میترا نوروزی

The tax system provides the necessary financial resources for the administration of the country to use the collected resources for the welfare of the majority of the society and the improvement of public infrastructure; Therefore, the survival of the political and administrative system of any country requires the existence of an efficient tax system. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to analyze the effect of tax complexity and fairness on economic welfare in Iran in the period 1977 to 2021, and using the linear and non-linear ARDL method, the research model has been estimated in two symmetric and asymmetric formats. For this purpose, tax complexity was calculated using the Harishman-Herfindahl index and economic well-being with the combined index of economic well-being. The moving trend of the economic welfare index shows that the welfare fluctuates during the period under review. The average welfare index in the first and Sixth program has decreased compared to the previous period and has been increasing in the following periods and has an average of 40.62. The average complexity and fairness of taxation in the first, fifth and sixth plans have decreased compared to their previous sub-periods. The long-term results in the symmetric model show that the complexity tax is associated with the adverse effect for economic well-being, but tax fairness does not have a significant effect on economic well-being. In an asymmetric model, tax fairness has a direct and asymmetric effect on economic well-being; In such a way that the size of the positive effect of reductions in tax fairness on economic well-being is greater than increases in it. Tax complexity is also associated with an asymmetric effect on economic well-being. In such a way that only increases in tax complexity have an adverse effect on economic well-being. Inflation and unformal exchange rate have a negative effect on economic well-being, and per capita income has a positive effect on economic welfare. Also, in the years after the revolution until the end of the war and the years after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the level of economic well-being has decreased. According to the results, it is suggested that the government consider policies such as simplifying tax laws, creating a comprehensive and developed tax information system, reducing the cost of tax collection and imposing a tax on total income, and increasing the tax knowledge of taxpayers and tax experts, reforming put the tax system and diversity in tax bases on the agenda.

The budget Imbalance can lead to the reduction of social and economic welfare programs such as healthcare, education and social security. This can negatively affect the quality of life of citizens and can lead to an increase in poverty and inequality. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the role of budget imbalance on economic welfare in Iran for the period of 1978-2021. For this purpose, the research model has been estimated using the non-linear (asymmetric) Autoregressive Distributed lag method in two models. Also, IEWB comprehensive index has been used to calculate economic welfare. The movement trend of the economic welfare index shows that it fluctuated during the period under review; so that the average welfare index in the first plan has decreased compared to the previous period; While it has had an upward trend in the following periods and has an average of 128.89; Also, the trend of total Imbalance and operating and capital Imbalance has a fluctuating trend. The long-term results in the first model indicate that a decrease in the budget balance deficit has an inverse and significant effect on economic welfare, and an increase in the budget Imbalance does not have a significant effect on economic welfare. In the second model, the long-term results indicate that the increase and decrease in the capital Imbalance has direct effects on welfare. An increase in the operating Imbalance has an inverse effect on welfare, and a decrease in the operating Imbalance does not have a significant effect on welfare. Also, in both models, per capita income and economic growth have a direct and significant effect on welfare. According to the results, it is suggested that the government should adopt similar policies in the financial foundations to improve the security of the society, create the necessary infrastructure to maintain the total income tax, eliminate non-targeted tax exemptions and credit priorities in order to reduce the imbalance budget. It is also recommended that the government focus more on increasing the share of the capital component of the public budget and reduce the operational imbalance of the budget in the long-run.

The present research aims in comparing professional competencies of principals in public and nonpublic high schools in Shahriar city and suggesting some solutions in order to improve them. Research method, depending on the type of data, is mixed method of successive; therefore, quantitative and qualitative research methods are used in this research. In qualitative phase, fifteen educational experts were selected using purposeful sampling method. Research population in quantitative part includes all teachers of high schools in shahriar city in academic year of 1394-93 over 950 teachers, among which, 275 teachers were selected by Cochran formula. Stratified sampling with proportional allocation was used as sampling method. Semi structured interview for principals and researcher-made questionnaire were used for data collection. Validity type of qualitative part is content validity and expert opinion; furthermore, colleague reviewing and validity of quantitative part provide construct validity. Questionnaire reliability was measured as 0.913. Results showed that professional competencies of principals include psychological traits, skills (technical, humane and conceptual) knowledge and attitude. Analysis of quantitative data showed that status of public and nonpublic high schools managers was assessed as moderate and supposed average. Also findings show that significant difference (P≥0.05) doesn’t exist between these two groups on professional competencies. Providing teachers with training software and pamphlets is a suggested solution for improving principals’ professional competencies.