فهرست مطالب مهناز کسمتی

Zinc plays an important role in the function of vital organs, especially the central nervous system. Zinc homeostasis disorder causes and progresses nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer, depression, learning disabilities and stress. Zinc homeostasis in the body is mediated by ZnT and ZIP proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes in hippocampus cells as one of the tissues with high zinc density.

First, the cell passage of the hippocampus cell line was performed, then the MTT assay test was performed for zinc oxide nanoparticles. In the next step, RNA extraction and CDNA synthesis were performed, and nanodrop spectrophotometer was used to ensure the purity of the RNA samples. Specific and appropriate primers of the desired genes were designed and synthesized. Then, changes in the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes were investigated using Real-Tim e RT-PCR.

Concentrations of 10 and 20 μg/mL of zinc oxide nanoparticles, significantly increased the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes in the hippocampus cell line of rat, while creating the lowest cytotoxicity.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles can be investigated pharmacologically by increasing the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes in the treatment of zinc homeostasis disorders such as Alzheimer, depression, learning disabilities and stress.

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in both men and women and it is growing worldwide. Previous studies have shown that using Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) can be a promising agent in cancer treatment, because of their unique properties. The purpose of current study is to investigate the effect of ZnO-NP on oxidative stress in A549 human non-small lung cancer cells. A549 cells with were treated with different concentrations of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles. MTT assay and Trypan blue staining were performed to measure IC50 concentration and cell viability on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. Also, to investigate the apoptotic effects of IC50 concentration of these nanoparticles, Giemsa and AO/EB staining methods and anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase activity measurements were used. The results showed that ZnO-NP reduced the A549 cells viabilities in a dose and time dependent manner, and the obtained IC50 concentration was 5mg/mL. The results of stainings indicated an increase in percentage of apoptotic cells in treatment groups. Furthermore, enzyme measurement results showed that the activity of both enzymes in treatment groups was significantly increased in comparison to the control group. The results of this study demonstrated that ZnO-NP have the ability to induce cell death in lung cancer cells and we hope that with organizing this nanoparticle as a new medical compound, it will be used in cancer treatment.

 The purpose of the current study is to investigate the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic extract on cancer A549 cells.

The cells were seeded in plates to investigate concentrations of Salvia officinalis extract and MTT measurement was done to determine IC50 concentration and cell viability on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Moreover, analyses of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes involved in oxidative stress pathway, and AO/EB staining for a qualitative investigation of cell lines has been conducted in order to explore the effects of IC50 concentration on apoptosis induction. Also, Giemsa and DAPI stainings were utilized to explore the morphological changes of cell and nucleus..

 IC50 concentration of Salvia extract for A549 cells was determined 5 mg/mL. According to the results, Salvia extract reduced the cell viability of A549 cells. Based on the results, Salvia extract had a significantly greater cytotoxic effect compared to the control sample of A549 cell line. Treatment cells indicated some clear and dose-dependent differences at different times. The results of stainings proved the apoptosis induction in the treatment group. Furthermore, regarding the enzyme expression results the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in the cell groups treated by Salvia extract was significantly increased, compared to the control group.

 Consistent with the results of this study, in addition to the anti-oxidative activity Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic extract revealed significant apoptotic effects on lung cancer cells, considering a time and dose-dependent method.

Stress is mentioned as a common problem in daily life. Disrupting the homeostasis of metal elements such as zinc in the central nervous system, stress causes diseases or dysfunction of various tissues. Zinc plays an important role in the function of vital organs, especially the central nervous system. Disorders of zinc homeostasis in turn lead to the development or progression of diseases such as Alzheimer's, depression, learning disabilities, and ischemia. Zinc transporters (ZnT) and ZIP proteins maintain Zinc homeostasis in the live organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute motor restraint stress on the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3, and Znt4 genes in the hippocampus of rats as one of the tissues with high zinc density. Adult male rats were divided into groups of control and stress. RNA was extracted from hippocampal tissue and changes in the expression of Znt1, Znt2, Znt3 and Znt4 genes were monitored by real-time PCR. The results showed that due to stress induction, Znt1 gene expression increased significantly and no significant changes were observed in the expression of other studied genes. Identifying those zinc transporter genes that are altered by stress can make it possible to find a cure for stress by regulating zinc levels in the body through Zinc-containing drugs.

The anxiolytic effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticles has been determined, but its effect on the reduction of anxiety caused by cyclophosphamide is unknown.  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the anxiety resulted from cyclophosphamide and interaction of cholinergic muscarinic receptor activity with it in the adult male mice.

In this experimental study, 84 adult male NMRI mice (25-35 g) were divided into 12 (n=7) groups including: control (saline, 5 ml/kg), magnesium oxide nanoparticles (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg),  magnesium oxide nanoparticles 2.5 or 5 mg/kg with cyclophosphamide 50,  scopolamine (1mg/kg), scopolamine 1 with magnesium oxide nanoparticles 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, scopolamine 1 with cyclophosphamide 50, scopolamine  1 and magnesium oxide nanoparticles 2.5 or 5 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide 50. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally and anxiety and motor activity of animals were evaluated by the elevated plus maze apparatus.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (2.5 and 5) prevented the anxiety of cyclophosphamide (50), while it has no effect on motor activity. The anxiolytic effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticle was reduced in the presence of scopolamine. The effect of cyclophosphamide induced anxiety was reduced in the presence of scopolamine. The preventive effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticle on the anxiety of cyclophosphamide was reduced in the presence of scopolamine.

It seems that cholinergic muscarinic receptors interfere in the anxiolytic effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticle alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide.

The quality of life in patients with cancer is affected by cognitive changes after chemotherapy. There are different reports about the effect of cyclophosphamide as a chemotherapy agent on cognitive function. So, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of acute and chronic injections of cyclophosphamide on passive avoidance and novel object recognition memory in an animal model.

In this experimental study, 56 male mice (weighing 30±5g) were investigated in 8 groups, including a control group (saline) and a group that received cyclophosphamide with acute injection (single dose) and two similar groups with chronic injection (4 injections per week for 4 weeks) for passive avoidance test. In the next four groups the novel object recognition test was performed. Cyclophosphamide was injected at 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally and before training. In order to investigate the histopathology of the hippocampal tissue, the brains of the mice were removed after the tests. Data were analyzed applying independent t-test in SPSS.

Acute cyclophosphamide administration had no significant effect on the two types of memory, but in chronic injections, it decreased the passive avoidance memory (P<0.05), while it did not affect cognitive memory. Ischemic changes were observed in neurons CA1 to CA3 (Cornu Ammonis areas) and DG (Dentate Gyrus) hippocampal in chronic cyclophosphamide administration.

Cyclophosphamide was not found to affect all aspects of memory, and the avoidance memory impairment due to its chronic administration seems to be due to neurological damage to the hippocampus.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium Nano Oxide on learning and memory and biochemical changes in the hippocampus of sleep-deprived rats. 

In this study, male rats were used in control groups whereas others used rats were sleep deprived and the rats receiving Magnesium Nano Oxide with doses of 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg. Step-through apparatus was used to evaluate passive avoidance memory. Laboratory kit and glucometer were used for biochemical evaluation.

The results showed that the magnesium Nano oxide  in 10 mg/kg/rat can result in increasing efficiency of memory in male rats that experienced memory impaired resulted from sleep deprivation .In addition to afore-mentioned behavioral changes, the investigator found that sleep deprivation decreases the level of Taurine Amino Acid. However, it can increase the blood sugar and cholinesterase enzyme activity. In addition, it didn''''''''t have significant effect on Brain-derived Neurotrophic factor. Upon application of Magnesium Nano oxide, the amount of blood sugar and collinstrase enzyme activity lowered, but the amount of Taurine Amino Acid remained unchanged. 

The findings show that in addition to behavioral effects, magnesium Nano oxide causes a change in the amount of biochemical factors affecting memory. That needs to be further investigated.

Recent findings revealed the biological effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on the central nervous system. Moreover, the brain cholinergic system plays a role in the modulation of anxiety behaviors. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the role of dorsal hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptors of the CA1 area on anxiety induced by iron oxide nanoparticles in adult male rats. This experimental study was conducted on adult male Wistar rats with a weight range of 200-250 g. All animals were cannulated in the CA1 area using stereotactic surgery. One week after the recovery the intracerebroventricular injection followed by intraperitoneal (IP) injection after 5 min were administered. Anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were performed by elevated plus maze apparatus one week after the injections. The groups were divided into control (saline), iron oxide nanoparticle (5, 7.5 mg/kg,IP), pilocarpine (1,2 µg/rat, intra-hippocampal injection), pilocarpine (1µg/rat, intra-hippocampal injection)+iron oxide nanoparticle (7.5mg/kg, IP) ,and pilocarpine (2µg/rat, intra-hippocampal injection)+iron oxide nanoparticle (7.5mg/kg, IP). Ethics code: EE/96.24.3.88369/SCU.AC.IR Iron oxide nanoparticles (7.5 mg/kg) increased the anxiety level, compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, pilocarpine injection (1μg/rat) before iron oxide nanoparticles (7.5 mg/kg) improved the anxiety induced by iron oxide nanoparticle (P<0.05). It seems that probably the anxiogenic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles is mediated through the reduction of dorsal hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptor functions in CA1area.

Anxiety is an adaptation response that is created in response to multiple physiological and environmental stresses. It is clear that involvement of various neurotransmitter systems has important role in the anxiety process. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that plays a role in many physiological reactions in the body. On the other hand, nicotine, which increases with tobacco intake, has an anxiogenic effect. Naloxone, as an opioid receptor antagonist, also plays an important role in the development of anxiety behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of naloxone-co-administered vitamin C on anxiety induced nicotine.

84 male mice (30 ± 2 gr) were randomly divided into 12 groups. Anxiety test was performed 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of drugs by an elevated plus maze apparatus for 5 minutes. Anxiety indices such as percentage of open arm entry (OAE%) and percentage of time staying in the open arm (OAT%) were recorded and evaluated.
Findings: In this research, injection of nicotine (0.8 mg/kg, ip) increased anxiety behaviors. Vitamin C (80 mg/kg, ip) improved the nicotine-induced anxiety. This effect of vitamin C was inhibited by ineffective dose of naloxone (4 mg/kg, ip).

It seems that vitamin C decreases anxiety behavior of nicotine in the presence of opioid receptors.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are widely used in the medical, industrial, pharmaceutical and nutritional fields and contradictory results in neurological studies of these compounds in comparison with the conventional pattern demand further investigation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histology of hippocampus (an area involved in memory) following chronic administration of ZnO nanoparticles in comparison with the conventional pattern. NMRI adult male mice weighing 25 ± 5 g were assigned to five groups: control (saline), recipient of nano ZnO and conventional ZnO in doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg. After one month of treatment with these, animals were euthanized and their brains were removed from the hippocampus for histological study. While ZnO nanoparticles led to necrosis of cells in some areas of the hippocampus, conventional ZnO did not exhibit such considerable damage. These changes were more pronounced at a dose of 1 mg/kg of ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles may pass through the blood-brain barrier and induce harmful effects on cells in hippocampus. It is recommended to take necessary precautions while using combinations of nano drugs.

Salvia officinalis is one of the memory-enhancing herbs that were used in the past. On the other hand, iron oxide nanoparticles which are widely used in medicine and industry may impair the brain process related to memory. In this investigation, the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis on iron oxide nanoparticle induced memory impairment and the role of beta-adrenergic receptors in this effect were studied. To assess the inhibitory avoidance memory, animals were trained in the step-down task and drugs (saline, hydro-alcoholic extract of sage leaves, nanoparticles of iron oxide and propranolol) were injected immediately after training by intraperitoneal (ip) injections. Long-term memory was tested 24 hours later and step-down latencies were recorded. Administration of iron oxide nanoparticles (5 mg/kg, ip) impaired memory retrieval. Salvia officinalis extract (40 mg/kg, ip) also prevented iron oxide nanoparticle induced long-term memory impairment. On the other hand, administration of propranolol (5, 10 mg/kg, ip) before Salvia officinalis extract (40 mg/kg, ip) and iron oxide nanoparticles (5 mg/kg, ip) attenuated the effect of Salvia officinalis extract. It seems that extract of Salvia officinalis leaves decreases iron oxide nanoparticle induced memory impairment. Beta-adrenergic mechanisms are possibly involved in these effects of Salvia officinalis extract.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles are one of the most widely used nanoparticles in fields of industry, medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, cosmetics, and nutrition. Multiple studies have demonstrated the negative effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the nervous system, while others have revealed their enhancing effects on the activity of nerve cells, involved in memory processes. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide on long-term memory of mice. In this experimental study, 49 NMRI adult male mice, with the mean weight of 25±5 g, were randomly divided into seven groups, each consisting of seven mice: control group, three treatment groups receiving zinc oxide nanoparticles (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg of zinc oxide nanoparticles, respectively), and three treatment groups receiving zinc oxide (1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg of zinc oxide, respectively). Intraperitoneal injections were performed before training (electric shock). Passive avoidance memory of mice was evaluated, using the Step-Down device. The latency time to descend the platform was regarded as an indicator of memory on days 1, 3, and 7 following training. Pre-training administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg yielded no effects on the motor activity of mice. However, a significant decline was reported in the latency time to descend the platform on days 1, 3, and 7 following training (58±17, 45±13, and 39±14 in the zinc oxide group and 93±18, 62±12, and 14±3 in the nano zinc oxide group, respectively) (p<0.01) however, the dosage of 5 mg/kg had less significant short-term effects (130±38, 49±14, and 68±10 in the zinc oxide group and 132±46, 41±13, and 58±24 in the nano zinc oxide group, respectively). Also, the dosage of 1 mg/kg was almost ineffective. The results showed that weakened long-term memory, caused by zinc oxide administration, is not influenced by the size of particles.

Failure to pass the blood-brain barrier is a serious challenge to the use of magnesium in the treatment of neurologic disorders. But, recently, applying magnesium oxide nanoparticles that is capable of crossing biological barriers has created new hopes. According to the reinforcing effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on memory and ambiguity in the best time of application and duration of its effects, the aim of the present study was to compare effects of pre-and post-training administration of different doses of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on long-term memory. In this experimental study, fifty- six adult male NMRI mice in the control group and receiving magnesium oxide nanoparticles group at doses of 1, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg (I.P) before and after training were used. Long-term memory of mice in a week on days 1,3and7 days after training (shock) by using step-down device and passive avoidance learning method was assessed. Time latency in coming down the secure platform was considered as the memory assessment scale. The results showed that injection of nano-magnesium oxide in both the 2.5 and 5 mg/kg improved memory through increasing the latency in coming down the secure platform during a week (p< 0.001), without any changes in locomotor activity, whereas, it had no effect at 1 mg dose. Pre-training injection of magnesium oxide nanoparticles increased memory relatively, it wasnt statistically significant compared to the control group. According to the above results, magnesium oxide nanoprticles improves long term memory, and it is possible when the training and the acquisition has occurred, otherwise it will not make a significant impact.

The process of wound healing is impaired in diabetes. Many efforts have been made to accelerate the wound healing process. Long time healing effect of a herbal complex containing Aloe vera, Myrrh, dragon’s blood and henna has been observed in wound healing, But sufficient scientific evidence of how the mechanism of action of this compound is absent in diabetic wounds Whereas the effect of each of them separately in several studies on ulcers observed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical herbal (briefly called Herbalin) on wound healing in diabetic rats. The diabetic rats were divided into two groups: control (treated with Vaseline as a vehicle) and experimental (treatment with herbalin) were included. In each class, all wound round with a diameter of2cmwas made on the dorsal surface of diabetic rats. Wound measurement and histopathological parameters such as the formation of re-epithelization, granulation tissue formation and the average thickness of the epithelium at intervals of7, 14and21dayswere evaluated. Strain epithelium on day 14andthe wound length atday21was evaluated in the terminal phase. In macroscopic study, the Herbalin treated wounds were found to healing much faster and the day 14 has considerable change compared with control group (P<0.05). In microscopic study, in all cases of the Herbalin treatment groups showed a significantly increased as compared with controls (P<0.05). According to the results, the herbal complex, possibly by accelerating the formation of granulation tissue and epithelium and thickening of the epithelium has an important role in wound healing in diabetic and reduces the time required for healing.

Recently it has been shown that acute administration of nano zinc oxide has stronger anxiolytic effect than conventional zinc oxide. Exercise can also reduce the level of anxiety in athletes. This study is done to clarify the effect of chronic administration of nano and conventional ZnO alone and in the presence of aerobic exercise on anxiety behaviors. Male Wistar rats (185 ± 10 gr) divided into these groups of control، exercise (6 weeks)، recipient of nano zinc oxide and zinc oxide (1mg / kg I. P) daily for 6 weeks alone and with exercise activity. Groups with exercise activity started their practice 30 minutes after injection which has based on training protocol. After 6 weeks، the anxiety indexes (time percentage that they present in open arm (% OAT) and percentage of open arm entries (%OAE)) and locomotor activity were assessed by the elevated plus maze. Exercise activity، ZnO and nano ZnO show reduced anxiolytic effect by increasing %OAT (P<0. 05، P<0. 01 and P<0. 001 respectively) and %OAE (respectively P<0. 05، P<0. 05 and P<0. 01) without any change in locomotor activity. Anxiolytic effect of nano ZnO with exercise activity was maintained in comparison with exercise activity alone %OAT (P<0. 05) while this effect was not observed for conventional ZnO. It seems، that chronic administration of nano ZnO has more significant anxiolytic effect than its conventional form and this effect is maintained in presence of exercise. The different effect of nano ZnO in compared to ZnO beside of exercise can be due to properties related to size of nanoparticles that increase their efficacy in compared to conventional form.

Chamomile has several analgesic properties, while the mechanism of these effects in interaction with male sex hormones compared tofemales are not well known. This study aimedto evaluate the analgesic effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of chamomile in male mice, and two phases of femalesexual cycle (diestrus and proestrus) in the presence or absence of estrogen receptors. In this experimental study, adult mice of both genders(weight: 27±3 g) were divided into four groups of control, chamomile recipients (30 or 50 mg/kg), tamoxifen recipients (0.5 or 1 mg/kg), and recipients of combined tamoxifen (1 mg/kg) and chamomile (30 or 50 mg/kg). Drugs were administeredintraperitoneally in one milligram per a kilogram of the body weight, and formalin test was used to induce acute and chronic pain. In addition, cumulative length of foot licking was calculatedin seconds as theindicator of pain perception. In male mice,chamomile extract (30mg/kg) reduced acute pain (53±2, p<0.01)and chronic pain (71±2, p<0.001), and dosage of 50 mg/kgcould reduce acutepain (41±1, p<0.001) and chronic pain (73±2, p<0.001). In diestrus and proestrusfemales, chamomile extract could relieve acute pain at 50 mg/kg (42±2, p<0.05 and 39±1, p<0.05, respectively). As for the chronicphase of pain, chamomile extract (30 mg/kg) was effective in diestrus (72±1, p<0.01) and proestrus (80±2, p<0.001) female mice, whileit could reduce chronic pain at 50 mg/kgindiestrus (59±1, p<0.001) and proestrus (62±2, p<0.001) females. In male mice, the analgesic effects of the extract were more significant.In addition, tamoxifen (1mg/kg)reduced chronic pain in diestrus (81±3, p<0.05) and proestrus (92±2, p<0.05) female mice. In male mice,combination of chamomile (30 mg/kg) and tamoxifen (1mg/kg) decreased acutepain(43±3, p<0.05), andcombination of chamomile (50 mg/kg)and tamoxifen (1mg/kg) reduced acute pain (29±1, p<0.05) and chronic pain (41±2, p<0.01) in male mice. Moreover, the drug combination reduced acutepain (21±1, p<0.001) and chronic pain (44±3, p<0.01)in diestrus females, as well as proestrus ones(19±2, p<0.001) (43±3, p<0.001). According to the results of this study, analgesic effects of chamomile extract are gender-dependent,and these effects are more significant in male mice.Increased analgesic effectsof combinedchamomile and tamoxifen couldbe due to the interaction between estrogenreceptorsand analgesic agents of chamomil.

Extracellular zinc ion is an important factor in regulation of opioids activity. However، little research on the effects of nanoscale zinc ion on opioids dependence has been done. So، the aim of this research was to compare the effects of zinc oxide nano particles and the bulk on the expression of morphine conditioned place preference (MCPP). In this study، 112 adult male mice weighing 25 ±3 grams in 16 groups (7 per group) was used. At first، different doses of morphine were given (2. 5، 5، 10 mg / kg، SC) to determine the effectiveness of drug-induced conditioned place preference by using the bias method. Secondly، different doses of the nano zinc oxide and bulk zinc oxide (2. 5، 5، 10mg /kg، IP) were administered to evaluate the expression of (MCPP). Morphine increased the spent time in place with receiving morphine as a dose dependent manner (CPP). The increases at dosage of 5 and 10 mg/kg morphine was significant (p <0. 001). Both nano and bulk zinc oxide could not induce place preference. Nano zinc oxide in all doses (p<0. 05، p<0. 001) and bulk-ZnO at dosage of 5 and 10 mg/kg (p<0. 001) decreased the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference، significantly. Therefore، nano zinc oxide is more potent than the bulk from for inhibition. It seems that nano zinc has more efficacy for inhibition of morphine dependence. This effect is probably due to better interaction with neurochemical systems which are involved in the process of opioid dependence.

Some beneficial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano ZnO) in medicine have been widely considered in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite its beneficial effects and the contradictory oxidant and antioxidant properties of these nano ZnO on cognitive and memory processes, a challenge would be on the medicinal application of these nanoparticles. This study aimed to evaluate the parameters of hippocampal oxidative stress in memory deficits induced by nano ZnO. In this study, 28 adult male Wistar rats (200-250g) were allocated into 4 groups (n=7): control (Saline injection) and three experimental groups with different doses of ZnO (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg). Long-term memory in an inhibitory avoidance paradigm was examined at one day after the treatment and training. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level as an index of lipid peroxidation and the total thiols (- SH) were evaluated using the biochemical analysis of the hippocampus. Nano ZnO at 1.25, 5 and also 2.5 doses resulted in the impairment of memory (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) with no change in the locomotor activity; a decrease in groups received the higher doses of nano ZnO (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) and an increase in the thiols level groups that received the highest dose of nano ZnO (P<0.001). It can be concluded that memory impairment induced by nano ZnO in rats may not be attributed to the effects of oxidative stress in the hippocampus.

With the increasing use of nanoparticles of zinc Oxide (nZnO) in the industry, the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, the effects of the nanoparticles on opioid dependence and its possible interaction with vitamin C (as an antioxidant agent) has not been indicated. This study aimed to clarify the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on morphine dependence in the presence and absence of vitamin C in CPP method. In this study, adult male mice weighing 25±3 g were used in the groups which received different doses of morphine(2/5, 5, 10 mg/kg, Sc), Nano ZnO (1, 2.5, 5, 10 mg / kg, IP), vitamin C (1, 5, 25 mg / kg, IP) and groups which receiving combination of vitamin C and nano ZnO. All categories received morphine 5 mg / kg, for induction and diagnosis of dependence in CPP. Nano ZnO concentrations (2.5, 5, 10mg/kg, IP) caused a significant decrease in morphine CPP (p <0.01, p <0.001) and the 1 mg / kg of nano was ineffective. Vitamin C in doses of 5 and 25 mg/kg decreased the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (p <0.01) and a value of 1 mg/kg had no effects. All doses of ZnO in the presence of ineffective dose of vitamin C showed a stronger inhibitory effect than to alone nZnO in morphine CCP. The combination of vitamin C and Nano ZnO are more effective to deal with the psychological dependence to morphin and probably can provide a new approach to addiction treatment. Keywords: CPP, Morphine, Nanoparticles, Vitamin C, Zinc Oxide,

Sex hormones and exercise may influence anxiety, individually. This study was done to investigate the effect of exercise and progesterone on anxiety in ovariectomized female rats. In this experimental study, 40 adult female Wistar rats weighting 200±20gr were used. They were ovarectomized after anesthesia. They were randomly divided to five groups including control (no treatment), sesame oil, exercise and sesame oil, progesterone (8mg/kg), progesterone and exercise. 30min after intraperitoneally injection of the vehicle or progesterone or before exercise the percentage of animal enterance to the open arms and the percentage of time spent in the open arms were measured. Intraperitoneally injection of progesterone (8mg/kg) reduced the mean percentage of open arms entries and the average percentage of time spent in the open arms compared to control group (p<0.05). Doing exercises before injection of progesterone inhibited both progesterone-induced anxiety related symptoms. Administration of pharmacological doses of the progesterone hormone increases anxiety and physical activity can reduce this effect.

Consumption of opioid agonists such as morphine before and after training distruct the memory. It has been shown that some magnesium supplements improve various forms of memory but influx limitation of the ion via the blood brain barrier has limited its use. Mineral nano particles such as magnesium oxide nano particles (nano MgO) with unique physiochemical properties، can easily pass across biological barriers but their effects on memory and amnesia are not clear. In this study effect of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on morphine induced amnesia has was been investigated. In this study، the mice in the weight range 25to 30g were used in 12 groups consisted: control، receiving morphine (5 and 10 mg/kg)، receiving nano MgO (1، 2. 5، 5، 10 mg/kg، IP) and interaction groups of morphine and nano MgO. The Step-down apparatus was used for evaluating the passive avoidance memory. The results showed that morphine administration after training in dose of 5 mg/kg made significant amnesia. MgO nanoparticles in doses of 2. 5، 5، 10mg/kg after training improved passive avoidance memory but had no effect on locomotor activity. However، mgo in these doses inhibited morphine induced amnesia. It seems that MgO nanoparticles prevent the mechanisms of morphine induced amnesia by passing through blood brain barrier and involving in memory pathways.

Several factors such as diseases، medications and humoral agents can delay or speed up wound healing process. Because of the limited information about the hormonal changes during wound healing، in this study the relationship between serum levels of growth hormone، insulin and cortisol with wound healing in normal and diabetic rats was evaluated. Male Wistar rats)weighing 250 ± 20 g (were divided into three groups: control، normal (non-diabetic) and diabetic (induced by streptozotocin). The wound size made on the back of normal and diabetic rats was measured at days 0، 7، 14 and 21، and the serum levels of growth hormone، insulin and cortisol were measured. The speed of wound healing in normal rats was higher than diabetic rats. Serum insulin concentrations were less in the diabetic rats in comparison with the normal and control groups (p<0. 00، and showed correlation with wound healing process in diabetic rats (p<0. 01). Serum cortisol concentrations decreased in normal and diabetic groups during wound healing (p<0. 001) but did not show significant correlation with this process. Serum growth hormone levels did not significantly change in any of the groups، and did not show significant correlation with wound healing process، too. Reduction of serum insulin level is probably responsible for delayed wound healing in diabetes، and intrinsic mechanisms facilitate wound healing in normal and diabetic conditions by reducing the release of cortisol.

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are mainly abused by athletes for improvement of muscle performance. Data suggest that the effect of AAS on neurobiochemicals related to behavioral response، may be underlies psychological adverse effects. Physical activity has beneficial psychophysiological effects، which may be related to increased serum levels of endogenous opioid peptides during exercise. In the present study we aimed to study the effect of chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate on beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin level in exercising rats. In this experimental study، forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned in two main groups of sedentary and trained (2 weeks swimming exercise). Animals in each group were divided in two subgroups of control (received nandrolone solvent) and drug treatment (received nandrolone 15 mg/kg، 5 times/week). After two weeks of swimming exercise and drug treatment، serum levels of beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin were measured using ELIZA. Our data showed that two weeks of swimming exercise training significantly increased serum beta-endorphin (114±5 vs. 98±5 ng/l in control group، P= 0. 038) and met-enkephalin levels (1556±42 vs. 1475±27 ng/l in control group، P= 0. 25). However، chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate in trained group considerably de-creased beta-endorphin (84±4 vs. 114±5 ng/l in control group، P= 0. 002) and met-enkephalin levels (1378±36 vs. 1556±42 ng/l in control group، P= 0. 011). The effect of supraphysiologic doses of nandrolone decanoate in control sedentary group was not statistically significant. In the present study we show that chronic nandrolone decanoate admin-istration attenuates effects of two weeks swimming exercise on serum opioid peptide and reduces the level of beta-endorphin and met-enkephalin. Keeping in mind that opi-oidergic system play an important role in behavior، athletes abusing anabolic steroid drugs may potentially experience changes in mood and behavior.

Studies have shown that central cholinergic system can be effective on animal memory in objects emplacement، but there were no sufficient information about the consumption of effective substances on this system during pregnancy in novel object recognition in compared to old object and its effect on the fetus. The aim of this study is investigation of lecithin (as a source of choline) effect during pregnancy and lactation on object recognition behavior as a marker of cognitive memory in male and female rat offspring. In the present experimental study، female rats with an average weight of 160±10 g were gavaged of pregnancy (22 days) until 21 days after the parturition by different amounts of lecithin or its vehicle. The groups were: control (without receiving any medications)، vehicle and receiving lecithin with amounts 120 and 240mg / kg. After gender segregation، at 36 days of birth offspring were trained to evaluate the recognition memory. The number of offspring in each group for each sex was 7. Results showed that consumption of lecithin 240mg/kg in female offspring was lead to increase in percentage of time spent in near of novel object in compared with vehicle group (p<0. 05). While in other groups there was no difference between offspring. Lecithin consumption during mother pregnancy and lactating lead to change in precognitive memory of female offspring and also sex can cause different effects of this compound in the body of an animal.

Sexual hormones can change nociception in males and females. There are few information about the role of sex hormones on nociception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of endogenous opioids on nociception in male mice compared with female mice during different phases of the estrous cycle (proestrus، estrus، metestrus and diestrus). In this study، adult male and female mice (in different phases of estrous cycle (weighing 30±3gr were assigned to the control group، vehicle and naloxone (3mg/kg، i. p.) groups. In all groups analgesia time was evaluated by hotplate test. Analgesia time in diestrus phase of control and vehicle groups of female rats was more than the other phases and different from the estrus phase (P<0. 05) and male (P<0. 001) groups. In the naloxone group، there was a significant reduction in analgesia time among males (P<0. 001) and also in the proestrus، estrus، metestrus، diestrus phases (P<0. 001، P<0. 05، P<0. 001، P<0. 001، respectively) among females. Moreover، in the naloxone group، a significant difference was seen in analgesia time in male mice compared with females in proestrus and diestrus phases (P<0. 05). It seems that the effects of sex hormones in male and female mice on pain perception mechanisms can be mediated by endogenous opioids.