معصومه ایمان زاد

Recognize and respect the rights of patients is important in improving quality of care and increased reliability and Patient satisfaction. The aim study was Clinical training student's awareness from patient's rights in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University, Tehran (2013-14). In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 70 Clinical training students in Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences University were selected using Stratified random sampling method. Data were gatherers using a Questionnaire which analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 16. Student awareness of patient's rights was 8.5% weak, 90% moderate and 1.4% good. Highest awareness was Access to services (61.07%) and the lowest awareness was personal liberty (44.7%).Discution: In study Ajami Ghaleh Rashidi and Colleagues That examines the relationship between knowledge of patient's rights with respect in rehabilitation experts of Rehabilitation centers in Tehran showed Knowledge of patient's rights in 7/59 percent of the experts were in very good, Ranjbar study and collaborate on different fields of Medical Students student's knowledge was assessed Average Clinical training students communicate with patients (particularly students who communicate with disabilities) is importance, so Planning to improve student awareness about the patient's rights is necessary. To compensate for the lack of information in the field,offering a course Introduction to the patient's rights, workshops, informing through educational journals and introduce the book to students by teachers can be effective.

Backgrounds and Road traffic accidents are one of the world’s largest health problems and trauma is the leading cause of death among young people in developing countries. The present study aims to demographically investigate the trauma resulting from road traffic accidents in patients referred to Taleghani Hospital in Mashhad (Khorasan razavi، Iran). In this descriptive and cross-sectional study، 4699 cases injured in road accidents and referred to Taleghani hospital from March 2012 to February 2013 has been investigated (Mashhad، Iran). Substantive data entry form including demographic factors (age، sex، history of hospitalization، date of admission، and discharge status of the patient) was data collection tool. Data were collected through enumeration method and were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency، percentage، mean، standard deviation) and SPSS (18). 73. 2% of injury cases were male and most injuries occurred between the ages of 20 and 30. Most accidents (48. 41%) occurred in summer in September. In terms of patients’ required services، 59. 4%، 23. 7%، 7. 2%، 8. 1%، 0. 9%، 0. 6% and 0. 1% of patients were hospitalized in the emergency department، the accident ward 1 and 2، neurosurgery ward، general and men’s surgical ward، ICU، orthopedic ward and neurology ward، respectively. Considering the significant importance of road accidents as a social، predictable and controllable problem، roads’ safety and standardization should be deeply considered and planning and basic actions should be taken in this area.

Stress is a complex phenolmenon which concentrates on thedynamic relation between human and environment. Education is a stressful experience, especially in medical sciences since it is one of the most stressful occupations. The critical concern about students is the effect of stress on their education, so it is necessary to take preventive policies against stress and its consequences. This study is conducted to investtigate the effect of stress and its associated factors on female students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 420 female students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences who were randomly selected. To collect the data, Harrey stress test was given to the students. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software. Results of the study showed that 9.9% (42 students) of studentswerehealthyand gained less than 150 score and 90.1% (381 students) suffered from moderate nervousness. The obtained results indicated a significant relationship between marital status and nervousness (p=0.02). However, no significant relationship was found between nervousness and age (p<0.76), grade of studying (p<0.90), major of study (p<0.76) and living site (p<0.43).Discussion & Our results suggested that we could reduce nervousness by providing secure mental conditions, changing social conditions, improving educationnal status especially holding exam and also motivating college students

Abstract This study was performed on the base of importance ofphenylalanine dehydrogenase (PheDH) in the outbreak of phenylketonuria (PKU). In order for PKU screening one of the medical applications of enzyme is, identifying and quantifying the exact amount of L-phe in blood serum. The research question was whether the level of protein expression changes after optimization of codon usage in pET-23a and pPR37 expression vectors in E.coli expression system host and the level of expression of the two vectors are different. In this study, experimental approach has been performed. In this study, pdh gene optimized was used belonging to B.sphaericus that was cloned in the two expression vectors. Codon optimization was performed by online Jcat software. PheDH was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography column. The relative molecular mass of PheDH subunit was about 41KDa by SDS-PAGE 10%.The purity and amount of proteins were assessed by SDS-PAGE. The highest rate of expression was observed at 8h after induction inpETpdh/BL21 (DE3)plysS construction. The level of expression of other construction was very low. Applying this method for purification the specific activity of enzyme was 705 U/mg of protein. Our polyhistidine-tag enzyme can be ideally used for the immobilization on a nickel coated microliter plate surface. On the based of this research, it is recommended for large scale enzyme production. According to the comparison between the twogene construction,presumablypETpdh construction is appropriate for production of PeDH enzyme in large-scale.

Today, medical and nursing education is moving from traditional into student-centered educational system. In this context, teaching and learning via computers and internet has been increasing in popularity. This study was aimed to determine the knowledge, skills, access and usage of computers, internet and databases in nursing students and some of the related factors. This is a descriptive and correlation study. 145 undergraduate students were randomly selected from the nursing midwifery school. Data were collected by “status of computer and internet usage” questionnaire. Content validity and test-retest method were used for its validity and reliability respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 and analytical - descriptive statistics.Nursing students expressed their knowledge and skills of computers and internet usage in the good level. Also, their access to computers and internet were “high” (44. 8%) and “moderate” (47. 6 %) respectively. The most important factors of facilitating and inhibiting usage of computers and internet were “Easy using of computer” and “Slow speed of internet” respectively. The knowledge and skills of computers and internet usage was correlated with their usage.The results of this study highlights needs of computers and internet learning for nurses. This should be consider by health planners and policy makers.

Urbanization and industrial activities have heavily caused air pollution in cities that make a serious threat for people‘s health. So، awareness of air quality over time periods and also the trend of air pollution changes in locations may have an important role in urban health management and land use policy-making. The data utilized in the present study included all concentr-ations of CO that were recorded by poll-ution measurement stations of Tehran city in 2011. Idicator kriging، autologistic and centered autologistic models were used to analyze these data. Arc Gis and R softw-ares were used to process these models. The predictions that were made by these methods showed that eastern، northern and central parts of Tehran city were more polluted than other zones. Among the methods used in this project، centered autologistic model was more precise than indicator kriging method and autologistic model. Discusion & The centered au-tologistic model is recommended to analyse spatial binary data. Because it provided a more precies prediction than indicator kriging method by considering the effects of explanatory variables. On the other hand، it eliminates the biases in fitted vlues of autologistic model.

Patient advocacy concept is a very important issue، because if the me-aning of advocacy in nursing profession is not clear، nurses will not properly prepare to perform one of their basic roles. Sear-ching the literature shows that there is not a useful tool to evaluate the advocacy role of nurses in Iran. Therefore this study was conducted for designing and validating the nursing advocacy scale in Iran. This study was a methodological research. Initially، instr-ument items were designed through a comprehensive overview of present quail-tative and quantitative studies and used tools in the field of nursing advocacy conc-ept in the word. Then، validity of the tool was obtained through face، content and constructs validity and its reliability was obtained via internal consistency and test-retest. Content validity index of Waltz and Bausell for all instruments of nursing advocacy scale was 93. 72. In order to det-ermine face validity of nursing advocacy scale، we tried to use writing، structuring and a seeming logical and interesting for the tool. By using exploratory factor ana-lysis، principal components method and orthogonal Varimax rotation، the factor structure of the nursing advocacy scale instrument was documented in five dime-nsions. Cronbach''s alpha coefficient for nursing advocacy was 0. 920 and test-retest reliability coefficient was 0. 916. Discussion & At the end of the study، «nursing advocacy scale» which co-ntained 57 items، and was composed of five dimensions were designed and prep-ared. These aspects included A) Necessity of nursing advocacy with 12 items، B) Nature of nursing advocacy with 16 items، C) Facilitating factors of nursing advocacy with 10 items، D) Inhibiting factors of nursing advocacy with 13 items and E) and results of nursing advocacy with 6 items.

Today، ecstasy abuse has been extended. Also، the substance has an easy access that increases their damaging effects. Therefore، this study aimed to de-termine the knowledge and attitude of students about ecstasy and its com-plications. In this cross-sectio-nal study، 254 undergraduate students were selected by random sampling in the health and architecture schools of Shahid Beheshti University. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with high reliability and validity that included four sections; demographic، knowledge about ecstasy; attitudes and behavior toward ecs-tasy. The questionnaire was completed by the students under study. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and statistical tests، T-test and ANOVA. Participants in this study were 116 (45. 65%) male and 138 (54. 35%) fem-ale students. 122 (48. 5%) students were fro-m the school of health، and 132 (51. 95%) were from the school of architecture. 95% of students had used ecstasy and 79% stated that they need to attend in courses related to ecstasy and its complications. 62 % tended to participate in workshops. About 50. 4% of the students had a moderate level of knowledge، and about 67. 3% of them had a good attitude. Also، knowledge and attitude had not significant associations with disc-ipline، gender and place of residence (p>0. 05). There was no significant assoc-iation between knowledge and marital status، but there was a significant relation-nship between positive attitudes toward effects of ecstasy and marital status (p=0. 0001). Discussion & According to the findings، the students'' knowledge and their positive attitudes towards effects of ecstasy were not desirable and appropriate. It is suggested that the finding of the study will be used to provide effective education programs and to promote the knowledge and attitude of students.

The equity in health and inequity elimination in health sector is one of the most important challenges of health systems in the world, especially in develo-ping countries. The present research aimed to explore the nurse manpower distribution at state hospitals of Iran by Lorenz curve and Gini index during 2001-2006. Methods & Materials: The method used in the study was a descriptive analytical, retr-ospective and longitudinal one. The data were analyzed using Excel Software by Lorenz Curve and Gini index estimation. The findings of the study showed that among the proportions for the number of nurses in population, the highest propo-rtion was for Semnan province over all the years studied and the lowest proportion was for Hamedan in 2001, for Kohkilouye va Boyerahmad from 2001 to 2003 and for Sistan va Balouchestan from 2004 to 2006, respectively. Also, the Gini coefficients for nurses were 0.0274, 0.0094, 0.0226, 0.0002, 0.0007 and 0.0402 from 2001 to 2006. Discussion & Findings of the study indicated that in spite of a difference in the proportion of nurses among the inv-estigated provinces, an equal distribution of nurses has been established at state hos-pitals according to the Gini index and Lor-enz curve. The findings can provide useful insight for health policy-makers.

Clinical education is the most fundamental part of the curriculum of nurs-ing students that combines theoretical kno-wledge and practical skills and prepares them to enter the field of patient care and provide clinical and treatment services. Different ways of clinical education have a direct impact on the clinical skills acqu-isition and student satisfaction. So، this study aimed to investigate the relation bet-ween preparation of preceptors and nursing student’s satisfaction of clinical education.

This research was a cross-sectional research study. 44 clinical preceptors and 202 nursing students parti-cipated in the research during 1391. The preparedness questionnaire for preceptors had two parts، the demographic and clinical preparation، and students'' satisfaction ques-tionnaire also had two sections including demographic information and 25 questions about their satisfaction. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statist-ics and sample analysis methods. Also، the chi-square test was used to link survey objectives and research questions.

The average of age was 22. 5 ye-ars for students and 40 years for preceptors. 75 percent of preceptors had bachelor deg-ree، and 25 percent had master degree. They had averagely 16. 34 and 5. 69 years services and preceptor experience، respectively. 53. 5 percent of students reported a high satisfac-tion and only 10. 4% reported a low satisfa-ction. There was statistically significant re-lation between clinical preparedness of preceptors and student satisfaction (P=0. 024). Relation between clinical prepar-edness and sex (P=0. 05)، marital status (P=0. 01) and coaching experience (P=0. 038) were significant and in the female groups، the number of married people and coaching experience was more than 5 years. Relation of student satisfaction with the sex (P=0. 004) and student’s employment (P=0. 001) were significantly higher in male and employed groups. Discussion &

Given to the rel-ationships between preceptor preparedness and nursing student’s satisfactions in the represented clinical education period، this model is suggested as an applicable and suitable one for nursing colleges and health related educational centers. The accurate selection of people who interested in clin-ical trainings، providing training and edu-cational requirements and holding coordin-ation meetings among preceptors and fac-ulty members and presenting guidelines and clinical education plan can promote clinical training and student’s satisfaction.

The center and core of every high education system are students. And students as the main driving force of the societies toward the development and prog-ress needs having computer and Internet for research purposes. Therefore، the aim of this study was to determine the satisfaction rate of students with computer centers at Shahr-e-Kord University of Medical Scie-nces. This study was a descriptive study in which 275 students we-re randomly chosen at the Shahr-e-kord Un-iversity of Medical Sciences. The data col-lection tool was a researcher made ques-tionnaire which its reliability was obtained by the Cronbach''s alpha test of 0. 88. Data was analyzed using SPSS16 and P<0. 05 was considered significant. Subjects were 121 (44%) female and 154 subjects (56%) male students. The mean age of the female and male students was 21. 64±2. 47 and 21. 81±2. 33 years،- respectively. The average satisfaction sco-res with the computer center of school of medicine was 48. 40±22. 43، with the com-puter center of the deputy of research was 49. 92±19. 57 and with the computer centers of dormitories was 28. 90±23. 25. Discussion & Results indicated that students'' satisfaction toward the comp-uter centers of dormitories was much lower than the other centers. Since the students spend the most of their time in dormitories، resolving the shortages in these centers leads to prevent time loses by the students due to their referring to other computer cen-ters.

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common and costly occupational injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders represent a significant occupational problem among nurses. The aim of current study was to determine behavioral factors related to musculoskeletal disorders among nurses by using the theory of planned behavior. A cross-sectional study was carried out among nurses in hospitals of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2011. A total number of 264 registered nurses with working experience at least one year, and different shifts were included in the study. A reliable and valid questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior and Nordic was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS for windows V.16 Independent t-test, chi-square, Mann - Whitney and Pearson correlation tests were used for testing the correlations among variables. The study showed that 47.5% of nurses in the past 12 months and 36.2% during the past 7 days have suffered from musculoskeletal disorders. The most work-related disorders were in the low back and neck. Also statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores of the constructs of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention in nurses with and without musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorder rate still is high in nurses and attention and action is needed to improve nurses’ health. Theory of planned behavior is effective at identifying behavioral and attitudinal factors related to the correct ergonomic principles in the through working position.

From the view point of holistic nursing، human body is multi-dimensional and while he has the cognitive، emotional، social and spiritual dimensions; the spiritual dimension is superior to others. Greater the spiritual health of nursing students increases، they will be better able to care for patients، so we did this study for evaluation of spiritual health among nursing students. In a descriptive- correlation study and according to the view of Islam، a questionnaire about spiritual health that consists of the following sections: demographic information، the belief system، mentality dimension، the morality system and lifestyle، respectively is distributed between 100 nursing students using simple random selection. The collected responds are analyzed by the SPSS software and the results of spiritual health are divided into four levels from low to high level. 61% of the samples were male. None of them scored low level. 4%، 53% and 43% of the samples achieved the levels of low-moderate، moderate to high and high-level، respectively. The results showed significant relationship between spiritual health aspects with age and sex. We didn’t find any statistical relationship between the spiritual health and the semester; so، it seems that education has no effect on the spiritual health of college students. Hence، to promote the spiritual health of college students، we suggest adding a course about the spiritual health at four-year program of nursing education content.