فهرست مطالب مهدی قیاسی

This research was undertaken to assess the impact of kinetin (Kin) and salicylic acid (SA) on alleviation of oxidative, ionic and osmotic stresses of different levels of salinity. the experiment with factorial arrangements based on randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted at the research greenhouse of Urmia University. The investigated factors included salinity (0, 4, 7 and 10 dS/m) and hormones (50 μM kintin and 1 mM salicylic acid). 20 soybean seeds (cultivar M7) were planted at a depth of 3 cm in each pot containing 1 kg of perlite. Hormones were sprayed in the vegetative and reproductive stages. One week after the final treatment, tests were performed. Salinity increased the contents of roots and leaves sodium, the amount of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, the activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, α-tocopherol, and the contents of soluble sugars and proline of soybean leaves, but decreased potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, membrane stability index, leaf relative water content and seed yield. Foliar spray of hormones, especially Kin + SA, reduced Na+ content, H2O2 and malondialdehyde and proline content, while enhancing potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, chlorophylls content, leaf area index, antioxidants avtivities, membrane stability index, soluble sugars and leaf relative water content. These superiorities of Kin + SA treatment led to considerable improvement in seed yield of soybean.

After being sprayed, nano-particles easily enter the leaves through the plant's stomatal system due to their small dimensions. Moreover, the significant increase in the molecular surface area of nano materials enhances their reactivity, consequently improving the plant's ability to utilize these compounds.

The present study was designed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) at the research farm of the Central Station of the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tehran Province. The study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application in the form of seven treatments on the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of the Goldasht safflower cultivar. The seven treatments included no spraying (control), spraying with normal and nano zinc, spraying with normal and nano iron, spraying with normal and nano manganese, and seed priming at three levels of non-priming (control), osmo-priming, and hydro-priming.

The results showed that osmo-priming, followed by spraying with nano zinc and then with nano iron, had the most significant effect on increasing all the investigated traits, including yield components, seed yield, and oil percentage in safflower. Additionally, hydro-priming with nano zinc spraying could increase the thousand-seed weight to the highest statistical level.

The study suggests that seed priming of safflower with foliar application of micronutrients, especially nano zinc, and iron, can be recommended as a promising method for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative performance and yield of safflower seed and oil in similar weather conditions.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of NOx and CO pollutants due to the change of stabilizing jets characteristics in a gas turbine model combustion chamber. The change of stabilizing jet characteristics were analyzied according to their interactions. To simulate the two-phase flow inside the combustion chamber, the Eulerian method was used for gas flow and the Lagrangian method was used for spraying the fuel. For simulating the combustion The purpose of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of NOx and CO pollutants due to the change of stabilizing jets characteristics in a gas turbine model combustion chamber. The change of stabilizing jet characteristics was analyzed according to their interactions. To simulate the two-phase flow inside the combustion chamber, the Eulerian approach was used for gas flow and the Lagrangian approach was employed for spraying the fuel. For simulating the combustion process inside the combustion chamber, the RANS approach, the Realizable k-ε model for turbulence, Discrete Ordinates Model (DOM) for radiant heat transfer and steady flamelet combustion model were applied. NOx modeling was done by post-processing with a finite rate model. Using a sensitivity analysis, the effects of variations of input variables including diameter, angle and position of the stabilizing jets on output variables were studied. Numerical data were generated by using Design of Experiments (DOE) and full factorial model. The results were inspected by the means of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that with considering the interaction among jets characteristics, the trends of pollutants changes could be observed more accurately. Nevertheless, this was not possible without considering the interactions.  The purpose of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of NOx and CO pollutants due to the change of stabilizing jets characteristics in a gas turbine model combustion chamber. The change of stabilizing jet characteristics was analyzed according to their interactions. To simulate the two-phase flow inside the combustion chamber, the Eulerian approach was used for gas flow and the Lagrangian approach was employed for spraying the fuel. For simulating the combustion process inside the combustion chamber, the RANS approach, the Realizable k-ε model for turbulence, Discrete Ordinates Model (DOM) for radiant heat transfer and steady flamelet combustion model were applied. NOx modeling was done by post-processing with a finite rate model. Using a sensitivity analysis, the effects of variations of input variables including diameter, angle and position of the stabilizing jets on output variables were studied. Numerical data were generated by using Design of Experiments (DOE) and full factorial model. The results were inspected by the means of analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that with considering the interaction among jets characteristics, the trends of pollutants changes could be observed more accurately. Nevertheless, this was not possible without considering the interactions.  .

In order to reduce the damaging effects of drought stress under pretreatment of Marigold seed (Calendula officinalis L.), a factorial experiment under randomized complete block design with three replicates (in place replication) in the field of Urmia Agricultural Research Center and Salmas performed. Experimental factors included irrigation regimes and seed pretreatment, with the first factor irrigated at two levels of regular irrigation and non- irrigation at the beginning of flowering stage and the second factor are seed pretreatment at pre-planting at seven levels including primed seeds with nano fertilizers (Iron oxide, Zinc oxide, Bor oxide was concentrated at 2% per thousand) and primed with organic matter (72 mg humic acid, 2000 μmol salicylic acid and 200 ppm ascorbic acid) and control. Results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of seed pretreatment with organic and nano materials on drought stress were significant at 1% probability level. Based on the results of comparison of mean data, oil percentage, oil yield and the weight of one thousand seeds increased with Zinc nano oxide pretreatment by 16, 12 and 8% respectively under drought stress conditions compared to control treatment. Salicylic acid treatment significantly reduced proline accumulation by 13% and soluble protein by 18% compared to control. By applying pre-treatment of nano iron oxide the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased by 39% and 57% compared to control (non-treated), respectively. Generally, seed pretreatment with different levels of salicylic acid and iron and zinc nano oxide significantly reduced the adverse effects of drought stress on most of the studied traits. Shrubs obtained from seeds treated with salicylic acid, iron nano oxide and zinc nano oxide had higher drought stress tolerance. Results showed that drought tolerance and increase yield of Marigold under drought stress with seed priming with salicylic acid, iron nano oxide and zinc nano oxide are recommended in sustainable and organic farming.

Today, medicinal plants have a special place in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum Moldavica L.) is an herbaceous annual plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In foliar application of plant nutrients the transfer rate of nutrients from the surface of the leaves to various organs of the plant has a great effect, particularly when leaves reach their maximum level. In this method, nutrients are directly aerobic and there is no problem of sediment accumulation in soil and its ability to use. Ecotype characteristics is another factor affecting the components of the medicinal plant. depends on s. This research was carried out in order to evaluate the importance of organic medicinal plants and the advantages of using organic fertilizers and their extracts to improve the quality of active ingredients, maintain soil and environmental contamination.

This research was carried out at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, located at Nazlou campus, during two season of 2014 and 2015.The land preparation operations included plowing, leveling and cutting was performed in the fall of first year. Sowing was carried out on April 15th. First, the seeds of ecotypes were weighed. Then the seeds of each ecotype were divided equally into the plots to be planted. Seed sowing was done manually and uniformly in each plot. The dimensions of the plots were 2×2 meters. The blocks were spaced one and a half meters apart. The plots were then irrigated regularly. Weed control was carried out manually and mechanically during the growing season in two stages. The application of spraying treatments in vegetative growth stage was carried out in two stages in the first and fifth of June according to the experimental design with manual sprayer. Sampling was done at the end of flowering in August. Samples in each experimental plot with an area of one square meter were harvest. Essential oil was extracted from dry specimens. For this purpose, 40 g of each sample was weighed, and this amount was put into a 1000 ml bécher  after being crushed for the purpose of extraction of the essential oil with a Clevenger apparatus.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that application of spraying treatments and ecotypes on total dry weight, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, grain harvest index, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level (p-value < 0.01). The interaction of ecotype and spraying application on 1000 seed weight and grain harvest index were significant at 1% probability level (p-value < 0.05) and on yield and essence percentage were significant at 5% probability level (p-value < 0.05). The results showed that the highest amount of 1000 grain weight, grain harvest index, yield and essence percentage were 2.3 g, 76.76%, 9.42 kg ha-1 and 0.99%, respectively belonged to poultry manure spraying and Urmia ecotype. The highest total dry weight and seed yield belonged to Urmia ecotype (969.5 and 875 kg ha-1 respectively) and poultry manure spraying (892.5 and 756.7 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained. Finally, according to the results of this research, application of poultry manure spraying and ecotype of Urmia in Urmia region and cultivation of native ecotypes in other regions is recommended.

The results of this study showed that foliar application of organic fertilizer extracts has significant effects on studied traits. Therefore, application of organic fertilizers can be a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers and is recommended. Considering the significant importance of ecotypes on the studied traits, choosing the suitable ecotype for each region is economically feasible.

In order to study the effect of seed priming on and the growth of sugar beet seedling under stress condition, an experiment was conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2017. Experimental units were arranged in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was four salinity levels (0 as control), 5, 10, and 15dS/m of sodium chloride and the second factor was priming treatments including magnetic water, salicylic acid, calcium chloride, and sodium chloride for 8 h and non-priming (control). The effect of salinity levels on all studied traits was significant (P < 0.01) except for the seedling germination. The effect of seed priming on all the studied traits was significant (P < 0.01). Furthermore the interaction of the two treatments on germination index and seedling length was significant (P < 0.01) as well as for shoot length (P < 0.05). Results showed that 15 dS/m salinity level reduced final germination percentage, radicle length, radicle dry weight, shoot dry weight, seedling weight, seedling vigor index, speed of emergence, uniformity of emergence, percent of seed emergence, and speed of emergence-coefficient by 8.89, 33.33, 51.35, 46.41, 44.44,25.23, 12.39, 13.05, and 49.05% and increased mean time to germination by 56.46% compared with control, while priming with NaCl significantly increased final germination percentage, radicle length, radicle dry weight, shoot dry weight, seedling weight, and seedling vigor index by 14.55, 9.95, 84.21, 27.77, 22.72, 58.94, 26.23, 17.32, 10.07 and 9.09% and reduced mean time to germination by 13.14%. The highest germination index, stem length, and seedling length and also the lowest mean time to germination were obtained at zero salinity level and priming with sodium chloride. In addition, priming with sodium chloride at other salinity levels was able to moderate the effect of salinity stress on these indices and was recognized as the best priming treatment.

To investigate the effect of different seed primings on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of two sugar beet cultivars a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, was carried out in both laboratory and field at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of West Azarbaijan province in 2015-16. The factors were two cultivars (Ekbatan and 7233) and five kinds of seed primings (seed hardening, priming with nano fertilizer, priming with pigeon manure extract, hydropriming and control). The results of combined analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences between genotypes for root yield and white sugar content. It was also, revealed that primings for all traits, except percent of sugar extraction, alkalinity and white sugar content, were significant. In this study, cultivar 7233, as compared with Ekbatan, produced higher root yield and sugar content. Furthermore, hydropriming produced higher germination percentage (96.50%), speed of germination (9.56 seeds/day), root yield (80.33 t.ha-1), sugars content (23.11%), sugar yield (18.38 t.ha-1) than other seed primings. Based on stepwise regression analysis, four traits, like sugars content, root yield, sugar extraction percentage and molasses sugar, justified 98% of white sugar yield variations. Thus, these four traits were identified as the most effective ones for white sugar yield. It can be, therefore, concluded that hydropriming would be a proper seed priming to improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet.

The use of organic materials and nano-fertilizers to control the release of nutrients could be an effective step towards achieving sustainable agriculture. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting the growth and yield of medicinal plants including marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). This experiment was conducted under field conditions in a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications (replication in place) in the Research Farm of the Urmia and Salmas Agricultural Research Center. The first factor was irrigation method at two levels including normal irrigation and irrigation cut in the beginning of flowering, and the second factor was priming treatments in seven levels including the seeds primed with nano fertilizers (iron oxide, zinc oxide and oxide with concentrations of two in thousands) and the seeds primed with organic material (humic acid, 72 mg/L, salicylic acid 2000 micromole and ascorbic acid 200ppm) and control. The results indicated that the priming of seeds with nano materials and priming with organic materials caused an increased plant height, number of capitol, fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry weight of root, grain yield, harvest index, essential oil percentage, and mineral phosphorus percentage as well as increased quantitative and qualitative yield of marigold, especially in drought stress conditions. Therefore, its application could be recommended for sustainable and organic agriculture.

ntroduction:Moldavian balm is an herbaceous annual plant belonging to the Lamiacea family (Gholizadeh et al., 2010). The whole body of this Plant contains essence, however, the flowers, leaves and young stems contain the highest amount of essence. Essence contains Geranial, Neral, Geranyl acetate and Geraniol. An essential element of sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in crop ecosystems with the aim of eliminating applications Chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizers provide human health and the environment. Spraying improves nutrint deficiency in shorter time than the soil application. In this method, nutrients are directly absorbed and there is no problem of sediment accumulation in soil and its ability to use. (Yongzhen et al., 2017). In order to investigate the effect of spraying organic fertilizers extracts on morphological traits and quantitative and qualitative yield of six Moldavian balm ecotypes, a factorial experiment was conducted Based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 30 treatments at Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2015 and 2016 was cultivated in spring. Ecotypes included (Urmia, Salmas, Ajabshir, Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz) and spraying treatments (control, cow manure, poultry manure, vermicompost and compost). Sowing of seeds was carried out on April 15th. The dimensions of the plots were 2 × 2 meters. The blocks were spaced one and a half meters apart. The plots were irrigated regularly until the germination of one day in between. weed control was carried out manually and mechanically during the growing season in two stages.Sampling was done at the end of flowering stage in August. the purpose of extraction of the essence with a clevenger apparatus. MSTAT-C statistical software was used to analyze the data. To compare the means, LSD test was used at the 5% probability level. Excel software were used to draw charts. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that application of spraying treatments on plant height,the number of flowers, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The effect of ecotype on plant height, the number of flowers, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The interactions of ecotype in spraying on leaf length and leaf area were significant at 1% probability level and on yield and essence percentage at 5% probability level. The interaction of ecotype in spraying on plant height, leaf number and leaf width was not significant. The highest percentage of essence was obtained from Urmia ecotype treatment and spraying of chicken manure with an average of 0.99%, followed by Urmia ecotype and spraying of vermicompost extract with an average of 0.95%. Finally, according to the results of this experiment, the application of spraying of chicken manure and vermicompost and ecotype of Urmia in fodder plant is recommended. The results of this study showed that spraying of organic fertilizers extracts had a significant effect on the growth parameters of Moldavian balm. Spraying of chicken manure increased plant height by 79% compared to control. Spraying with chicken manure and vermicompost fertilizer resulted in 45% increase in the number of flowers and 9% increase in leaf length compared to control. Given that the native ecotype (Urmia), the top ecotype was introduced, the cultivation of native ecotypes of the Moldavian balm in each region is recommended. In general, it can be stated that spraying of organic fertilizers extract, in addition to reducing the nutrient and fertilizer losses and reducing environmental pollution, due to fast absorption of leaf, improves plant traits.
Keywords: Foliar feeding, Essence percentage, Medicinal herb, Secondary metabolites.
References
Gholizadeh, A., Amin, M. S. M., Anuar, A. R., Esfahani, M., and Saberioon, M. M. 2010. The study on the effect of different levels of zeolit and water stress on growth, development and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica L. American Journal of Applied Science. 7 (1): 33 - 37.
Yongzhen, D., Yongjiu, W., Xiangqun ,Zh., Weimin, Ch., Rongguang. Sh., Renwei, F. 2017. Effects of foliar dressing of selenite and silicate alone or combined with different soil ameliorants on the accumulation of As and Cd and antioxidant system in Brassica campestris. Volume 142, Pages 207-215

The purpose of this research was to investigate the hydraulic parameters affecting the performance of the distillation column and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow field on the industrial scale-sieve tray using numerical simulation. Computational fluid dynamics method was used for analyzing and predicting flow behavior. The desired geometry including the space between two trays of the distillation column and the down comer region was considered. After plotting geometry, three dimensional grids were generated in Gambit software and the analysis of the flow field was traced in Fluent software. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach was applied to simulate two-phase flow and k-ε RNG model for turbulence modeling. Validation of the results was done successfully using Solari and Bell experiment data and the correlation presented by Colwell. The velocity distribution and volume fraction of liquid and gas in different zones were determined. The influence of inlet volumetric flow rate of liquid and gas, as well as the geometry of the weir, on parameters related to the tray performance such as clear liquid height and froth height were investigated. The results indicated that a better separation would occur in lower gas and liquid loads.

In order to evaluate the effects of different intercropping patterns on yield components, yield and land use efficiency at diffirent intercropping patterns of dill (Anethun graveolens L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), a field experiment was arranged based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at a farm located in West Azerbaijan province- city Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason of 2011-2012. Treatments included row intercropping (one row of fenugreek one row of dill), strip intercropping (two rows of dill one rows of fenugreek, three rows of dill one rows of fenugreek, two rows of fenugreek one rows of dill, three rows of fenugreek one rows of dill, two rows of fenugreek two of dill) and solecropping dill and fenugreek. Intercropping patterns had significant effect on all of mentioned traits. The highest grain yield and biological yield of fenugreek were achieved in solecropping with 940 and 3103 kg.ha-1, respectively. Results showed that the maximum grain yield and biological yield of dill obtained of three rows of dill one rows of fenugreek with 860 and 4816.67 kg.ha-1, respectively. The essential oil percentage (2.85) of all treatments was higher than solecropping (2). The highest Land equivalent ratio (1.90) was obtained in two rows of fenugreek two rows of dill. The maximum Actual yield loss (2.18) and Intercropping Advantage (1.28) were obtained in three rows of fenugreek one rows of dill that represents an increase advantages in intercropping than solecropping.