فهرست مطالب مهتا اسکندرنژاد

Considering that cognitive and physical exercises can significantly improve cognitive abilities and performing activities, therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of participation in exercises with high cognitive load and without cognitive load on the working memory of women with phobias. Considering that the purpose and subject of the current research is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research includes all women suffering from panic disorder, whose panic disorder was diagnosed using the Albany Barlow and Zinberg Panic and Panic Questionnaire (APPQ) and an interview with a psychiatrist. From this community, 45 people in the age range of 25 to 45 years were selected using the purposeful sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people, two experimental groups and one control group, then the experimental groups participated in the exercises. For 18 one-hour sessions before and after the exercise intervention, participants' working memory was evaluated using the N-BACK working memory test. The data was analyzed using the repeated analysis of variance method. The results showed that working memory increased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive and physical exercises strengthen executive functions and improve working memory in women with panic disorder, and it is suggested that inactive women participate in sports such as aerobics, which have a high cognitive load, in order to improve executive function

The purpose of the present study is to evaluating the role of kinematic factors in predicting the motor performance of gymnastic children aged 10-12 years by examining the effect of choking under pressure. The statistical sample of the research consisted of 40 skilled female gymnasts with an age range of 10-12 years, who were selected as available and their motor performance (execution of a chain of gymnastic floor movements) after evaluating some kinematic factors (motion range and sense joint position) was measured and evaluated in low-pressure and high-pressure conditions by two referees and a gymnastics coach. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (linear regression) methods in SPSS software. The results of the research showed that kinematic factors in conditions of high pressure can predict the motor performance of gymnasts. Therefore, it can be concluded that kinematic factors may play a significant role in predicting the motor performance of gymnasts under psychological pressure and change it.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of motor fitness factors in predicting the performance of gymnasts in low and high psychological pressure conditions. The statistical sample of the research included 40 skilled gymnasts aged 10 to 12 years old in Tabriz, who were selected through random sampling. For this purpose, the motor fitness factors of gymnasts were measured and their performance was evaluated in low-pressure and high-pressure psychological conditions. In order to create high-pressure conditions, the presence of performance evaluators and spectators was used. Data analysis was done using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (correlation and linear regression) statistical methods in SPSS software. The findings of the research showed that movement readiness factors predict the performance of athletes in high pressure conditions (P≤0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the factors of movement preparation may change the response of a person to stressful conditions and affect the athlete's performance in stressful psychological conditions.

This study compares the effect of four weeks of specialized badminton training with blood flow obstruction on psychological characteristics and anxiety in skilled badminton players. In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design, elite male and female badminton players of East Azerbaijan province were selected and randomly divided into two groups of training with limited blood flow and training without restriction of blood flow and training program three sessions per week (four They did 60 minutes per session per week. Watson and Friend (1969) questionnaires of psychological readiness and social anxiety were examined in the pre-test. The results showed that performing badminton exercises with and without calorie restriction caused a difference in the total score of mental fitness of the subjects (p <0.05) but no difference was observed in the level of anxiety (p <0.05). Blood flow blocking training methods can create a new path in sports training and cause changes in the level of mental fitness of professional athletes.

Athletes have to compete with their competitors to succeed, and as a result, in many situations, they face challenges and get excited. Emotion regulation involves the strategies a person uses to manipulate the occurrence, experience, duration, intensity, and expression of emotion. The aim of the present study is which of the nine strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, which of the Compatible (adaptive) and maladaptive (non-adaptive) strategies have the most predictive power for sports success? The statistical population of the present study included 20 semi-skilled archers in two categories of recreo and compound, which due to the limited statistical population, the sampling method is All members. The present study is a descriptive study in terms of the type of correlation. For this purpose, standard questionnaires of sports success of Mousavi and Vaez Mousavi (2015) and Garnfsky and Craig (CERQ) (2006) Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were examined, were used to collect information. Descriptive and inferential statistics of Pearson correlation with SPSS 26 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sports success. On the other hand, there is an inverse relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and sports success. And there is a significant relationship between the cognitive strategies that archers use to regulate their emotions, and their athletic success rate.

One of the most important goals of any athlete is optimum performance during competitions, and biofeedback is one of the new and growing ways to improve athletes’ performance. This study investigated the effect of biofeedback exercises on some physiological factors and the performance of skilled archers.

The present study was a semi-experimental type with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. Twenty four young men with an average age of 22.5 years were purposefully recruited among the participants who attended national ranking archery competitions and randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group, each consisting of 12 participants. After the pre-test (archery performance test), the experimental group first attended 10 sessions of biofeedback training related to heart rate control and breathing control based on the training protocol and then attended 10 sessions of the same biofeedback exercises with skin conduction guidance. Both groups continued their routine archery exercises under the supervision of the researchers during this period. After completing 20 training sessions, the archery performance was taken again as the post-test with the same pre-test condition from both groups.

The results showed that the heart rate of the participants was higher in tension and stress conditions compared to the resting state (p < 0.05). Also, at the post-test, the experimental group showed a lower heart rate under stress conditions compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the analysis of covariance showed that the performance of both groups improved compared to the pre-test, but the experimental group performed better than the control group (p < 0.05). 

According to the findings of this study, more attention should be given to biofeedback exercises, and it is suggested to emphasize its use along with other training protocols.

Balance deficit is one of the consequences of aging that cause falls and impairment and disability in elderly during functional activities. All of them show the importance of preventing falls in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected Pilates exercises on the postural control and quality of life in older women with a history of falls. This study is a semi experimental research with pretest-post test plan, in which 30 elderly women aged 60 to 75 years were randomly divided into two equal experimental groups of 15 selected Pilates and a control group (n=15). The experimental group performed selected Pilates exercises (8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 45 minutes per session). Before and after 8 weeks of training, the Sharpand Romberg and quality of life questionnaire were used to measure the postural control and quality of life of respectively. Analysis of covariance and MANOVA was used for all analyzes. The significance level was set at 0.05.The findings of this study showed that selected Pilates exercises had significant effect on the improvement of postural control and quality of life in older women with a history of falls (P≤0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the control group (p>0.05).This study showed that selected pilates exercises may had main effect on the improvement of postural control and quality of life in the elderly women with falling history. Therefore it is recommended in elderly women with falling history to prevent falling and increase postural control and quality of lif in these subjects.

The aim of this study was to compare the physical and mental health of women in Tabriz, cities and villages of East Azerbaijan province. The statistical population of the present study included all women in the age range of 25 to 64 years in East Azerbaijan province. The statistical sample of the present study, including 384 women, was divided into 5 central, northwestern, northeastern, southwestern and southeastern regions using cluster sampling method and based on geographical distribution using the Morgan table. The results of study showed that the levels of physical and mental health of women in the city of Tabriz, counties and villages of the province were significantly different. The physical and mental health of women in the villages of the province had higher quality compared to women of Tabriz city and counties of the province (P<0/001). The women of Tabriz city and the women of counties of the province had the same physical health (P<0/99), but in the mental health area, the women of counties of the province had a higher quality compared to women of Tabriz city (P<0/001). Based on the results of the research, it can be stated that the quality of life in women living in villages and counties of East Azarbaijan province is far better than that of women living in Tabriz city.

This study aims to investigate and compare the effect of decision-making training on working memory, selective attention and performance accuracy. This semi-experimental study was conducted with pre-test and post-test method. The participants were female students from the University of Tabriz aged 19 to 25 years. Via purposeful sampling, 45 trained amateur players that were selected. These players were randomly divided into the three low complexity, high complexity decision making, and control groups. The exercise protocol was performed at 18 sessions (3 weeks, 6 sessions per week) and to the exercise instructions the groups performed the exercises according (3 blocks of 20 trials per session). To evaluate selective attention, player performance accuracy and working memory, the Working Memory Capacity Tests, Strop Test, and Standard Volleyball Test were used, respectively. To investigate the normality of the data distribution, the Shapiro-Wilkes test was used. Moreover, to determine the mean difference between and within groups the analysis of variance at the significant level (P

Athletes in team sports must make many decisions when perceiving and interpreting available environmental information regarding the position of the ball, teammates, and opposing players while taking appropriate actions. Considering the nature of volleyball and the need to pay attention to multiple stimuli during training and matches, a high capacity for cognitive abilities such as working memory seems essential. This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of spatial and numerical working memory of skilled and semi-skilled volleyball players following decision-making exercises.

sixty female volleyball players, 30 of them for the semi-skilled group (15 people for each of the training and control groups) and 30 for the skilled group (15 people for each of the training and control groups) with the age range of 19-25 years were selected according to purposive sampling method. The protocol of decision-making exercises was carried out for 18 sessions and three blocks of 20-trial exercises were performed according to the training instructions for each group. The working memory capacity test was used to evaluate working memory. To test the hypothesis, due to the normal distribution of the data, the between- and within-groups factorial analysis of variance (mixed model) was used.

The results of the analysis at the significance level of α = 0.05 showed that there is a significant difference between the training groups, and the decision-making group got the highest score. The decision-making exercises at the semi-skilled level of proficiency compared to the skill level has a significant improvement in the spatial working memory variable.

The result shows that exercises with high cognitive load can be a necessity to increase spatial working memory in semi-skilled female volleyball players.

Positive effects of doing exercise on physiological factors is evident, and findings of cognitive and psychological effects of exercise are expanding. Nowadays, aerobics has become very popular among females. The present study aimed to investigate predictability of aerobics trainers and inactive females via cognitive, perceptual, and attentional variables. To this end, 160 females of Tabriz (19-50 years old) were selected through a random cluster sampling technique. The Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), spatial cueing test, and short form of Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire were used to measure variables and discriminant analysis used for data analyzing. The results showed that all the memory, attention and some of the physical self-perceived features could predict aerobics trainers and inactive females with different percentages; the physical self-perceived variable was the best predictor of aerobics trainers and inactive females. It seems that the effects of exercise on physical self-perception factors is more than cognitive and attention factors.

Positive effects of doing exercise on physiological factors is evident, and findings of cognitive and psychological effects of exercise are expanding. Nowadays, aerobics has become very popular among females. The present study aimed to investigate predictability of aerobics trainers and inactive females via cognitive, perceptual, and attentional variables. To this end, 160 females of Tabriz (19-50 years old) were selected through a random cluster sampling technique. The Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), spatial cueing test, and short form of Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire were used to measure variables and discriminant analysis used for data analyzing. The results showed that all the memory, attention and some of the physical self-perceived features could predict aerobics trainers and inactive females with different percentages; the physical self-perceived variable was the best predictor of aerobics trainers and inactive females. It seems that the effects of exercise on physical self-perception factors is more than cognitive and attention factors.

The aim of this study was to evaluation anxiety due to coronavirus outbreak based on hardiness and the locus of control personality factors of women participating in sports and non-participating in sports. The present research method was descriptive-correlational in which the statistical population consisted of active and inactive women aged 20 to 60 years, of which 180 people were selected as a statistical sample by cluster sampling from the five regions of Urmia. In order to collect data, corona anxiety questionnaire, source of control and psychological toughness were used. After collecting data, Pearson correlation and stepwise regression statistical methods were used to determine the degree of correlation. According to the results, stubbornness and the source of external control were predictors of coronary anxiety in women participating and not participating in sports in Urmia and in this regard (despite the high difference in the mean scores of the group participating in sports) a significant difference between These two groups were not observed. It can be concluded that paying attention to women's physical and psychological condition can be useful and effective in managing anxiety and exercising in women can increase women's managerial abilities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of physical activity levels on social anxiety, self-esteem and body image in female adolescent students. The method of the present study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of 12- to 16-year-old female students in district one of Miyaneh city, from which 160 students were selected as a sample by cluster random sampling from five schools. In order to collect data, questionnaires of general physical activity, Rosenberg self-esteem, Fisher body image and social anxiety of Watson and Friend were used. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis by Inter method. The results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between physical activity and social anxiety, self-esteem and body image. The results also showed the ability to predict students' social anxiety, self-esteem and body image based on their level of physical activity. So physical activity has a positive effect on the mental health of adolescent girls by improving social anxiety, self-esteem and body image. Therefore, it is recommended to provide the necessary training on lifestyle changes and increasing the amount of physical activity in female adolescents.

The aim of this study was to test the effect of teachers, interpersonal behaviors on students, basic psychological needs, motivational regulations, and well-being in college physical education (PE) programs. The research design was correlational, and students filled out basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration scale, motivational regulations in PE, and positive and negative affects, as well as students, body mass index (BMI) measured. Based on the Morgan method, 499 students who choose PE courses randomly selected and participated in this study at the University of Tabriz at 2019.The results showed that students, perceptions of their teachers, need-supportive behavior positively related to students, positive affect via students, experience of need satisfaction, whereas, teachers’ need-thwarting behaviors positively related to students’ negative affect and negatively related to students’ positive affect via students’ experience of need frustration of this study shows that need-supportive behaviors positively enhanced students relative autonomy and positive affect. To enhance students’ well-being, teachers’ need-supportive behaviors facilitate students’ need satisfaction and their autonomous motivational regulation in college PE programs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of violent and non-violent virtual games in comparison with common sportive movement games on reaction time, coordination, agility and psychological characteristics of adolescents. The method of this study is ex-post facto research with the causal-comparative method, that three groups of adolescent with the age range of 12 to 17 years participated in this study who were selected by purpose sampling method from public schools. with history of playing, they were placed in three groups: violent virtual games, non-violent virtual games and sports movement games. Anxiety was assessed  by using the Cattell Anxiety Inventory, aggression was assessed by using the Bass and Perry Inventory,  Reaction time ruler test was used to assess the reaction time, Plate tapping test was used to assess upper  limb agility. To test the research hypotheses, statistical methods of analysis of variance and bonferroni for post hoc test were used. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between coordination and aggression of users of virtual games and sports movement games. aggression is significantly lower in adolescents participating in sports games compared to the others two groups of virtual games (p= 0.022) and they were significantly better in coordination scores (p = 0.023). The results of the present study confirm the effect of  type of games for physical and mental characteristics of adolescents.

The movement pattern and coordination of patients with unilateral cerebral palsy when walking is different from that of healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to compare the symmetry of trunk extensor muscle and hip and knee flexors in women with left unilateral cerebral palsy and healthy women when walking normally.

The research method was descriptive-comparative. The statistical population of the study included women with left unilateral cerebral palsy. By convenience by purposive sampling method, 12 patients aged 17 to 26 years as the left unilateral cerebral palsy group and 12 homogeneous healthy women as the control group. were chosen. Women with left unilateral cerebral palsy were referred by a physician at the Mehr Rehabilitation Center in Tabriz. Data collection instruments included demographic questionnaire, electromyograph and bipolar surface electrodes. The validity and reliability of the instruments have been confirmed in previous studies and in the present study it has been sufficientt. The method was that the intensity of electrical activity of the muscles that straighten the spine at the level of the third lumbar vertebra, right hip and biceps when walking at normal speed was recorded in women with unilateral left cerebral palsy and healthy homogeneous women. The signals were processed using OT Bio lab software. Data were analyzed in SPSS .22.

Women with left unilateral cerebral palsy had more electromyographic activity than healthy women on the affected side (P <0.05). Also, the normalized electromyographic activity of erector spine muscle in the intact side of cerebral palsy was higher than that of healthy individuals at the same side (P=0.001). In women with unilateral left cerebral palsy, asymmetric muscle activity was observed and a significant interaction was observed between the body side factor and the disease factor (P=0.040).

When walking, the intensity of electrical activity of the involved side muscles as well as the rectus muscle of the healthy lumbar spine was higher in women with unilateral left cerebral palsy than in healthy women, and women with unilateral left cerebral palsy showed asymmetric muscle activity. Therefore, in designing training programs for cerebral palsy patients, it is recommended to pay attention to the muscles of both involved and healthy sides.

Obesity and overweight resulting from modern lifestyle cause physical, motor and even cognitive-cognitive problems. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of four week walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes on body composition, muscle strength, proprioception and balance in overweight male.

In this experimental study, 30 students overweight male in a randomly design were allocated in three equal groups: walking training on a treadmill with opened eyes (EO), and walking training on a treadmill with closed eyes (EC) and control. Then, the subjects participated in a four week training protocol (three sessions per week). All subjects participated for 20 minutes in the walking exercise on a treadmill with a desired speed and, slope 10 percent. Indicators assessments (proprioception, balance, weight, muscle mass, fat percentage and lower body strength.) were performed 24 hours pre and post intervention. Covariance test were used to determine the changes in stages. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18. The significance level was considered at less than 0.05.

A significant increase in proprioception and balance were observed after walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes. Also, four week walking training on a treadmill with open and closed eyes significantly reduced weight and fat percentage and significantly increased muscle strength of lower body.

Based on the present results, it can be concluded that the walking training on a treadmill through improving of proprioception and lower body muscle strength would be increased body balance in overweight individuals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction training on EEG and athletic performance of goalball players. In a semi-experimental design, 27 athletes were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group underwent mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for 8 sessions of 120 minutes per week, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Before and after the intervention, brain signals with closed eyes were recorded from Cz, O1, Fz, F3 and F4 regions. Also, two skills of throwing accuracy and orientation were used to measure athletic performance. The results of mixed analysis of variance showed that the experimental group had a significant and increasing change in theta, alpha, SMR and beta waves compared to the control group. The athletic performance of goalball players has also improved. Based on the findings of this study, it seems that MBSR training, in addition to improving athletic performance, it creates adaptations in the nervous system.

Mindfulness-based interventions are recognized as one of the third wave cognitive-behavioral therapies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on increase mindfulness skills and cognitive abilities of blind and visually impaired athletes. The research method was quasi-experimental and its design was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all goalball players in East Azerbaijan province in 2019, from which 27 players were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group underwent mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention for 8 sessions of 120 minutes per week. Before and after the intervention, mindfulness inventory for sport and cognitive abilities questionnaires were completed. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. The results showed that the mean scores related to mindfulness skills and cognitive abilities in the participants of the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group in the post-test stage. According to the results, it seems that MBSR is effective in improving the mindfulness skills and cognitive abilities of blind and visually impaired athletes. Therefore, it is recommended as a behavioral-cognitive intervention to improve the cognition and mindfulness of these athletes.

Nowadays, the psychological benefits associated with participating in regular physical activity, including general improvements in the self-esteem, self-confidence and psychological well-being of children and adolescents, are well illuminated. According to Basic Psychological Needs Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2002), the purpose of this research was to examine the relationship among satisfaction and thwarting of basic psychological needs, autonomous motivation, affective outcomes (negative and positive affect), and behavioral intentions (sport devaluation and Intention to continue sport) in adolescent’s sport educational environment.

Participants include 500 adolescents (250 girl and 250 boy, with age range 12-17 years) who participated in Summer Educational Sport classes in Tabriz city. They selected in cluster sampling way and completed the questionnaires of psychological needs satisfaction and thwarting, the behavioural regulations in sport, positive and negative affect, sport burnout , and intention to continue sport participation.

Results by analyzing pearson correlational coefficients and track analysis showed that needs satisfaction negatively and needs thwarting positively predicted autonomous motivation, in turn, autonomous motivation predicted positively adaptive outcomes (positive affect and intention to continue sport) and negatively nonadaptive outcomes (negative affect and sport devaluation). In addition, needs thwarting predicted strongly nonadaptive outcomes, but needs satisfaction predicted strongly adaptive outcomes.

Overall, these finding by confirming the potential utility of the basic psychological needs theory in adolescent's sport educational environment, suggest that basic psychological needs is an effective variable in adolescent's motivation, affect states, and behavioral intentions at sport educational environments.

The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of stubbornness, source of control, coronary anxiety and determine the relationship between them in active and inactive women.

The method of the present study was causal-comparative and correlational. The statistical population consisted of active and inactive women in sports in Urmia, from which 180 people were selected as a statistical sample. In order to collect data, psychological hardiness, control source and coronary anxiety questionnaires were used. Independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between active and inactive sports groups in the variables of stubbornness, source of control and coronary anxiety. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the correlation coefficient of corona anxiety with the control source and the correlation coefficient of stubbornness and the source of control.Moreover, a non-significant difference in the correlation coefficient of corona anxiety and stubbornness was observed.

It can be concluded that participation in sports activities causes the development of personality traits in women and may reduce the field of coronary anxiety in them.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the obstacles to the advancement of women's sports in East Azerbaijan Province. This study comprised of a descriptive-survey and field research. The statistical population of the study consists of all women in the age range of 25 to 64 years in East Azerbaijan Province using cluster sampling. The statistical population was divided into five geographical regions in East Azerbaijan Province: central, northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The total survey sample numbered 384 people which was determined through Cochran's formula. A standard Keshtgars questionnaire was used to measure factors preventing women's participation in sports. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used using ANOVA analysis of variance (P <0.001) with the help of SPSS software version 25. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the rate of problems facing women's sports in large cities, small towns and villages of the province (F = 130.99). Women in Tabriz city faced structural barriers alone (F = 173.56) while individual barriers (F = 229.54) to some extent lead were the problems faced by women in small towns.  For rural women however, interpersonal problems (F = 473.65) were the main reasons for non-participation in sports.

This research aims at studying the effect of aerobic sport on capacity of visual memory among sedentary students regards the role of cognitive styles. The sample of this research is 24 ones 20-30 years old female students at University of Tabriz that do not have any record of experience or activity in aerobic sport and put in three groups. Group Embedded Figures and Corsi Block Test were used for gathering information. Aerobic sport training was conducted for 16 sessions in all three groups. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical t-test and one-way ANOVA and repeated measure. The results of this research showed that sport activity increased visual memory capacity. But as regards the observed results, no difference was seen in visual work memory in cognitive styles. These results show participants in sport activities can improve cognitive functions like as working memory