فهرست مطالب مهشید طالبی صومعه سرایی

The adoption of intermediate plans for development and progress is based on policies that are in the form of specific objectives and legal mechanism and executive plans. As in many cases, the weakness in implementation can be traced to policies. Accordingly, due to the imbalance between consumption and demand in the management of water resources, one of the reasons can be sought in the form of policy-making and planning. However, water policy-making and planning in Iran has not been a fixed one and has undergone many changes in social and political contexts. Most of the developments in water planning and policy-making are between water programs before and after the Islamic Revolution; developments in medium and short terms are also evident. To identify these developments through a qualitative approach and the inductive content analysis method, the text of development plans and documents has been studied. Since the Islamic Revolution, these developments have been more influenced by the political discourse of the government. The results also show that development programs in Iran have not been sufficiently coherent in terms of the sustainability of water resources. In fact, the change in policies related to the exploitation of water resources during this period has led to the rupture of various development programs of the country from the perspective of water management.

This study, using Max Weber's sociological theory of law, intends to examine the trans-law factors that have led to the formulation of water laws in Iran over different periods. Therefore, the political and social factors that have caused changes in the water laws of the country have been studied. The results showed that the most important factor in changing water laws in Iran is water ownership. Prior to land reform, water was privately owned in Iran. But after land reform, water was managed and protected by the government. Although private ownership of water was re-enacted after the Islamic Revolution, the political conditions and goals of various governments led to the development of water resources without regard to private ownership. The results showed that in the formulation of water laws, international factors in the pre-revolutionary period, and political and anti-ecological justice in the post-revolutionary period, were the most important trans-law factors that influenced the formulation of water laws. Since the changes in the laws were not based on the quantity and quality of available water resources, but rather on the political and social conditions, these changes in laws did not lead to sustainability in water resources.

The Zayandeh-Rood river basin is the only permanent and water-rich river in the central plateau in a densely populated area with a dry and semi-arid climate. Due to precise historical management and supervision, the social problems of water distribution rarely happened. However, since the mid-1980s, the river has steadily lost its natural flow and has become seasonal river. Therefore, there have been many protests by stakeholder in the provinces. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the reason for the water crisis in the Zayandeh-Rood river basin has occurred over the last two decades. The knowledge of water management is beyond the technical understanding of the subject, and it is an interdisciplinary science, so it should be considered in different fields. Thus, this article focuses on recognizing the water governance gap in the Zayandeh-Rood river basin in various sectors. The method used for this purpose, is analysis of documents, based on a comparative content analysis. Also we conducted interviews with 30 water experts in different districts and provinces (Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari). The results showed that water governance in the Zayandeh-Rood River basin resulted in various gaps, including executive gaps, targeting gaps, policy gaps, information gaps, capacity gaps, investment gaps, and responsibility gaps.

Water Crisis is one of the most important environmental issues of Iran in the recent years which has been taken in to consideration by the state and different social groups. The farmers have realized the water crisis more than others, and therefore, for solving the problem of water, they have used alternatives waters such as wastewater. However, the use of wastewater has limitations in terms of product and the land.This article, by using grounded theory Method seeks to clarify the interpretation, meaning and behavior of farmers in the use of wastewater. The statistical society of the current research is all the farmers engaged in the agricultural lands of Varamin plain, which through theoretical sampling and available sample method, the theoretical saturation was obtained through interview with 38 people. The results of interpreting the farmer approach toward the state policy making about the waste water, shows the distrust toward the state policies and its impact on the incorrect function of the farmers in using waste water. In addition, the results of this study show that the personality universality and individuality manner in an atmosphere of insecurity, conflict between the agency in the selection of irrigation methods and lack of accountability are the results of this phenomenon. Core category that include general categories, is “community rupture from the national policies".

Giving information to public through media is a way of changing people’s environmental behavior, which if there should be interaction between media and audience, decreases unexpected reactions in citizens’ behavior and brings about a relatively predictable action within the society. This interaction in such an unusual field as using recycled water is more sensitive and significant. Using ground theory, the researchers interviewed 23 individuals and the data were collected within 107 concepts of which 39 key category and one core category were coded. The findings indicate that the subjects introduced institutional distrust as the reason for rejecting media news; perceptional risk and understanding the power of opportunist are considered as important causal conditions. In this study the core category is transformation of the validity of informal news and accepting purposeful risk of rumor.