فهرست مطالب مهربان پارسامهر

The family as the most significant and fundamental social institution exerts direct and profound influences on other societal institutions. It assumes distinct roles and functions and addresses a range of human needs. Central to family life and functioning are the relationships among family members. Communication serves as the foundation through which families define themselves and members acquire the skills to navigate shared meanings (Miller, 2017). Consequently, communication and interactions between family members emerge as crucial characteristics within any family unit. When communication is positive and effective, it ensures the overall well-being of the family and, in turn, contributes to the health of society as a whole. Effective communication skills encompass both verbal and nonverbal elements with effective verbal and conversational skills occupying a significant role in marital communication. Furthermore, communication within the family, like any other form of dialogue, is influenced by cultural and social contexts. Dialogue, in fact, not only stems from an individual's background and social network, but also shapes the formation of future relationships and interactions. As per Michel's definition, a social network comprises unique connections among a specific group of individuals. These connections collectively provide insights into the social behavior exhibited by the individuals involved (Mitchel, 1999). Therefore, recognizing the pivotal role played by tradition, culture, and social backgrounds in fostering interactions and dialogues between couples, this research aimed to comprehend the process of dialogue formation within the context of couples' social relations.

This research aimed to elucidate the process of dialogue formation within the context of social relations. An interpretive paradigm and qualitative methodology were employed. Specifically, a grounded theory approach utilizing Strauss and Corbin's objectivist perspective was adopted as the primary methodological framework. The sample selection followed a purposive and theoretical sampling technique with the goal of achieving data saturation. A total of 31 couples from normal families in Yazd were chosen as participants. In-depth interviews served as the primary method of data collection. With participants' consent, the interviews were recorded and each session lasted between 70 and 180 minutes. The data analysis utilized the theoretical coding method, which facilitated the development of the grounded theory. All recorded interviews were transcribed into text and the analysis process occurred concurrently with data collection. Following Strauss and Corbin’s method, line-by-line analysis was conducted for open-coding, leading to the development of concepts and categories and construction of the grounded theory's foundation. Ultimately, a research paradigm model was formulated. To ensure the validity of the findings, measures, such as prolonged engagement, peer review, negative case analysis, member checking, and detailed description were employed.

This study aimed to elucidate the role of the social network in shaping and influencing dialogue within Yazdi families. The collected data were subjected to open, axial, and selective coding, resulting in the identification of 22 main categories and 63 secondary categories. These categories collectively contributed to the core category of "dialogue emerging from the social network". The research presented a paradigm model and theoretical framework based on these findings.The overall analysis of the results demonstrated that dialogue was a product of the social relationships that the couples had experienced across various domains, spanning from the past to the present. The sociocultural context, particularly within the family, held the greatest influence on the individuals by establishing either a democratic or authoritarian environment. Additionally, friendship groups, educational and occupational systems, and the living environment all played significant roles in shaping interactions and dialogue within the family.When confronted with the impact of this social network, the individuals tended to react in two distinct ways. Some individuals accepted these influences without critical evaluation, implementing them within their family dynamics. However, this approach often led to dissatisfaction within the contemporary family structure due to the changing dynamics of today's society. On the other hand, certain individuals equipped with an awareness of various factors, social changes, and established principles for building relationships engaged in a thoughtful reconsideration of the effects of their past experiences within the family and different social environments. These individuals actively strived to enhance interactions within their current family and effectively managed their familial relationships.

In societies, incorrect beliefs about cancer cause stigma and weaken the health care and patients' treatment. The purpose of this studu is to investigate the impact of cancer habitus on cancer social stigma among family caregivers of cancer patients.

Survey method was usedand the statistical population included family caregivers of cancer patients in Tehran hospitals in 1401. Sample size included 384 people selected by convenience sampling method of multi-stage stratified type by referring to the hospitals under study. Data collection tool was the standard cancer stigma index questionnaire and the researcher-made cancer habitus questionnaire. Data were analyzed through correlation tests, mean difference, path analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS and Amos.

According to the results, there was a relationship between cancer stigma (with dimensions of others-avoidance, self-avoidance, and being released) and cancer habitus (with dimensions of enchantment and cure-avoidance); according to the path model, habitus explains 19/6% of the variation in stigma. Moreover, enchantment and cure-avoidance had the highest and lowest contribution to explaning stigma with an impact factor of 0/29 and 0/25. The results of structural equation model test also indicated appropriate fit of the presented conceptual model (GFI=0/973, RMSEA=0/067, CFI=0/958).

Caregivers of cancer patients, as the main supporters of the patient, are always influenced by incorrect cultural stereotypes of society. Identifying different dimensions of habitus (especially the aspect of enchanment), paying more attention to the aspect of being released of stigma, paying attention to the role of education and awareness in reducing false beliefs and more interaction with patients have a significant role in reducing the stigma of cancer and makes it easier for patients to bear the pain and suffering of cancer

Profession and job are the important parts of a person's identity, indicating his/her position in the society. It is referred to as professional identity. The professional identity of teachers in Iran is facing serious challenges and we are indeed experiencing a crisis in their professional identity. In today's Iranian society, the teaching profession has become ordinary and inferior. Research documents demonstrate that the current situation has significantly decreased teachers' desire for productive work and professional affiliation. Lack of motivation, work scarcity, excessive fatigue, interest in leaving teaching profession, and feelings of regret for choosing this career have increased among teachers. Social and cultural elites have emphasized the critical importance of the professional identity of Iranian teachers. However, this issue has received less theoretical and empirical attention in Iran. Considering the problematic nature of professional identity and the existing research literature in this field, it is necessary to take a fresh look at this issue. Let's explore what teachers truly think about their identity and what they mean by their professional identity from their own perspectives. Additionally, let's examine the conditions and factors that are effective in the formation of teachers' professional identity. The professional identity of teachers is influenced by what processes it follows and how it is formed This research was conducted among teachers in Yazd City due to the educational structure of Yazd Province. It has consistently achieved the best position in the national entrance exam for the past 27 years, thus being affected by the issue of the national entrance exam. Based on the theoretical framework of this research, identity is formed during a social process and through social interactions. It is a dynamic matter that is constantly subject to change. In the approach of social identity, individuals do not simply consider different groups as the defining reference for their identity. Instead, they actively engage in this field and the ideas they have about their profession give rise to different thoughts and emotions, which in turn have varying effects on their performance. Since this research aimed to investigate the process and formation of teachers' approach to profession, Kathy Charmaz's constructivist approach was utilized. This approach places emphasis on diverse local worlds, multiple realities, and complexity of specific worlds, viewpoints, and actions. It also focuses on people's views, values, beliefs, feelings, assumptions, and ideology.

The current research adopted an interpretive paradigm and utilized a qualitative methodology. Among the various methods of qualitative research, the contextual theory strategy (Kathy Charmaz's structuralist approach) was employed. The sampling method used in this research was theoretical and purposeful. The target population consisted of teachers in Yazd City, who were selected from different educational levels with varying work records and fields of expertise. The sample size included 20 individuals. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews with each interview lasting an average time of 120 to 180 min. The process of sample collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, meaning that no new information was obtained from the interviewees. Line-by-line analysis was employed to analyze the data. The coding method involved primary codes, focused codes, and theoretical codes, from which the research categories were derived. Measures were taken to ensure the research validity and reliability.

Discussion of Results & Conclusion   

The research results indicated that individual and social factors played a significant role in entering the teaching profession. The integration of subjective, mental, and social elements was crucial for a conscious and voluntary decision to become a teacher. However, the students' perceptions of working conditions and the teachers’ low status had led some individuals to feel reluctant about entering this profession, stating that they were drawn to it unwillingly. According to the theoretical model of this research, the individuals shaped their professional identity throughout their professional journey influenced by interactions with educational, political, economic, and social systems. Through their engagement with the educational system, they had come to understand that being a teacher entailed possessing knowledge, commitment, taking action, engaging in interactions, upholding ethics, and pursuing professional goals and ideals. Additionally, their experiences in schools and classrooms had contributed to the development of their attitudes towards their profession, which could be categorized as 1) fears and worries and 2) sufferings and hardship of teaching profession.  Furthermore, their interactions with various social, economic, and political systems had led them to perceive their professional identity as being economically inferior. They expressed a lack of professional authority and freedom, feeling like tools for implementing the goals and ideologies of the political system and experiencing a weak social position.Overall, based on the aforementioned conditions and contexts, the category of the decline of teachers' identity dissatisfied both objectively and subjectively had emerged. Teachers claimed that they lacked a desirable professional identity as their position and status within their professional identity were declining and they were dissatisfied with their situation. They perceived a decline in their social status and held a negative view towards the future of teaching profession. Additionally, they expressed dissatisfaction with their living conditions. Based on the research findings, several actions could be suggested to revitalize teachers' identity. These included improving teachers' living conditions, ensuring a balanced approach to development of the education and learning system by the government, reducing the pressure of external control, and providing teachers with a quality support.

This article examines current trends in theory in medical sociology and finds that the use of theory is flourishing. The central thesis is that the field has reached a mature state and is in the early stage of a paradigm shift away from a past focus on methodological individualism (in which the individual is the primary unit of analysis) toward a growing utilization of theories with a structural orientation This outcome is materially aided by research methods (for example, hierarchal linear modeling, biomarkers) providing measures of structural effects on the health of the individual that were often absent or underdeveloped in the past. Both quantitative and qualitative methods can be utilized in such research and qualitative studies based on symbolic interaction or social constructionism are not disqualified because of their methodologies and focus. Structure needs to be accounted for in any social endeavor and contemporary medical sociology appears to be doing precisely that as part of the next stage of its evolution.

Cancer is often stigmatized in many societies and this has unfortunate consequences for sufferers. The aim of this research was to know the factors related to the social stigma of cancer.

The research method was correlation-analytical, and the sampling method was multi-stage cluster. Data were collected using CSI and CAM standard questionnaires.The statistical population included three categories of ordinary citizens, medical staff, and companions of patients in Tehran; Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 384, 201, 384 people, respectively. In order to fit the model and measure the relationships between the variables, the method of structural equation modeling was used in the form of AMOS software.

 Goodness of fit indices (chi-square/df=2.851, Rmsea=0.08, Cfi=0.945) all indicated the appropriate fit of the model. Except for the variable of inequality in treatment, other independent variables had a significant relationship with stigma. The r2 explanatory coefficient showed that the variables of habitus, optimism, cancer awareness, religiosity, social support, and social capital together predicted 48% of stigma changes. Habitus and social support with standard coefficients (beta) of 0.48 and -0.28 had the highest and lowest contribution in explaining stigma, respectively. Based on the mean difference test, the amount of stigma among ordinary people was more than the other two groups.

 Awareness of different aspects of cancer disease (such as symptoms, causative factors), removing false stereotypes about cancer (such as cancer means death), constant communication with cancer patients, and receiving the necessary social support from various sources, were the most important tools necessary to reduce the stigma of cancer.

It is possible for adverse situations to occur in any society, but what is important is the quality of the society's response to these difficult situations; Among such cases, we can mention the state of hope in the society; whether there is hope for improvement or not. Citizens' point of view regarding comparing the present with the past, evaluating the present and the level of hope for the future in various fields is very important and significant due to its many effects and consequences. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present a picture of the state of hope and attitude towards the present and the future in Iranian society and the process of its changes based on the views of respondents in national surveys. In this regard, by using the secondary analysis method to the reports of the national surveys measuring "values and attitudes of Iranians", three waves of which have been implemented so far in the years 2000, 2003 and 2015, and the national surveys of the "Nationwide Social Capital Survey" (2005, 2014 and 2017) in which there was an item to measure hope or attitude towards the present and evaluation of the future.Our findings showed that in general, regarding the evaluation of the current situation, more than 85% of the respondents were not satisfied with the current situation and indicated their need for reform. Also, the examination of the process of hope chenges, i.e. the indicators of comparing the current state of society with the past, as well as the attitude towards the future of society and their indicators (such as class gap, economic status and welfare status, vitality, prevalence of positive moral characteristics) showed that the assessment of the situation. Also, examining the process of changes in hope in terms of comparing the current state of society with the past, as well as the attitude towards the future of society and their indicators (such as class gap, economic status and welfare status, vitality, prevalence of positive moral characteristics) showed that the assessment of the situation. The current and future of the society was not favorable in the examined indicators because a significant percentage of the respondents have always been placed in desperate options (worsening the situation) and monitoring the change process showed that with the passage of time, there has been an erosion process in some indicators and a relative improvement in others.

Water governance is a decision-making process in a set of political, economic, social, and executive systems in order to plan, develop water resources management and provide water services in different parts of society. Yazd province is one of the driest provinces in the country due to being located on the central plateau. Therefore, it seems that water governance is necessary in such a way that in different sectors of agriculture, drinking water hygiene, and industry, the main goal project is, to have optimal consumption, and water resources are not destroyed. The approach of the present research is qualitative; The foundation's data method and data collection technique were semi-structured in-depth interviews with three groups of managers and administrative experts, independent experts and experts in the water field, and employers in the industry and agriculture sectors. which were selected by purposeful sampling until reaching theoretical saturation. The data analysis technique was also open, central, and selective coding. The findings of the research showed that the water governance model is based on self-interested governance. This type of governance means paying attention to immediate and present interests and not paying attention to the state of water resources for the future, which has characteristics such as orders from the top to bottom, show, temporary, without paying attention to environmental issues and sustainable development. There has been a lack of interaction between the people and the officials and the defective participation of the stakeholders.

In Iran, the development and promotion of entrepreneurship is one of the serious needs of society and family structure, traditional attitudes and gender stereotypes that describe the social structures of countries have a strong impact on the process of women entrepreneurship development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the successful entrepreneurial behaviors of women in Yazd. In this qualitative study, the focused  population are women entrepreneurs in Yazd. Selected by purposive and theoretical sampling, the sample of this study included 15 women entrepreneurs, who were different in terms of age, education, type of profession and marital status. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the interviews. From the results of the analysis, three main themes were obtained. The main theme of constructive interaction with mental and social barriers includes 21 concepts and 5 sub-themes (domination of patriarchal gender ideology, lack of structural support, stereotype of disbelief in women's ability, economic view of women's work, social short-sightedness). The theme of self-improvement was obtained from 21 concepts and 4 sub-themes (aligning with social norms, proving individual abilities, overcoming self-limitation, observing gender norms). The main themes of reflection positivity were extracted from 9 concepts and 2 sub-themes, positive self-affirmation and action self-belief.

One of the most important characteristics of every family is the way of communication and interactions between family members. This desirable communication would guarantee family health and consequently health in the society. Individuals in a family use various methods to solve family problems, some of which lead to the creation or destruction of interactive conetxts. Dialogue is one of the most important elements of communication skills and a social action in families. Problem-solving methods in a family can be considered to be dialogue-oriented or anti-dialogue methods. Today, families have delegated many of its responsibilities to other social institutions. Their most important task is to establish desirable and constructive relationships and create a dialogue-based context among family members. Unfortunately, the average dialogue between couples in Iranian families is about 15 minutes according to the latest research in the country. This indicates a sharp decline in dialogue among Iranian families (Radiogoftogoo, 2018). Also, many damages the family context, including inequality, unbalanced distribution of power, domestic violence, emotional divorce, extramarital relationships, generation gap, etc. originate from incorrect and anti-dialogue methods in problem-solving, as well as the weakness of the culture of dialogue, which has been intensified by sexist discourse at various levels of the family and society. Therefore, scientific research in this field is necessary. This study aimed to explain the problem-solving process through dialogue among couples in Yazd City with a sociological approach.  

This interpretive research was based on a qualitative method. Among the various methods of qualitative research, it used the grounded theory strategy with Strauss and Corbin's objectivist approach. Samples were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling to achieve saturation. 31 couples were selected from among normal families in Yazd City. In-depth interviews were utilized for data collection. With the permission of the participants, the interviews were recorded. Each interview lasted between 70 and 180 minutes. Theoretical coding method was also applied to analyze the data and develop the grounded theory. Then, the recorded interviews containing all the details were converted into a text. The analysis process was performed simultaneously with data collection. Strauss and Corbin’s method was employed for data analysis. The data were analyzed line-by-line for open-coding. Also, along with the development of concepts and categories and construction of the basis of the grounded theory, axial and selective coding were utilized. Finally, a research paradigm model was presented. The validity of the findings was ensured via prolonged engagement, peer review, negative case analysis, member-checking and deep description. 

The present study aimed to explain the problem-solving process through dialogue among Yazdi couples. The collected data were categorized into open, axial, and selective coding, including 18 main categories and 67 sub-categories. These categories were presented in one core category of "dissonance in problem-solving Pendolic behaviors". Then, the paradigm model and theoretical scheme of the research were presented. The results generally showed the dissonance of couples in problem-solving in a family formed based on the lifeworld of gender, power structure, and family structure and function. In fact, the culture of gender that governed the society and the family structure of each couple had caused gender differences in individuals, some of which were related to biological differences between the two sexes and most of them were due to cultural and social structures of the society and cultural and educational contexts of families. The rotational and interaction effects of these factors, which had caused differences between couples, had affected the problem-solving process and methods in families. They had caused dissonance in the methods taken by each couple to solve their problems. In general, couples' strategies for solving their problems can be summarized into the two opposing strategies of compromise and violence/avoidance. Compromise includes constructive and desirable strategies that ultimately aims to reach an agreement and empathy to solve problems. It is based on dialogue and thinking together. The strategy of avoidance/violence is related to the people, who prefer to run away from family problems and issues, remain silent, or destroy the desired interaction contexts by aggression, which destroys the context of dialogue. Therefore, dissonance in strategies, which is due to heterogeneity in couples’ views and attitudes and is affected by social and cultural structures, culture of gender, and power structure in the family, leads to intensification of conflicts and family issues. It makes each couple use a different method for solving problems and consider his/her own method as the best method.

Considering the importance of Constructive communication among families; The present study has studied and explained the understanding and experience of dialogue among couples in families in Yazd.

In this study, a qualitative approach and grounded theory method and Purposive and theoretical sampling were used and 31 couples from normal families in Yazd were selected and interviewed in depth.

The collected data were categorized into open, axial and selective coding include 17 main categories, 168 secondary categories. To sum up, these categories were presented in one core category of “Problematic dialogue-monologue in families”. structural limitations, agency-oriented, and distorted communication make dialogue a Problematic experience among families. The human need for dialogue, non- Conversational topics and lack of cognition of dialogue as leisure, as well as conversational inequalities between families reinforced this problematic situation. This issue led to positive and negative strategies in direction of dialogue-oriented actions and decline of agency, and led to psychological and communicational damages and promotion of family relationships and community health, which was presented in the form of a paradigmatic model.

The results of this study showed that dialogue between families in the form of dual dialogue-monologue is a problematic experience and due to its importance in improving the situation of family and society and the need of family members for dialogue, Discoursing and informing in this field is very necessary.

The present study with a meta-analysis approach seeks to summarize and combine the findings of these studies with the aim of identifying and explaining the most important factors, along with providing relevant solutions to solve the problem.

The present study was conducted by quantitative meta-analysis. The statistical population includes all researches conducted from 2004 to the end of 2015 in the field of study. Through purposive sampling, 28 studies were selected that had the appropriate characteristics to enter the meta-analysis. Comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA) was used to analyze the data.

The estimated effect size in the studied samples was 0.44 which is evaluated in the medium level of confidence based on Cohen's interpretive system. Finally, although the type of statistical population variable has been used as a moderating variable based on the differences in research results, but it can be said that regardless of the differences in the statistical populations studied, socializing with addicted friends has a positive effect on drug abuse or addiction.

Addicted people are exposed to learning deviant behaviors (addiction) due to their living environment and also the people with whom they are in contact (addicts). They show that they resist the prevailing culture and have a great impact on the formation and strengthening of people's attitudes in their addiction and greatly reduce the chances of rescuing a person from the mire of addiction.

Power structure in family plays important role in formation of favorable relationships between family members and can guide the process of dialogue. The present study intends to explore power structure by emphasizing how dialogue is formed in the context of Yazdi families. Based on the type of research question, qualitative methodology and considering the process of the problem, grounded theory method was used. Using theoretical sampling, 31 couples from normal families in Yazd were selected and interviewed in depth.The collected data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. In open coding stage, the analyzed data were presented in 60 secondary categories, 25 main categories and core category entitled "Crystallization of complicit Patriarchy in Family dialogues". In axial coding stage, the research paradigm model and in selective coding stage, the theoretical scheme of the research was presented. Explaining the results shows that power structure in family, although still applied in the gendered public space, but have been some changes. These changes are often accompanied by a shift from hegemonic patriarchy to complicit patriarchy and dialogue in this context is accompanied by compromise or initial transition from complicit patriarchy.

Secularization has caused the role of religion and its functions in the social and individual context to collapse. Modernity and its components (globalization, individualism, scientism) intensified the process of secularization. This research investigated the effect of modernity components on the dimensions of secularization of graduate students of Yazd University. The variables were measured using a researcher-made questionnaire and a stratified sampling process was used for sampling. The results indicate a direct and significant relationship between the components of modernity (individualism, globalization, and scientism) and the students’ secularization (P <0.001). The structural equation model shows that the effect of the components of modernity on the secularization of students is 0.47, which indicates the direct relationship between these two variables. In general, the research findings show that modernity and its components have played a key role in expanding the secularization process in a way that it is easier for young people and students to embrace the elements of secularization and management due to generational changes.

Driving is a behavior that a person chooses as a practical model of action and implements it with a vehicle. This behavior includes two distinct categories of behaviors, namely positive and negative behavior. The set of negative behaviors in driving is called aggressive driving or high-risk driving. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors related to aggressive driving motivations among drivers in Yazd city.

The method used in this research was survey. The statistical population of this study consists of all drivers in Yazd city that 429 people have been selected as a sample. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and a simple random sampling method. In this study, the NPI-16 narcissistic personality scale and the MCMI-II narcissism scale were used to measure drivers' narcissism. The validity of the instrument was confirmed by the content validity method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was equal to 0.77 and was within the acceptable range. The retest reliability coefficient, correlation coefficient in determining the halving reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in measuring internal consistency were calculated to be 0.84, 0.74 and 0.79, respectively.

The findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variables of age, marital status, narcissism, behavioral openness, aggression and the type of reaction when angry with the aggressive driving variable. The findings also showed that there was no significant difference between the variables of gender, driving time, socioeconomic status, legalism, discipline and flexibility with the variable of aggressive driving.

The results of multiple regression show a significant effect of five variables of age, socioeconomic status, narcissism, legalism, openness of behavior, aggression and type of reaction of drivers when angry in aggressive driving among drivers in Yazd city, among which, two variables are narcissism and Aggression plays a greater role in explaining the variable of aggressive driving. independent variables can explain 24% of the variance of the aggressive driving variable using linear combination variance.

Secularization in the new world has transcended all societies, and this means that religion has a small role in the evolution and values of societies. In the meantime, several factors play a role in the severity of this phenomenon, one of which is the individualism of modern times. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the empirical relationship between individualism and secularization of students of Yazd University. The statistical population of this study was postgraduate students (Yazd and Ph.D.) of Yazd University in 2019. Using stratified sampling method, 380 people were selected as sample. The results showed that there was no relationship between students' gender and secularization (objective and subjective) but there was a relationship between marital status and objective secularization and the general index of secularization. There was a significant and positive relationship between the use of mass media and customization. There was a relationship between vertical individualism and subjective, objective customization, and the overall index of individualism but horizontal individualism was only concerned with the objective of secularization. Regression results showed that the variable of vertical individualism and media use explained more than 16% of the variance of customization variable.

One of the most common types of violence in which the physical and overt dimensions of violence are less visible and the hidden and mental angles are more visible, are psychological and verbal violence.This study aims to measure the rate of failure and psychological violence.And a word has been done among men and women of families in Isfahan. The research method is comparative-correlational.The statistical population of the study includes all married women and men in Isfahan who have been married for two years. Among them, 384 people using Cochran's formula by two-step sampling method; Cluster and systematic were selected as the sample size.Data were collected using the standard questionnaire of Gilbert and Allen as well as a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed: the rate of psychological violence among men and the rate of verbal violence among women were common. There is A positive and significant correlation was observed between feelings of failure and psychological and verbal violence.There is also a difference between gender and verbal psychological violence in that the rate of psycho-verbal violence is higher among women than men.Explains a word. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to reduce the level of conflict and domestic violence, the necessary training to raise the awareness of men and women about marital issues in various dimensions should be considered by the authorities. Also, measures should be taken to provide services to victims. Violence such as: establishing counseling centers, strengthening social work institutions, and providing legal protection to victims of violence.

This study [4] sought to examine the association between use of virtual social networks and social isolation among high school girls in Shahrekord. The research method was survey. The statistical population of the study comprised all female high school students in Shahrekord from among whom 390 students were selected via multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect the data, Loneliness Scale (Gierveld & Kamphuis, 1985) was used which consists of 11 items and measures emotional and social loneliness. The face validity of the measure was established by conducting expert review and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for emotional loneliness, social loneliness, and social isolation were 0.73, 0.76, and 0.79, respectively. In addition, a researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to measure use of virtual social networks. This scale consisted of 13 items and Cronbach’s alpha showed the questionnaire to reach acceptable reliability, α= 0.93. The analyses revealed that the students’ average social isolation score was less than the theoretical mean. The results also showed that there was a significant, inverse relationship between use of virtual social networks and students’ level of social isolation. However, no significant association was observed between students’ grade level, age, and level of social isolation. 

neighborhood interactions are one of the most important issues that have been affected by urban sociologists today. in order to explain the neighborhood behaviors, the theory of intellectual action of ajzen and fishbein has been used. attitude variables in neighborhood interactions, mental norms, intention to conduct behavior, behavioral beliefs and normative beliefs form the main constructs of this model.the research method is survey and questionnaire was collected using the necessary information questionnaire.research sample consists of 385 persons in yazd city which are tailored to stratified random sampling and then in a simple random manner.the questionnaire was developed which was used to assess its reliability by cronbach's alpha test and the factor analysis.the results show that there is significant positive correlation between model structures with neighborhood interactions. hence, between behavioral beliefs and neighborhood interactions, between the attitude and neighborhood interactions,between the attitude and neighborhood interactions, between mental norms and neighborhood interactions,between intention to conduct neighborhood behavior and interactions was observed positive and significant.however,although model structures have significant correlation with neighborhood interactions,we need to avoid other structures that are not neglected in the same models and extensive research has been done in this field to provide more general model with more structures.

  Gender, as a research area in sociology of sport, is of particular importance. Since women constitute half of the human resources playing an effective role the development of any society. Therefore, in cultural, social and economic development programs, attempts should be made to pave the way for the better utilization of their capabilities and talents to provide the ground for their presence in different social domains and their effective participation in cultural development. One of main areas associated with cultural development in every society is women’s sport participation. On the other hand, through changes in cultural models and lifestyles and their effects on women’s body management, and considering body as a partial reflection of today`s world and its close relationship with life, woman`s identity, the degree of their participation, the study women’s body management as an index of lifestyle has gained momentum. Against this background, the present study aims to test a model in which women’s sport participation is the dependent variable, and the body image (body surveillance, body shame) and body management (tendency toward physical fitness, use of cosmetics and attitude toward cosmetic surgery) have been considered as dependent variables.

Material & Methods The current is study is a survey in which uses questionnaire as a data collection method. Women at 19 years of age and above in Ilam province constitute the statistical population of this research (N=193952). To determine the sample size, using Cockran’s sample size formula, 500 women were selected through cluster random sampling and the required data were collected. This research is of adequate theoretical validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was checked using Cronbach’s Alpha. Reliability indices for the components of the questionnaire include variable body management (Tendency towards Physical Fitness: .75, Use of Cosmetics: .80 , and Cosmetic Surgeries: .91), and body image (Body Surveillance: .83 and Body Shame: .90) all of which fall above the acceptable level of .70. Of course, sport participation has been examined as an observed variable, and since in studies conducted by Berger and Relley (2008), Sliter and Tigman (2011) Ris and Saib (2010) Pififer et al. (2006), Pastor et a.l (2003), Mor and Chadley (2005), Linstorm (2001) and Jones and More (2012), the questionnaire has been used with slight modifications as a standard and internationally recognized and reliable questionnaire. The collected data were coded and analyzed using SPSS 23 and Amos 21 and Pearsonproduct-moment correlation and univariate regression were run to test the hypotheses. Additionally, to test the joint effect of independent variables on the dependent variables and testing the fitness of the model, structural equation modeling (SEM) was run through Amos.

Discussion of Results &Conclusions From the 500 respondents, based on the place of the sport activity, 175 did sport at home, 95 in parks, 160 in the nature and just 96 in sport clubs. The women in Ilam province participate in sport activities as follows: hiking: 310; stretching execises: 123;, climbing: 95; physical fitness (aerobics, fitness and …): 62 volleyball: 32; badminton:19; , treadmill execises: 17, Futsal: 12 and yoga: 10. The findings show that women participate more in collective and low-cost exercises. Additionally, the findings show three-quarters (74%) of women in Ilam exercise between 10 to 699 minutes on average. At the same time, only 8.33 percent of them exercise professionally and regularly and most of them (2.4 percent) have irregular exercises between 10 to 120 min for pleasure or for health. The average participation of Ilam women in urban areas (138 minutes) is significantly more than rural areas (97 minutes). In addition to more sport participation, women in urban areas, in comparison to rural areas, exercise more professionally and regularly and the number of organized athletes in cities is more than that in rural areas. Of course collective exercise is more popular among rural women. The findings of the analysis and research model showed that body image has a greater effect on women`s participation directly (β = .34) and indirectly (β =.33) and in total with .a 67 effect size had the greatest effect on sport participation. The tendency toward physical fitness,, out of body management dimensions, has a moderate positive effect (.45) on women`s participation, whereas tendency toward cosmetic surgeries has a reverse weak effect (-.12) on women`s participation. Tendency towards using cosmetics did not have an effect of women’s participation. In addition, R2, the squared multiple correlation coefficient was reported to be .56 which indicate that the two variables of body image and body management and their components explain up to 56% percent of variance in women`s sport participation. The finding of this research provide a partially different model, meanwhile confirming the theoretical perspectives and research background regarding the effect of body image and body management on sport participation, because in the analytical model of the research, in addition to direct influence on sport participation, body image influences sport participation via body management. But in Ilam province, because of difference in cultural values towards Western societies, women, from among different alternatives stemming from their self-image (body image), focus on special dimensions of body management (including physical fitness and use of cosmetics), based on accepted and expected norms while cosmetic surgery is advanced as the third dimension of body management comes in contrast to sport participation. That is, as the result of body shame, women choose between cosmetic surgery and sport participation and here the accepted alternative of the majority of people in the society is sport participation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between urban disorder and the victimization experience of women in Yazd. In order to explain the issue, the views of everyday activities, lifestyles, social pathology, and Ekblom's crime conditions were employed. In terms of its purpose this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature it is considered as a descriptive-analytic study. The research data were collected through a survey method and from a sample of 336 individuals among 15-60 year-old women living in Yazd using proportional cluster sampling method and the Cochran formula. Findings and The results of this study indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between urban disorder in social and physical dimensions and victimization, and the relationship between awareness and knowledge and victimization is inverse and significant. Also, variables such as age, transportation status and living place had a direct and weak relationship with victimization. The results of regression analysis showed that the variables in the model could explain up to 43% of the changes in the dependent variable; form all the variables entered in the regression model, three variables of urban disorder, awareness and knowledge, and age were significant, and urban disorder had the most explanatory effect and knowledge in the second and ages is in the third rank of effect; and the variables of the status of living place and transportation have no significant effect.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status and the type and degree of women’s participation in sport. The study was conducted using survey and the data were collected through questionnaires. The population consisted of women upper than 19 years of age and the sample consisted of 500 women. The sample was selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling. The results of the study indicate that housewives, with low levels of education and income have no sport participation. Women with medium levels of education and income often follow public sport while women studying in university and those with higher levels of education and income follow organized sports. Out of the dimensions of socio-economic status, the occupational position of the parents (r= 0/46), and family income (r= 0/40) had the highest correlations with women’s sport participation. In addition, results of the regression showed that socio-economic status explained about 18% of the variance in women’s sport participation.

The present research studied the reasons of the girls’ marriage delay based on their own viewpoints with the qualitative approach and taking advantage of the descriptive phenomenological method. The data of research was collected through the semi-structured interview with twenty single girls whose age ranged from 18 to 55 years old and selected through the purposive sampling. The interviews were thematically classified and interpreted. The results of research clarified that the marriage delay is affected by the numerous individual reasons. At micro level, it is referred to the issues such as the disincentive beliefs, not finding an ideal person, the appearance properties, the pessimism and the lack of trust, the fatalism, as well as the family issues. At the intermediate level, it is included the elements such as the idealism of the family, putting emphasis on getting married to the relatives, problems such as one-parent-family and poverty of family as well as the structural reasons. Moreover, the issues such as lack of balance in the population, the economic conditions, the cultural changes, the negative effects of media and the virtual world are categorized under the macro level. Against the previous results of researches, there were no idealistic and materialistic criteria in the girls’ viewpoints. In their view, the most important criteria of the appropriate person for marriage were the interest, similarity and mutual understanding. Moreover, marriage delay is mostly affected by the family conditions, the social and cultural elements more than the economic element which is mostly agreed upon among the researchers.

The current research has been done with the aim of studying the psychological and social factors related to the inclination of female teenagers of Shahrekord’s high schools towards virtual social networks. The method used in the study is survey. The statistical population of the research is comprised of the entirety of female high school students of Shahrekord city in the year 2014/15, which according to Cochran’s formula, the sample size has been calculated to be 390 students. Data were collected using a questionnaire and with the sampling method of multistage cluster. Findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the inclination towards virtual social networks and the level of education of the students’ parents, usage frequency of virtual social networks, duration of membership in social networks, simplicity and ease of using social networks, sense of conformity with friends, and the need for improvement and meeting needs. The result of multiple regression shows the of five variables of students’ usage frequency of virtual networks, the simplicity of using virtual social networks, duration of membership in social networks, meeting needs and the sense of conformity with friends having a significant effect on inclination of teenagers towards using virtual social networks, among which frequency of usage of virtual social networks has a more important role in determining the variable of inclination towards virtual social networks

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sexual norms and women’s participation in sports. The study was conducted using survey and the data were collected through questionnaires. The population consisted of women upper than 19 years of age and the sample consisted of 500 women. The sample was selected using multi-stage random cluster sampling. To analyze the data and to test the research model, the researchers used regression and SEM using Amos. The analyses of the data indicate that sexual norms (r=.591), income (r = .40) and education (r= .355) have significant positive relationships with sport participation and collectively, they explain 0.42 of the variance in women’s sport participation.