments in all experinments. Evaluation of resistance to common oilseed rape diseases in Iran indicated relative resistance of SW102 to blackleg and sclerotinia diseases. Results of on- farm trials in Hamedan in 2012 showed that SW102 with grain yield of 4983 kgha-1 produced the highest seed yield. Results of on- farm trials in Isfahan showed that grain yield of SW102 and Okapi under drought stress decreased 13.4 and 23.6%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation. Based on desirable characteristics of line SW102 such as high grain and oil yield, good adaptability, relative tolerance to terminal drought stress and resistance to blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot compared to Okapi (check), this line was released as Nima and is recommended for cultivation in cold and moderately cold regions of Iran.

In order to determine the optimum harvesting date in direction to improve the quality attributes, antioxidant and storage capacity in Hayward kiwifruit, this experiment were performed based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2012-2013 cropping season in western north of Guilan province, Astara, Iran. The studied treatment were including of five harvest dates of kiwifruit such as 17, 23 and 30 Oct. and 7 and 14 Nov. 2013. Based on results of this experiment, the effect of harvesting date was significant on all measured traits in Hayward kiwifruit except for fruit density and vitamin C. The highest degree of kiwifruit firmness (9.35 kg. cm-2) and their soluble solids content (6.6 %) were observed at 23 Oct. and 14 Nov. 2013, respectively. Delayed harvesting of kiwifruit decreased total titratable acidity. But, antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit enhanced response to delayed harvesting date. Also, in this experiment there was negative and significant correlation between antioxidant capacity and total titratable acidity of kiwifruit (r= - 0.74**). But, the correlation coefficient between kiwifruit firmness and antioxidant capacity was positive and significant (r= 0.70**). In addition, the correlation coefficient between soluble solids and firmness was negative and significant (r= - 0.82**). Delayed harvesting up to 14 Nov. 2013 caused to increase the content of soluble solids and antioxidant capacity and enhancement of shelf life ability in Hayward kiwifruit. In general, the date of 14 Nov. 2013 can be recommendable to harvest Hayward kiwifruit and prolonging of its shelf life in region climatic condition.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important legume crops and it is rich in oil (47-53 %) and protein (25-36 %). Peanut has very high nutrient requirement. On the contrary severe mineral nutrient deficiency due to inadequate and imbalanced use of nutrients is one of the major factors responsible for low yield in peanut (Kabir et al., 2013). Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in the production of biomass. Furthermore, Zn may be required for chlorophyll production, pollen function and fertilization (Kaya and Higgs, 2002; Pandey et al., 2006). Among the nutrients, Zn deficiency causes yield loss to the maximum of 40% in peanut (Arunachalam et al., 2013). Plant response to Zn deficiency occurs in terms of decrease in membrane integrity, susceptibility to heat stress, decreased synthesis of carbohydrates, cytochromes nucleotide, auxin and chlorophyll (Singh, 2007). Calcium (Ca) is required by peanut plants from the initial stage of pegs appearance until pods maturity. Ca deficiency aborts or shrivels fruit and leads to high percentage of empty pods. The comparison of the various methods of peanut plants fertilization is more important. Peanuts need full sun and topping of main stem in peanut plants could improve solar radiance penetration in to the canopy. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of plant topping, Zn and Ca nano-fertilizers and their application on peanut yield. This experiment was carried out in 2016 cropping season as split split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nano-chelates including nano-chelated Zn, nano-chelated Ca and simultaneous usage of nano-chelated Zn and nano-chelated Ca fertilizers and check as the main plots, the application of methods such as the soil utilization of nano-chelates, foliar application and integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of fertilizers as sub plots, and topping of the main stem at 10 and 20 centimeters above the floor and no topping as control comprised the experimental treatments. In this experiment, the highest seed yield, biological yield, fruit (pod) yield and peanut hull production were observed as affected by simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nano- chelates, integrated method of the soil utilization and foliar application of Zn and Ca nano- chelates and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor. The greatest fresh forage and hay yield was shown under simultaneous usage of Zn and Ca nono- chelates integrated method of the soil application and foliar spraying of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and topping of the main stem at 10 centimeters above the floor. But the highest percentage of hollow pods per plant and fruit harvest index were achieved under no topping of the peanut stem. It seems that dividing Ca nano-chelate application could improve peanut reproductive growth. But Zn deficiency during the reproductive growth enhanced hollow pod numbers due to probable photosynthetic capability increment of peanut plant.In general, simultaneous application of Zn and Ca nano-chelates and integrated methods of their usage and topping of the main stem at 20 centimeters above the floor increased fruit and grain yield of peanut under Guilan climatic condition.