فهرست مطالب منیژه میان آبادی

Nickel (Ni) and nickel compounds are widely used in industry, radiotherapy and nanomedicine. However, the toxicity of NiO nanoparticles is yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of NiO and NiO nanoparticles (NiONPs) using basic medical diagnostic tools, such as biochemical tests and histopathological changes of liver in rats.
In this experimental study, 49 male rats were divided randomly into seven groups (n=7), including one control group and six experimental groups (three experimental groups received NiONPs and three experimental groups received NiO intraperitoneally) with doses of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg for 8 days. After 8 days, blood samples were collected from heart and liver enzyme activity assay was performed on serum sample. Livert issue for histopathological evaluation were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test with SPSS21 software at significant level of PThe results showed that enzyme activity of AST, ALT, ALP and LDH in different doses NiO NPs and NiO increased in compared to control group (p The results of this study demonstrate that exposure to different doses of NiONPs and NiO can induce different degrees of damage in a dose dependent manner. Thus, increasing level of liver enzymes and histopathological changes confirmed NiONPs and NiO toxicity.

Ephedra, belonging to the Ephedraceae family of gymnosperms, is a dioecious shrub, which has different medicinal properties. The purpose of this study was to compare some secondary metabolites of male and female stems of Ephedra major during August to October months. The male and female samples were collected from Bojnoord highlands and then were dried. The methanolic extract was separated by solvent method and total alkaloid, ephedrine, total phenol, total flavonoid and tannin levels were measured in collected samples. The measurement of total alkaloid and ephedrine content showed significant difference between male and female stems during different months. The highest amount of total alkaloid was obtained in samples collected from male stem during October month. While, the highest level of ephedrine was observed in samples collected in both male and female stems during August month. The data from HPLC analysis showed that ephedrine content ranged from 1.5 to 1.99 mg/g dry weight. Meanwhile, total phenol, total flavonoid and total tannin content ranged from 31.5-41.13, 3.51-5.81 and 15.57-24.46 mg/g dry weight, respectively. The obtained results revealed that there was significant difference between male and female stems in total phenol just in October, total flavonoid in September and October, and total tannin in August and September.

Ephedrin is the most important alkaloid in Ephedrawhich used as anti-asthmatic medicine. The aim of current study was optimization of callus induction for ephedrine production in tissue culture condition. In the current work the effect of different concentration of 2,4-D and Kin (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) was investigated on callus induction of stem explants. The experiment was performed in complete randomized test. For this purpose, seeds were collected from Bojnoordelevations and then planted in forest soil. After 5 months, stem explants were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D and Kin. The results showed that the highest percentage of callus formation and total alkaloid amount were observed at 0.5 and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and Kin. Meanwhile, Ephedrine measurement by HPLC methods showed that the highest amount of ephedrine (0.053 mg/g Dry weight) was observed in callus which induced in MS medium supplemented with 2 and 0.5 mg/l of 2,4-D and Kin.In conclusion, the current result showed that the callus which is produced by the explant can be used to make ephedrine in tissue culture condition.

Nowadays، toxic compounds derived from plants used against microbes and cancer cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of two species of Daphne، Betulin and Betulinic acid by Artemia urmiana Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and trypan blue exclusion method. This study was conducted as the experimental design. 106 cells of K562، MCF-7 cancerous cell line in triplicate were poured into the cultured dishes containing medium and incubated for 24 hour. Cells were treated with various concentration of the plant extract and plant compound for for 24 hour. Cell viability was assessed using trypan blue dye exclusion method. Cytotoxicity evaluation was performed using larvae hatched cysts were purchased from Artemia Research Center، Urmia University. Live shrimp larvae were treated with different concentrations of extract and the numbers of live and dead larvae were counted after 24 hours. lethal concentration %50 (LC50) of any extracts on live larvae based on the data w Was obtained. The data were analyzed using the Varience and Probit analysis. inhibition proliferation 50% of Betulin، and Betulinic acid in treated cells line K562 (5. 8±1. 2 1nM، 12. 2±0. 67 nM، respectively) and MCF-7 (18. 04±1. 11 nM، 21. 47±0. 37 nM) were measured. Hydro ethanol extracts of Daphne mucronata and Daphne oleoides exhibited potent brine shrimp lethality with lethal dose 50 % of them was 2. 01±0. 16 mgDW/ml، 2. 37±0. 88mgDW/ml respectively. In both tests، the effect of plant material was directly related to their concentration. According to the results، Daphne mucronata and Betulin were the most effective herbal substance. Thus، we can conclude that Daphne mucronata contains anticancer and toxic compounds.

Nowadays, the plant of Daphne family (Thymelaeacea is used against microorganisms and cancerous cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two Daphne species and purified betulin and betulinic acid on K562 genome and the cell cycle. This Study was conducted in a complementary randomized design with three replications. 106 K562 cells were treated with Daphne mucronata, Daphne oleides, betulin and betulinic acid for 24 hours. Then, cells were fixed in 70% ethanol and were stained with pripidium iodide 30 min before analysis by flow cytometery. To extract the DNA of cancer cells Miller saline method with little change was used. Data were analyzed with SPSS. version 16 by ANOVA and Dunnett. Percentage of cancer cells that were treated with Daphne mucronata (59.11±1.16%), Daphne oleides (58.25±1.03%), betulin (51.68±0.43%), and betulinic acid (52.05±0.31%) increased in the G0/G1 phase compared to the control (42.94±0.23%). While most percentage the control cells (51.06±0.16%) were present in S phaseElectrophoresis of genomic DNA of K562 cell lines revealed band boarding and smearing under the effect of plant material. However, a clear sharp band of DNA was seen in control samples. The lowest and highest smeared band was observed in treated cells with Betulin and Daphne mucronata, respectively. Data showed that materials and compounds of Daphne, block cells in G1 phase and will cause damage to DNA. In fact, these results indicate that there are several effective factors in two species Daphne extract which damage DNA integrity and inhibit cell transfer from control point and can facilitate cell death at higher concentrations.

Ephedra is a dioecious shrub belongs to the Ephedraceae family. Almost all commercial applications of Ephedra extracts is derived from the ephedrine alkaloids found in the evergreen stems. The purpose of this study was to investigate seed germination in green house condition and total alkaloid and ephedrine amounts measurement. The Ephedra seeds were collected from Bojnoord region and germinated on the wet paper and MS medium under control and cold treatment conditions. The results revealed that cold treatment did not show any significant effect on seed germination. To determine optimum condition for Ephedra seed germination, another experiment was performed in complete randomized design with 6 different medium culture (forest soil, Bojnoord soil, a mixture of forest and Bojnoord soil, coco peat, compost and sand) and 4 replicates. The obtained results showed that the maximum (90%) and minimum (8%) percent of seed germination was observed on forest soil and compost medium, respectively. Meanwhile the highest dry and fresh weight of shoot and root was obtained in plantlets that were grown on forest soil. On other hands, total alkaloid level in the stem organ plants that were grown on forest soil was 1/04 mg/g dry weight, but in root organ it was 0/04 mg/g dry weight. Data from HPLC analysis revealed that while root is depleted of ephedrine, the ephedrine amount in stem organ is 0.04 mg/g dry weight.

The Silybium marianum is the dicotyledonous herbs of the Asteraceae family that is important in medical industry. The biological active compound of Silybium marianum is a mixture of several flavonolignals generally known as silymarin. The purpose of current research is root formation induction in hypocotyls explants in medium culture. The young shoots were cultured on MS medium containing different concentrations of indole-3-butyric (IBA) and Naphtalene acetic acid (NAA). The results indicated that the highest root formation percentage and root length were observed in young shoots which were treated in MS medium supplemented with 0. 1 mg/l IBA and NAA. Then produced roots were transferred to liquid medium. After root growth، roots were subjected to different volumes of medium culture، light and dark treatments and different pH medium. The effect of volumes of culture medium did not showed any significant difference on root growth and silymarin production. Results showed that light treatment induced more silymarin in production compared to dark treatment. Also the culture medium with pH=7 was superior to other pH for silymarin production.

Genetic diversity of 6 populations of Teucrium polium L., collected from different locations of Iran, was evaluated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data. Total genomic DNA was extracted from young leaves of plants and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using 8 RAPD primers. Sixty eight bands were obtained of which, 61 bands (89.71%) were polymorphic. All amplified fragments in each sample were scored based on presence (1) or absence (0). Matrix of genetic similarity was calculated by Jaccard's similarity coefficient. Cluster analysis was carried out according to UPGMA algorithm using NTSYS-pc software. The genetic similarity between genotypes ranged from 0.33 to 0.58. Results showed the population Ramian had maximum difference with other populations and classified in a separate group. Maximum similarity was observed between populations Garmab and Maraveh-Tappeh. Our results showed an appropriate level of genetic diversity among the investigated populations. Moreover, our data indicated that the RAPD method is a suitable approach for assessing genetic diversity of T. polium populations with high accuracy.

Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl (Apiaceae) is a permanent and aromatic plant grows wild in some regions of Iran. There are not any reports about plant regeneration of P. ferulacea in vitro. In the present study, the effect of various concentrations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) with kinetin and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) with Benzyl amino purine (BAP) on shoot and plant regeneration of P. ferulacea radicle, hypocotyl, crown, and cotyledon explants were investigated. The study was designed as a completely randomized design with 20 treatments and 3 replications. The best results of shoot regeneration was recorded case of crown explants in MS medium comprising 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D with 1mg/L Kin and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D with 1.5 mg/L Kin treatments (67%, in each cases). The regenerated shoots were rooted on basal MS medium without any hormonal treatment.

Physalis alkekengi (Solanaceae) is a rich source of different antioxidants, which has been advised for the treatment of various diseases such as inflammation and rheumatism. In this paper, antioxidant properties of different parts of P. alkekengi including leave, calyx, green and orange fruits randomly collected from around the Tonekabon-Iran were studied. Antioxidant activity of extract was measured with DPPH radical scavenging activity, inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Also, the total phenol, flavonoid, quercetin, luteolin, anthocyanin and carotenoid contents of samples were determined. The tests were conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The leaves of P. alkekengi contained the most content of the total phenol, flavonoid and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. The maximum of DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.81±0.214 g/gFW), peroxidation fatty acid inhibition (75.53±5.35 %), and total carotenoids content (10.05±1.45 mg/gFw) were observed in orange fruit of P. alkekengi. The highest value of luteolin was measured in the leaves of green fruit stage, and it was 0.198±0.001 mg/gDW. Querccetin was found only in the leaves of vegetative and flowering stages, 9.2±0.05 and 9±0.53 μg/gDw respectively.

Teucrium polium L., as a medicinal plant belongs to Laminaceae, has been recognized in traditional medicine for treatment of diabetes, inflammation, diarrhea and etc. Because of medicinal importance of T. polium, propagation of the species by seed was investigated and the best treatment for induction of its seed germination was determined. Intact seeds of the species were germinated in suitable conditions by just 2.2 percentages, whereas seed viability was 82%. Therefore, the majority of the seeds of the species seemed to be under the influence of some types of dormancy. Seed germination increased remarkably by using mechanical scarification, friction with sandpaper and 15 minutes acid sulfuric treatment compared to intact seeds by 68%, 11%, and 22.2%, respectively. The dormancy was not affected by cold treatment. The results indicated seed dormancy of the species is due to presence of hard seed coat. The best treatment for removing the seed dormancy on the species seems to be making small pores on seed coat.