معصومه سلیمانی

The end-Permian mass extinction which is known as the largest bio-event in the Phanerozoic had a significant influence on the sedimentary regime. Latest Permian skeletal carbonates in the equatorial shallow seas, immediately after the extinction horizon, are replaced by non-skeletal microbialites. In this study, morphological diversity, associating organisms, and environmental conditions of these microbialites at the Hambast Range (Central Iran) are documented and discussed in this study. No erosional surface is observed in the topmost Permian bed and except for one tabular clotted microbial bed, all the other microbialites are characterized by domical form and digitated/columnar inner structures. The presence of laminations within the columns indicates the presence of mounds of columnar stromatolites and the clotted fabrics are interpreted as a Thrombolite fabric. Microscopic investigation of the micritic materials between the microbial columns/clots confirms the presence of sponge remains (fibers and spicules). Low (morphological) diversity and the dominance of digitated/columnar microbialites in the studied area indicate a more stable depositional condition in a deeper marine setting, compared to highly diverse and thrombolite-dominated microbialites (e.g., S. China microbialites). The development of domical columnar microbialites in such a setting is perhaps due to the competition for light. The association of sponges with the presence of a complex reef ecosystem immediately after the extinction horizon. The restriction of these reefs to the area with microbial buildups signifies the role of microbial activities (e.g., providing oxygen) in the development of reef ecosystems in a global unfavorable condition after the end-Permian extinction.

Gneissic domes are evidence of vertical movements in both compressional and extensional tectonic regimes in orogenic systems. These domes are evidence of mutual interaction between gravitational and tectonic forces in the continental crust. Gneissic domes have unique structures in deformed regions. These domes include a complex of deformed metamorphic rocks and intrusive masses covered with the upper layers of the crust. The Toutak gneissic dome is located in the high-pressure-low-temperature Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt and is an example of gneissic domes in the Zagros orogenic system. The purpose of this research is to determine the deformation temperature based on the petrofabric characteristics of quartz minerals in the mylonite rocks exposed in the Toutak gneissic dome. The temperature obtained from the quartz c-axis pattern shows the temperature range from 260±50 to 565±50 °C for the deformation. The asymmetry of quartz c-axis patterns indicates the occurrence of dextral shear during the deformation.

Geometric analysis of fractures in calcareous reservoirs containing hydrocarbon resources is of particular importance. Knowing the location and distribution of fractures in such reservoirs can play an effective role in providing field development plans, determining suitable sites for new drilling and reducing exploration costs. This study was carried out to evaluate the relative frequency of fractures method to identify regional fractures in the Bibihakimeh oilfield. The required data have been extracted by analyzing the underground countor maps in the Bibihakimeh oilfield. Then, the accuracy of the fracture map prepared based on this method was evaluated with the relevant data of reservoir parameters in the studied oilfields. Data on mud loss, thermal gradient, overburden thickness, total organic carbon and production index confirm results obtained from the relative frequency of fractures in the center of the oilfield. Comparison of the results with the map of basement faults in the study area shows that the performance of these regional fractures has caused curvature development and fractures concentration in some parts of the Bibihakimeh oilfield. These regional fractures act as a conduit for heat transfer from the depth to the surface, which in turn has led to a sharp increase in thermal gradient and production in wells in the central parts of the studied oilfield.

Today's world is facing various problems and unsustainability in different ecological, economical, and social domains. Decrease in natural sources, increase of pollution, fertile soil becoming salty, desertification, eradication of genetic variety, extreme poverty, and expansion of social-habitational inequality are among the above mentioned problems. Solving these unsustainability's requires the proper and effective solution of their bases and warding off the effective factors. Besides, by defining unsustainability, it is possible to take more appropriate measures to deal with it. In Iran, rural habitations are facing a lot of unsustainability's which is manifested in villagers` mass migration to cities. Thus, in order to establish a suitable situation in rural habitations, it is necessary to diagnose factors effecting on unsustainability and find solutions for it. The present paper is trying to answer the following question: How is it that, in spite of half a century of planning for rural development in Iran, rural habitations are still unsustainable and what are the factors eefecting on unsustainabilitys?

The current study is a “theoretical-basic” research in which using previous studies, effective factors on rural unsustainability are identified and their various aspects and outcomes are dealt with. If these factors have negative effects or lead to unsustainability, they are regarded as effective factors in rural sustainability through logical reasoning. The arrangement of the material in the present paper is based on the scientific background of its writers, but wherever required appropriate cross reference(s) is (are) mentioned. Finally, through surveying previous effects and conclusions, the writers` outlook and the last result are stated.

Based on the available knowledge, factors effective on rural unsustainability are divided into two groups, natural factors and supranational ones. A. National factors: 1. Unlocalized theoretical bases of development in Iran; These schools of thought, attitudes, and strategies are effective on rural unsustainability in Iran due to their emphasis on industrial development so that agriculture development would pay the price. 2. Shortcomings and problems of the planning system; Overemphasis on “Rational Planning Theory” and centralism in the process of planning have had an impact on the occurrence of unsustainability in Iran. Centralism has played its roles in the emergence of rural unsustainability through disregard for local and regional aspects in rural planning and misunderstanding of different economic, social, and ecological domains of rural areas and lack of success in seeking others` cooperation. 3. Rentier of governments; A rentier government, through weakening the bases of social participation by lack of development of its civilized community, by seeking people`s dependence on itself, and due to its lack of regard for agriculture sector-because of its financial independence- has led the affairs to rural unsustainability in Iran. 4. Educational deficiency and scanty knowledge; This causes unavailability of effective human sources and, as a result, leads to rural unsustainability. 5. Problems and deficiencies of rural management Past centralized management, some shortcomings of a few urban councils, and detachment of rural management from a good (reasonable) government have so far been decisive in rural unsustainability. 6. Shortcomings of facilities and services; Organizational pattern of providing villages with different services, definition of “village” in the law of civil divisions passed in 1985, ignoring villages having less than 20 households in the process of development, and centering of various services on large villages, accounting for the same population to offer services all over the country, and not considering regional/local differences are among these shortcomings. B. Supranational factors: 1. Rational approach; This approach has led to an unrealistic view of ecological problems and unsustainability. 2. Industrial revolution; Manufacturing activities have caused exploiting of natural sources followed by ecological problems. 3. Population growth; This has increased demands, waste products, decrease in per capita access to natural sources; and, as a result, occurrence of unsustainability. 4. Nature of development; Growth in the well-being of people has been associated with injustice and destruction of the environment.

In Iran, unsustainability is mainly due to social constructs which weaken mass participation of villagers. It also seems that among various factors strangeness of developmental patterns, which are based on theoretical planning and management of development, etc. are mainly decisive in this respect.Thus, applying a local pattern of development and ridding of different obstacles preventing from villagers` participation are effective measures to face rural unsustainability.

Today researchers consider sports as one of the methods of reinforcing psychological parameters development. The purpose of the present study was to compare psychological well-being in the athlete and non-athlete (ordinary) students. This was a cross sectional study and the statistical population included all high school students of Miyandoab city during 2012-2013 educational year. The statistical sample of the research included 100 athlete student and 100 non-athlete student who were selected through multistage cluster sampling. The participants answered Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale (with 0.68 reliability). Data were analyzed using independent two sample t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results of t-test revealed that psychological well-being of the athlete students (81.86±14.89) was significantly higher than non-athlete students (76.13±9.22) (p<0.001). Results of multivariate analysis of variances indicated that positive relationship with others and purpose in life of athlete students (13.82±3.89 and 14.97±3.43, respectively) were significantly higher than non-athlete students (11.74±2.73 and 12.50±2.80 respectively) (p<0.001), while there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of self-acceptance, environmental mastery, personal growth and autonomy (p>0.05). The results revealed that athlete students were in better position with regard to psychological well-being, positive relationship with others and purpose in life than non-athlete students.

Happiness is a concept which has become of high importance for the past years because of its role in psychological well-being and the social health of people. The present research has been conducted to study the role of happiness in predicting the psychological well-being of male athlete students. A number of 100 physically active students were chosen through multistep cluster sampling out of male physically active students in the city of Miyandoab in the academic year 1391-92. They responded to the short scale depression-happiness of Joseph et al. (with the stability of 0.69) and Ryff’s scale of psychological well-being (with the stability of 0.68) having six components of self-acceptance, environmental mastery, positive relations with others, purpose in life, personal growth and independence. The results showed that there is a relationship between happiness and well-being (r = 0.53). Also, happiness, in a positive and meaningful way, predicts changes pertaining to psychological well-being (p < 0.001 r2 = 0.282). Enhancing and improving happiness along with physical and sportive activities may help increase psychological well-being of students.

Waste tires can be used in shred or chips, whole tire, fiber or powder shapes for improvement of different soils. When a waste tire is used as fiber or powder, it should be used with a reinforcer material such as geotextile, geogrid or adhesive materials such as cement. It can behave extra cost. The engineering properties of sand-tire mixed depend on the percentage of added tire pieces and the geological properties of sand. This paper shows the effect of sand grains shape and the relative density on sand settlement while be mixed with tire fibers. To achieve this goal, a settlement test (Raw cell) was done. The used fibers had 4-5.5 mm length and 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fiber was mixed with two types of sandy soils. First type of soils had rounded grains and second type of soils had angular grains. The results show that the shape of grains and relative density (until 75%) of reinforced sand have a significant effect on settlement values and the settlement of angular grain sand is lower than rounded grains sand. Also, when the reinforced soil had dense state, a clear decrease trend of settlement value was observed, when reinforced soil had loose and medium state, similar behavior was observed. In these cases, it is necessary to use an adhesive material (i.e. cement) as the mixture of sand and tire fibers.

In his viewpoint on the divine Prophets and miracles- as a means of justifying prophecy’s claim- and divine laws, Marsilio Ficino draws particularly upon two parts (sections) in Avicenna’s al-Shifa, Metaphysic and On the Soul (De anima). In this article, having put forth Ficino’s beliefs (ideas/conviction/understanding) on these matters, we substantiate Ficino’s references to Avicenna. Avicenna’s influence on Ficino is not limited to the above issues only. This Florentine Platonist is also indebted to Avicenna in other subjects such as the process of transforming of divine laws of Prophet, the necessity of existence of the prophets and the content of prophet laws.

Animal studies showed that male gastric tissues respond more rapidly to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection but the possible mechanisms remained unclear. There is no data about gender specific activity of Androgen receptor (AR) as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in gastric cancer and its interactions with H. pylori and angiogenesis in both genders. To compare the pathogenesis of H. pylori and to evaluate its role on tissue levels of Androgen Receptor (AR) and uPA as a major angiogenic factors in gastric adenocarcinoma، malignant and corresponding normal tissue specimens of 71 gastric adenocarcinoma were selected retrospectively. Modified Giemsa staining was used for identifying H. pylori infection and immunohistochemical methods were used to identify differential expressions of above markers in glandular، surface epithelial، tumoral، stromal، endothelial and lymphatic cells. Interestingly 83. 3% of H. pylori positive males showed AR overexpression in their surface epithelial cells whereas the same interaction was not found in H. pylori positive females. Higher vascular invasion (p=0. 047) and higher expression of uPA in stromal cells of male patients (p=0. 007) clued us to different tumor progressive factors in males. Linear regression analysis showed H. pylori infection، surface epithelial AR and sex as three significant factors in tumoral uPA (p=0. 004)، stromal uPA (p=0. 012) and lymphatic uPA (p=0. 016) expression in males which play important roles on invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Present results suggest the strong role of H. Pylori on angiogenesis in males which could be considered as a new molecular mechanism of tumor progression by interacting with the receptor of male hormone and angiogenic pathways.

The present article is intended to study, analyze and evaluate the humanistic foundations of views expressed by Marsilio Ficino; the Florentine Philosopher of Renaissance. Teaching and Studying classic languages and literature and translating many texts from both Latin and Greek Languages, easy and fluent writing and also following the writing style of classic authors like Seneca in the majority of his works including Letters Corpus, interest in poetry and the specific position of poets in his works and Anthrocentrism are cases which put Ficino among Humanists. According to Ficino, man has occupied a superior position among all beings considering the following viewpoints: 1) the existential viewpoint, 2) the epistemological viewpoint. In this article, an attempted is made to evaluate and discuss man’s superiority form these two viewpoints. Throughout the analysis, the cases which show the impact of ancient intellectual schools and occult religions on Ficino are also explained.

One of common problems in dentistry is that many practitioners ignore the important techniques which they were taught in dental schools. In many instances, their ignorance comes from their lack of knowledge of these techniques. Face-bow record is one of them. In this study, we surveyed the senior dental students’ awareness of this technique and its usages. A total of 100 senior students were surveyed at Azad University dental school in Tehran-Iran, by means of questionnaire. They were classification as “very weak”, “weak”, “good” and ‘excellent”, based on the number of right results. of the 100 senior students, 42 were classified as “very weak”, 57 as “weak” and only one as “good”. None of them were classified as “excellent”. Based on this study, a majority of students didn’t have enough knowledge of Face-bow record technique. This results is in agreement with the results of previous studies of dental practitioners lack of usages this treatment modality.