مهناز صیادی

Spirituality is the most important aspect of human existentialism. This dimension is considered as a strong force in the center of life for more than one-third of the people worldwide. Spirituality is linked to health, a sense of goodness and recovery, and a factor in the continuation of life, finding its meaning and purpose. This study aimed to determine spiritual health level and its related factors in the students of Sanandaj universities in 2015. The present study was a cross-sectional. The study population, were students of Kurdistan University, Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj and Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Five hundred persons of them were selected and studied using One-stage cluster sampling method. A two-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and 20 questions about spiritual health was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20. The mean score of the belief system, intellectual, moral and life style of spiritual health were 25.78±3.95, 25.54±4.37, 22.97±4.65 and 23.04±4.75, respectively. The mean overall score of spiritual health was 96.33±14.92. The score was at the high level of health. There was a statistically significant difference between degrees (p<0.001), university (p<0.001), group study (p=0.007), pray and fasting (p<0.001) with mean total score of spiritual health. In the dimensions of the ethical system and lifestyle, the mean score of students was lower than the other dimensions, which could be somewhat alarming. It is recommended that the cultural planners of the universities Pay close attention and apply appropriate training.

Spiritual health is considered as one of the valuable capitals of humans is backed by religious man. Relation between spiritual health and happiness is as a feeling of satisfaction that people have towards life.
Aim: The present study was carried out to determine relationship between spiritual health and happiness in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and its related factors.
The present study was a cross-sectional. The study population, were students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences that 420 persons of them were selected and studied. A three-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and 20 questions about spiritual health and 29 questions about happiness was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.
The spiritual health of the most students was moderate and the happiness in more than 90% of them was favorable. The mean score of spiritual health and happiness of the studied students were 74.42±12.85 and 78.52±13.20, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between spiritual health and happiness (p The findings of the study revealed that there was relationship between spiritual health and happiness. So promoting spiritual health of the students will make them happier.The cultural and educational authorities should be pay attention to this issue.

Information literacy is a concept emerged through the rapid transformation of information technologies, which is essential to survival in an information community. The present study aimed to determine information literacy and its contributing factors in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Kurdistan University in 2015. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 500 students at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Kurdistan University in Kurdistan, Iran in 2015. The subjects were selected via single-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the standardized questionnaire by Davarpanah and Siamak. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20 using t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Mean score of information literacy was 25.12±8.40 (total score: 87) among the subjects. The mean score of information literacy was higher in the students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (25.99±8.43) compared to the students of Kurdistan University (22.68±7.91) (P=0.02). In addition, the score of information literacy was higher in the medical students compared to non-medical students (P=0.03). Considering the low level of information literacy in university students and given the importance of information skills in the scientific progress and professional efficiency of individuals, training should be provided on such skills through research methodology workshops and computer work in order to increase the information literacy of these students.

Academic self-efficacy implies a person's belief in his or her abilities in achieving educational goals and activities, the formation of which is influenced by various factors. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between family cohesion and academic self-efficacy in students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2015-2016.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study the statistical population was Kurdistan University of medical sciences students, among whom 500 were studied. In this study, random stratified sampling with proportional allocation was used and each faculty was considered as a category, and the final samples were randomly selected from the classrooms from each faculty considering the share of the students of that faculty. Data were collected by Fischer Family Integrity Questionnaire and Educational Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. After completing questionnaires by the students, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.
The mean score of family cohesion among the students was 59.07±11.24 and the mean score of the academic self-efficacy of the students was 103.45±18.88. There was a positive and significant relationship between academic self-efficacy and family cohesion among students (r=0.43, p It is recommended to hold educational classes on the importance of families and their togetherness, as well as good and appropriate emotional relationships with each other for parents in health centers in Sanandaj.

Educational self-efficacy implies a person's belief in his or her abilities in achieving educational goals and activities, the formation of which is influenced by various factors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between academic self-efficacy and demographic variables in students of Kurdistan and Islamic Azad universities of Sanandaj during the academic year of 2011-2012.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 398 students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University in Sanandaj during the academic year of 2015-2016. Sampling method was clustered. Demographic information form and academic self-efficacy questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 and descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were analyzed.
The mean score of academic self-efficacy of students was 100 ± 64.41 ± 12.04. Two groups of students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (64.49 ± 12.13) and Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj (11.57 ± 63.90) did not have a significant difference in self-efficacy scores (p=0.65). There was a significant difference between academic self-efficacy and mother's job (p = 0.004) and household economic status (p = 0.02).
The average score of student's academic performance is higher than average; variables such as having financial resources and parental education can be considered as effective factors in increasing student self-efficacy beliefs.

The prevailing atmosphere for teaching and learning is a determinant and effective factor in motivating learners to learn. The atmosphere can vary, as far as learning standards are concerned and can be close or far from these standards. The purpose of this study was to determine the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences student's perceptions of the learning environment based on the DREEM model in 2015.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, the population was Kurdistan University of medical sciences students. Among them, 300 people were selected by stratified sampling method. The data gathering tool was Dundee's questionnaire. The questionnaire had two parts. The demographic section included age, gender, marital status, educational level, and students’ school. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. To describe the collected data, descriptive statistics including frequency, mean and standard deviation, and the Mann-Whitney test were used to examine the relationship between students’ perception of university campus and binary variables such as gender. Kruskal Wallis statistical test was used to examine the relationship between student perception of the environment of the Educational system of university and variables of more than two states such as education level, and school.
The mean score of student's perceptions about university education was 109.04±22.03. The minimum and maximum mean scores of the studied areas were 2.52±0.46 and 2.75±0.56, respectively, related to the student's perception of their own social conditions and the student's perception of their own academic ability. There was a significant difference between the school and the student's perception regarding educational environment (p=0.02). There was no significant difference between the other variables studied and the student's viewpoints about the educational environment of the university (p Although a small percentage of students reported university environments badly, this low percentage could gradually lead to more discontent among them, and may even affect their academic achievement.

Entrepreneurship and enhancing entrepreneurial activities can be considered as an appropriate stimulus for the growth and development of communities and also for increasing the income and finally for improving people lives. The present study was done to evaluate the entrepreneurship spirit of students in Kurdistan and Kermanshah Universities of Medical Sciences, 2015-2016.
Material and This was a cross-sectional study. The populations of the study were Kurdistan and Kermanshah Universities of Medical Sciences, the students, of which were 500 who selected by classified random sampling using a proportional allocation. A questionnaire including 45 items was used to collect data on entrepreneurial spirit. In order to describe and analyze the collected data the descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, standard deviation and Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis was used.
The mean score of entrepreneurship among studied students was equal to 29.69±5.07. The scores in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences students and Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences students were 29.89±5.13 and 29.52±5.03 respectively. The Entrepreneurial spirit between the two universities, did not show statistically a significant difference (P=0.98).
The results of the present study showed that students of both universities in most areas of the entrepreneurial spirit had high entrepreneurial spirit (above average). This can be a favorable ground for implementing programs related to the development and entrepreneurship training.

Introduction and Aim: Clinical education is an activity that facilitates learning in clinical settings. In this process, students are working with their clinical instructors. The aim of this study was to determine the viewpoints of nursing and midwifery students about the specific characteristics of clinical teachers.
This was a cross-sectional study. The study population included nursing and midwifery students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, among whom 660 were selected as samples. The data collection tool was a two-part questionnaire. The first part of the study was demographic characteristics of the samples and the second part of the questionnaire included 47 items that included effective factors on personal character and professional competence in nursing and midwifery students. A quotient classification method was used to collect data. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used to examine the relationship between variables.
Findings: The highest and lowest mean scores obtained were 4.74 ± 1.32 and 4.37 ± 1.18 related to individual character and professional competence, respectively. The mean score of female students was higher than male students, and this difference was statistically significant (p The results of this study suggest that clinical educators should have characteristics such as appropriate personality, good teaching ability, strong professional competence, high communication ability and proper assessment of students.

Communication skills are behaviors that help the individual to properly express emotions and their needs and achieve the goals of interpersonal relations. The study was carried out to determine interpersonal communication skills and its associated factors among students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences.
The study was a cross-sectional. The study population were students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences that 720 of them were selected and studied. A two-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and 34questions about interpersonal communication skills was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20.
The mean score of the student's communication skills was 102.49±9.74. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean communication skills of the students and academic semester (p=0.62).The lowest (99.33±9.5) and the highest (104.25±10.18) mean score of communication skills were related to operating room and radiotherapy students.
Capabilities of the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in the field of interpersonal communication skills is not good. Intervention studies to enhance communication skills are recommended.

Introductios and Aims: Clinical learning environment has a very profound role in the education of health care students and specifically nursing students. Since students’ opinions and attitudes is of paramount importance in the evaluation of clinical learning environment, this study aimed to investigate the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences nursing student's viewpoints regarding clinical learning environment and factors affecting it.
In this cross-sectional study 165 nursing students of Kurdistan University of medical Sciences were selected using census sampling method and their ideas regarding clinical learning environment were studied using a questionnaire with 42 questions. Mean, standard deviation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. The significance level at 05. 0≥p was approved.
159 patients (96.36%) of the surveyed students completed and returned the questionnaires completely. The mean and standard deviation of total score was 130.01± 13.25, which is above average. The highest mean score obtained was related to satisfaction (3.15 ± 0.48) and interpersonal relationship (3.19± 0.56) and the lowest was related to participation (3.03 ± 0.33) and individualization (3.02 ± 0.49). There was a significant relationship between the semester and the area of interpersonal relations, (0.001> p, r = -0.28).
The results of this study suggest that participation and individualization of clinical learning environment were weak and in order to compensate for this shortcoming, engaging students in education seems necessary.

Believing in increasing the effectiveness of patient care through collaboration and team work has led to special emphasis on the need to prepare all students of professional medical group through inter- professional learning. This study was carried out to determine readiness in the students of Kurdistan University of medical sciences for inter professional education and related factors.
This study was cross-sectional. The studied population was students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences that 700 persons of them were selected and studied. A two-part questionnaire including demographics characteristics and 19 questions about inter professional education was used. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 20.
FINDINGS: The mean overall score of the student's viewpoint was 70.84±9.94. The highest mean score among the surveyed items, was related to the item of "Common learning before graduation helps me to better focus on the team work" and the lowest mean score was related to the item of "my skills in solving clinical problems enhance only through along with my classmates". There was a difference between the viewpoint of undergraduate and graduate students and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.03).
The results of the present study revealed that inter- professional education is very important and demographic characteristics have little involvement.

Teaching is defined as a set of interactive, targeted measures designed, performed, and evaluated by the lecturer. In this process, lecturer and students can be affected. Effective teaching requires strong links between objectives, teaching, learning, and training methods. This study was conducted to determine viewpoints of the students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch about effective teaching and its related factors.
Material and This cross-sectional study included 520 students from Kurdistan university of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad university of Sanandaj. We used a questionnaire including demographic data (age, gender, field of the study, course of the study, etc.) and 23 questions on the characteristics of effective teaching for data collection. Using SPSS version 16, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, S.D; and, analytical statistics such as U Mann-Whitney and Kruskal- Wallis tests.
The most important features of effective teaching from the view point of the students were teacher's mastery (4.46±0.83) and interest (4.45±0.83). The least important characteristics of effective teaching were easy access to the teacher outside the classroom (3.84±0.91) and using teaching aids by the teacher (3.67±1.10). There were statistically significant differences between gender of the students and teaching method (p=0.007) and personal characteristics (p=0.02).
To improve the quality of education in these universities, it is recommended that characteristics such as teacher’s mastery and interest in their fields of teaching be considered important.

Society needs are constantly changing. As a result, it seems to be necessary to make changes in education as well. The viewpoints of faculty members as the educators and the most authentic group involved in medical education system are of significant influence. This study was conducted to investigate the determinants of effective teaching from non-clinical teacher's viewpoint in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in year 2009. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the entire 72 non-clinical teachers in academic year 2009 were selected for investigation. Data collection tool was a questionnaire made by researcher which was validated and reliable. Faculties’ viewpoints toward educational status of the university were collected via this questionnaire. After completion of the questionnaire by these non-clinical teachers, data was collected and codified. Then the SPSS software v.11.5 was used to analyze the data using descriptive statistical tests (frequency and percent). Nonclinical teachers believed that: having scientific capability (97.2%), oratory competency (97.2%), having communication skills (95.9%), the capability to develop critical thinking in the students (91.6%), the role of professional degree (88.8%), and the ability to motivate students for problem solving (84.7%) are respectively the most important factors determining effective teaching. Meanwhile, 68.1% of the respondents believed that the teacher’s research activity is considered significant in his educational success. The results of the study revealed that several factors may influence the effective teaching of non-clinical teachers. Considering these factors at the time of developing educational plans and retraining workshops for teachers may help these workshops to be more effective and successful. Our results may also be an emphasis on the necessity of including courses like the basics and teaching methods in the curriculums of master degree and PhD.