منیره بحرینی

Many attempts have been made in the history and philosophy of science to suppose machines as human beings. Sometimes they are attributed mind, sometimes emotion, and sometimes intelligence. All this is to make the border between humans and machines as narrow as possible, so that one day they may unite. But this effort can be made in another direction. It is possible to bring humans closer to the machines as much as possible with a systematic view, which is what the cybernetic perspective has done. This approach has played a significant role in the emergence of artificial intelligence studies and along with the two approaches of computationalism and representationalism has been able to introduce artificial intelligence as the most important and functional field of science to the world.

The methodology of Karl Marx, one of the most influential social scientists, has been reconstructed here according to the importance of methodology in the philosophy of science. Today, Marxist method is also widely used by researchers of social phenomena, while a few of them are aware of this. Marx's method in the study of phenomena begins with complicated objective facts and proceeds to the more basic concepts in a downward spiral. Then, the path goes in the opposite direction and ascends from simple categories to composite concepts. This cycle takes place on both paths and at all levels of abstraction dialectically. There are two basic elements in Marx's methodology. One, the production condition in each society and the other, the role of categories in the bourgeois society. Marx's works have been reviewed carefully and methodological points from them have been extracted in order to understand his methodology. Putting Marx's theory under the title of a definite theory that is common in the social sciences is impossible. Here we try to give a systematic categorization of Marx's theories on methodology