فهرست مطالب مهدی زندبصیری

Wetlands, as one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth, are always facing various changes in their range, and changes in cover and use are among the most effective of these changes. The land has always been affected by human activities and uses. Those human activities that are limited to certain places and find a relatively stable position, create human uses. Therefore, analysis of wetland change has become a management priority. land use/land cover (LULC) plays a key role in the study of environmental developments at the local, regional and global levels. Human activity and change in the Earth's surface lead to changes in the structure and ecological processes of the Earth's natural systems. These changes mainly affect the main aspects of land functions (including energy balance, water, soil, and food network). In addition, pressure on natural resources, which is due to the human need for environmental resources and is often influenced by population growth drivers, leads to changes in the Earth's surface. Landscape changes due to human interventions lead to different developments and trends in land use/land cover. Therefore, time/coverage analysis is very important for understanding and routing spatial changes from the past to the present and planning for the future. Today, high-resolution multispectral and multi-temporal satellite data are used as an essential tool for estimating aspects such as vegetation, deforestation, and urban sprawl. Remote sensing and GIS technology provide a platform for studying landscape deformation across the earth's surface. Remote sensing data provide valuable information in a relatively short time and cost-effectively. High-resolution satellite imagery or aerial photographs can be used to study land use/land cover changes in different ecosystems and areas. The fact that Shadegan Wetland is one of the international wetlands in the country, which is currently on the Montreux list due to human interventions, can assess the developments around the wetland, especially in the process and type of land use/land cover changes, in identifying the drivers The main impact on this wetland is associated with its practical importance and helping to remove this wetland from the Montreux list. And waterfront can be used to adjust the exit bill of this wetland from the Montreux list. In this study, integrated remote sensing and GIS methods have been used to detect land use/land cover changes in the enclosed area and affect Shadegan wetland.

The study area is located in Shabangan Wetland, surrounded by the Ozon Plain. Due to the immediate man-made effects on Shadegan Wetland, especially the role of the surrounding roads and waterways, this area was closed on the latest Google Earth satellite images and then transferred to the layers used. In this area, the international distance is 48 degrees and 19 minutes and 16 seconds to 49 degrees and 3 minutes and 44 seconds and the northern latitude is 29 degrees and 55 minutes, 44 seconds to 38 degrees, 28 minutes and 42 seconds at a distance of about 60 kilometres. It is located south of Ahvaz, the capital of the province, and 5 km south of Shadegan. In this research, images of the 20 years of the Landsat satellite from the years 1999-to 2019 have been used. ENVI software is also used to classify images. After preprocessing and making the relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the algorithm, the maximum likelihood of processing and highlighting the images was done, and also the kappa accuracy and coefficient of each layer were estimated for accuracy. Then, the preparation of cover and land use maps included different classes of natural land cover and human land uses. In the detection, the most important changes were made around the Shadegan wetland, so in this process, major changes in the existing classes were considered. To detect changes, the Change Detection method was used in ENVI software, which can provide complete information on changes in land use/land cover types. Land use changes were selected in 5 periods with a time interval of 20 (2019-1999).

Five-time periods of satellite data on the use and coverage of Shadegan Wetland in the years 2017, 2014, 2001, 1999, and 2019 were prepared after pre-processing and making relevant corrections using the supervised classification method and the maximum probability of processing and highlighting algorithm. Pictures were taken. The Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy coefficient were used to evaluate the accuracy of the generated maps and according to the results, the 2019 data had the highest kappa coefficient and the highest overall accuracy. According to land cover and land use classes, the land use/land cover map of the study area was prepared for the mentioned five time periods. The findings of this study show that the land area of Shadegan wetland has changed from about 90,000 hectares in 2001 to about 150,000 hectares in 1999 during the 20 years ending 2019 the area of the wetland has decreased by about 40% in two years. After that, the wetland lands have increased and this increase continues gradually until today. However, despite this increase, the area of the wetland has not been provided in 1999, the area has decreased by about 16% compared to this year.

Considering the trend of bare lands without cover and saline lands, it can be concluded that these two diagrams have an inverse trend towards each other, which can be seen at this point or the intersection of the two desired covers. For this purpose, the desired cover must be obtained, which is created by runoff, so that in a period, the lands began to lose their coverage and became saline lands and salt ponds. Also, considering the increase in uncovering land in 2001 and the water trend, it can be concluded that this increase was due to the decrease in surface water. Due to the trend of saline lands in the relevant period and being in line with the water trend, if the water supply of the wetland is provided, thousands of saline’s will become natural lands. Also, the relative increase in water in recent years and the decrease in bare uncovered land, and the increase in saline land, indicate that the water that replaces bare uncovered land is saline. The two groups of land use and agricultural activity did not cause drastic changes in the study period and according to Table 4, the average percentage of changes in these two land uses was 4.5% and more than 1%, respectively, which is expected to have a significant impact on There is no process of destruction and destruction of lands around the wetland and therefore cannot be considered as a critical factor.

Traditional knowledge is knowledge that is obtained due to the experience and traditions of the local people of a region and using the method of trial and error in a laboratory called nature. The identification of traditional forest-related knowledge has become very important in recent decades, especially in the field of achieving sustainable forest management and with the ultimate goal of achieving sustainable local, regional, national and global development. The purpose of this study is to identify the traditional knowledge related to harvest of acorns of Quercus brantii Lindl.

This research was carried out in two local regions of Chigo and Bidleh located in Monj section of Lordegan city in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The required information was obtained from the local community by reputation approach and using 56 interviews. The role of acorns in formal studies was also examined separately using library studies to evaluate the traditional knowledge of acorn harvesting of these trees. Finally, using qualitative evaluation and analysis of effects and consequences, ten criteria for measuring traditional and formal knowledge and the difference between the two knowledge were explained.

Among other uses of acorns which is almost common in most rural households in the study area the use of oak seeds (acorns) to prepare various muskets is common. The various uses of oak that are commonly used by local people living in the Zagros, such as: oak sap, oak kebab and boiled oak. Also, a brown colored juice called Qazūlah honey is formed on the fruit cup in late summer and early autumn, which is called "Man Shocked".

The results showed that since a formal knowledge can be based on scientific needs, the speed of information production, the rule of scientific regulation, scientific accuracy and media communication in line with research related to the seeds of Quercus brantii trees can be the benefits of formal knowledge. In this process (similar to other formal knowledge), but on the other hand, traditional knowledge due to adaptation to local conditions and social acceptance can provide the basis for participatory management in the Zagros forests.

What the Local people of forest ecosystem design for different purposes and in order to meet their needs and wants is in the broadest sense of the traditional structures of local communities. The purpose of this study is to fully identify the production structures of local communities in the forests of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. At the first, this identification will help to improve the role of local communities in the forests of the Zagros and secondly, by analyzing the production pattern in this production system, the best conditions for the continuation are introduced and the grounds for improving the conditions are determined for this continuation. In this study, snowball sampling method was used to collect information in the local community. In the section of identifying production structures, the most important knowledge and environmental components that constitute the input of this system were described. In the analysis of production pattern, while introducing appropriate criteria in evaluating the production process, the necessary requirements in order to improve the production pattern among the local communities of Zagros forests are introduced. The results of this study showed that among the three production patterns (craft, lean and agile), the traditional structures of local communities are the most suitable for the craft production pattern. While the agile production pattern is the best model of the production process in most production evaluation criteria. It is necessary to change from craft to agile model, considering environmental uncertainties and leveraging the effect of information on Zagros forest management.

Sustainable forest management standards and measurement instruments subject and use them as the main tool is very important for monitoring and control in forest management. Sustainable progress monitoring and measuring possible by tools and standards. Tools and standards to help sustainable forest management can be more accurate and better information provided to forest managers and decision-makers. Sustainable forest management, including the different levels of tools and standards, criteria, indicators, confirming and reference value values. Measurement data confirming called reference value method. Reference values, a standard expression for the forestry action plan to help the indices. In this research, sustainable forest management standards and tools presented in the case study of Kalgachi locally system. Reduction in the number of forest offenses, rate of improved livelihood of forest dependent communities, grassroots participation and equity and forest dependent community’s involvement (numbers of organized groups and women) indicators of maintenance and development of socio-economic functions and conditions were examined. Confirming the reference value used to evaluate the monitoring field, the local people in the form of a combination of a questionnaire survey and interviews, distributed questionnaires and interviews with experts and organizations involved document review were used. The results of reference value of rate of improved livelihood of forest dependent communities’ indicator showed the need to improve the livelihood of farmer households, households with monthly income of at least 20 million Rials and animals, the monthly income of at least 12 million Rials. The minimum contribution to the local community, a cooperative of local men and women combined, and for natural resources and promoting a culture of awareness, held two meetings with the public in the run-up to local communities to participate as a value indicator.

Wetlands are known as valuable ecosystems that have programmable functional values ​​(economic, social, ecological) due to their diverse functions. Wetland conservation is a priority for most governments and communities. Wetland extinction is associated with the extinction of the functions and services of these ecosystems. Among the valuable services and functions of wetlands can be water storage and flood prevention, nutrient stabilization, plant and aquatic harvesting, biodiversity conservation and nature development, primary production, waste decomposition, food networks, element and gas rotation (phosphorus, nitrogen rotation). , Sulfur) pointed out. . Considering the importance of wetlands in the protection of biodiversity and emphasizing the approach and the role they play in meeting the needs of human societies, also for the wise use of these ecosystems, the Convention on the Conservation of Wetlands of February 2, 1971 ( 13 February 1349) was formed in the city of Ramsar. The purpose of the Ramsar Convention is to ensure the protection and reasonable use of wetlands through local, regional, national and international cooperation to achieve sustainable development around the world. Currently, 171 countries, covering 2,409 wetland sites, with a total area of ​​more than 254 million hectares, are participating in the protection of these bodies of water under the Ramsar Convention. Iran has registered 25 sites in total with an area of ​​about 1.5 million hectares in the list of Ramsar Convention. However, the areas registered in the Ramsar Convention from the collection of wetlands and lakes of the country, do not include only the water body and include service areas around the natural wetland and even a collection of natural and man-made wetlands (such as the site of Fereydoun) A title is listed in Ramsar. Therefore, Iran's registration sites in the Ramsar list include 41 different lakes and wetlands. The Ramsar Convention for the Selection of Wetlands Eligible for Entry into International Aquatic Formations has established standards since 1980, which it revised in 1996. The recent criteria consist of 9 criteria in two separate groups. According to the first group of criteria of the convention, the wetland must be "rare or unique sample specimens". Following the introduction of eligibility criteria for the Ramsar Convention, the same criteria will be used for the optimal management of wetland host countries. Accordingly, a list is published in the Ramsar Convention called the Montreux List, which refers to wetlands that have deviated from the Ramsar Convention criteria and are temporarily removed from the Ramsar Wetlands List. The Montreux Index is a list of international wetlands where changes in the environmental characteristics of wetlands have occurred or are occurring, which may be the product of technological developments, pollution or other human interventions. Host countries have the opportunity to improve management and improve conditions. Improve and return the wetland to the Ramsar list. Currently, 47 wetlands from 26 countries are on the Montreux list, with the most Montreux sites belonging to Greece with 7 sites, followed by Iran with 6 sites. Currently, one of the challenges facing the country in the field of wetland management is the existence of 6 Ramsar sites in the Montreux list, and many efforts are being made by the Wetlands Office in the Environmental Protection Agency to remove these wetlands from the Montreux list. However, achieving a coherent and programmable methodology can accelerate this process and be based on scientific principles. Shadegan International Site is one of the wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention, which together with Khoralamieh and Khor Musa with an area of ​​400,000 hectares in 1975 (04/02/1354 solar) four years after the conclusion of the Ramsar Convention with reference number 2100 Ramsar was registered. After developing the criteria of Ramsar Convention, this wetland was identified as complying with criteria 1 to 6 of the Convention. Unfortunately, in the last two decades, the development of human activities in the field of industry and agriculture has disrupted the natural conditions of this wetland and has caused a decrease in the quality of environmental conditions and loss of the wetland's eligibility in some criteria of the convention. . One of the criteria of the Ramsar Convention for considering an international wetland as its index is its rarity and uniqueness. Shadegan wetland, which is in accordance with the first criterion of Ramsar Convention, has turned it into an index wetland with unique features. The purpose of this study is to use linear programming in optimizing Shadegan wetland in fulfilling the first criterion of Ramsar Convention, in order to evaluate the status of this criterion in Shadegan site in order to help it be removed from the Montreux list. In this research, the linear programming model with the

1- Determining the values ​​of target variables in the three zones of sweet, salty and lush of the wetland 2- Determining the optimal total value of the wetland of the wetland within the criteria of Ramsar Convention 1, will be examined. This research seems to be the first use of linear programming to analyze the status of Ramsar Convention criteria, and no other similar approach is observed both at home and abroad. The minimum acceptable area with respect to the highest area of ​​the wetland water body was defined as the objective function of this criterion. The variables and constraints of this objective function were identified based on the three zones mentioned and the coefficient of each variable was calculated according to the habitat dependence of birds. The results of the research using Lingo software show the minimum frame area

Background and

Drought and decline of Zagros oak forests has been raised as one of the main environmental issues in the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the network of activities, essential components and critical path in the decline of Zagros oak forests. Such research could pave the way for the transformation of crisis threats to ecosystem agility opportunities in the Zagros forests.

This study was conducted in Tang-e-Salak watershed for Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The program review and evaluation technique has been used to evaluate the times in the deterioration crisis management network. Data collection has been done in different categories of activities related to biological, social and managerial issues for oak decline management. In each activity group, the components of each group were identified and content reviewed. Finally, in order to address the issue of transforming degeneration threats into environmental opportunities, the organizational agility model in the Zagros forests has been used.

The results show compiling and registering indigenous knowledge has taken the most time among the activities related to the participation of the local community. The results show oak decline threats can have environmental opportunities to strengthen the management information system, make optimal use of the facilities and decisions of organizations related to the Zagros forests, improve Zagros forestry projects, and strengthen social, biological and forestry subsystems. Turning these threats into ecosystem opportunities depends on managerial action in this area and can pave the way for the ecosystem's agility scheme in terms of responding appropriately to and adapting to environmental variables. Discussion and Counclusion: Crisis management needs to address all aspects of the needed activities to manage the Zagros forests. The activities covered in this study belong to all management trends and contexts, including the water management, planting, socio-economic issues, and the focus on one factor cannot be stopped on oak decline.