نادر سرمستی

One of the key issues in quantitative analysis of digital satellite data is to ensure that the sensitivity of the satellite's radiometer is stable after launch. Achieving such a goal requires radiometric calibration of the satellite sensor. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using arid salt marshes as reference terrestrial phenomena for radiometric calibration of LISSIII and ASTER sensors. For this purpose, salt fields in dry areas of Damghan, Kashan and Maharloo were used for radiometric calibration of reflective bands of LISSIII and ASTER sensors.

First, the characteristics of salt fields in the study areas were evaluated based on previous research, field studies and available satellite data. Then, using the calibration relationships, the information in the guide files as well as the calibration coefficients of the sensors used, the spectral reflectance of the saltworks in the reflection bands were calculated and the correlation between the brightness of the images and the spectral reflection of the saltworks (satellite sensor radiation above the atmosphere) was evaluated.

The linear relationship and high correlation coefficient (more than 0.8) in each of the visible and infrared bands near LISSIII and ASTER sensors showed that arid salt marshes as reference terrestrial phenomena can be limited to radiometric calibration of LISSIII and ASTER sensors in LISSIII and ASTER sensors. And infrared close to have efficiency.

The results showed that the trend of changes is very consistent with each other (explanation coefficient between 0.8 to 0.9), in other words, with increasing the degree of brightness, the amount of spectral reflection also increases. Due to the linear relationship and high correlation coefficient (more than 0.8) in each of the visible and infrared bands near LISSIII and ASTER sensors, the atmosphere did not have much effect on the received radiation of the sensor.

Physical expansion of Tabriz metropolitan increases the possibility of earthquakes risks. Given the importance of this issue, this research is trying to pay to monitor the activities and seismic potential of Tabriz fault and the estimates of casualties in Tabriz metropolitan using remote sensing and GIS techniques. To achieve this goal, ASTER satellite image was processed in ENVI 5.3 software. Fault seismic potential is determined with empirical models and average calculations were used as the basis for assessment. The casualties are determined in accordance with the terms of seismicity and structure of our country urban elements, respectively. Based on visual interpretation of satellite data, along Tabriz fault are exposed geomorphic changes that reflect the tectonic activity is in the range of Tabriz metropolitan. Tabriz fault evidences examples of diversion of watercourse Ajichai, cliffs and lens shape phenomenon are most important that have been considered in the interpretation of the activities on satellite images. Based on empirical models, be created in Tabriz fault earthquakes is average of magnitude 6.8 on the Richter scale. Assuming earthquake seismic activity according to Tabriz fault scenario, the total population of about 1605884 of the Tabriz metropolitan was estimated approximate number 1252589 casualties consist of 658412 people dead and 594177 people injury at night

Due to population growth and increasing urbanization, the earthquake could cause heavy casualties and urban development will be interrupted. The main objective of this study is to assessment the vulnerability of Tabriz against earthquake with weighted overlap and use of natural and human factors. Also, casualties are modeling against earthquake the use of GIS analysis and presentation of scenario earthquake severity of the damage to buildings. The results of this study indicate that the risk of Tabriz earthquake is not a good situation and much of the densely populated northern and central parts of the city, especially in areas with high vulnerability. Assuming earthquake seismic activity fault scenario according to Tabriz, the total population of 1605884 people in Tabriz (Census 1390) to approximately 1252589 casualties were estimated at night including 658412 people dead, 594177 people injured. Based on the results, the approximate number of 626294 casualties was estimated at day including 329206 people dead and 297088 people injured.

Monitoring the salt crusts in arid areas by satellite data processing in this research, monitoring the salt crusts of KASHAN and MAHARLOO arid areas by using LISSIII datas of IRS-P6 satellite was accomplished. After exerting essential corrections for visual inter pretation , contrast optimization and making pseudo-colorful images were used to specity the salt crusts. Then , according to the salt crusts’ spectral reflections in different bands and spectral rationing, RSCI (ratio salt crust index) and NDSCI (normalized different salt crust index ) were described. The purpose of submitting these indexes is to maximize the differences between spectral reflection and its background in order to make a high quality image for them to be distinctive. finally, by using threshold and error matrix , it was specified that RSCI and NDSCI indexes showed the best separation. The results showed that RSCI and NDSCI indexes are functional for monitoring the salt crusts of arid areas using mutti-spectral satellite data

Tabriz metropolitan is located in an area of active fault which crosses the lower part of the Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed in the north of the city. This research is studying Tabriz fault tectonic activity in the range of Tabriz metropolitan using geomorphic indicators, remote sensing and GIS techniques. To achieve this goal, geomorphic indicators were used as tools including drainage density, branching ratio, the ratio of the basin, basin asymmetry, polarity reverse topographic, hypsometric integral, sinus mountain front, sinus river valley floor width to valley height, longitudinal gradient, and index assessment of active tectonic model and concept. Satellite images ASTER sensor, geological maps, digital elevation model and ENVI4.8, ArcGIS10.2 software were other physical means in this research. As a result, small amounts of drainage density indices 0.51 and 0.57, the branch 2 and 2.1, 2.2 and 1.8 of the basin, basin asymmetry 39.7 and 23.2, 0.36 and 0.59 reverse topographic symmetry, hypsometric integral 0.28 and 0.39, 1.4 sinus mountain front and 0.93, 1.1 and 1.3 sinus river, valley floor width to valley height of 1.08 and 1.2, longitudinal gradient the 1202 and 318 calculated for Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed respectively. Relative Active Tectonics Index assessment showed that Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed values 1.9 and 1.7 respectively have high tectonic movements. Results indices show Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed morphology influence the Tabriz fault tectonic movements. With processing satellite data, as evidence of tectonic Tabriz fault deviation, Ajichai stream, cliff fault and lens-shaped phenomenon were also interpreted in the metropolitan area Tabriz. The results were confirmed by field evidence area. So, Tabriz was located as a perilous zone of tectonic movement.

1- Playa saline zones as ecological environment has been regarded by researchers and many researchers have been seeking new methods for studying this phenomenon, because access to these areas due to special circumstances, it has always been difficult and limited (Metternicht et al, 2010: 324). Monitoring of saline arid zones in sustainable development and environmental protection is an important parameter. Monitoring of this phenomenon requires extraction and thematic maps at different times. Remote sensing technology is an effective method for obtaining the required data. This procedure avoids the usual constraints of time and place (Rezaie Moghadam, 2005: 221). Limitations on the use of satellite data to produce maps of salt affected areas of the spectral behavior of salt types, spatial distribution of salts on the surface, the changes in salinity, vegetation as barrier and spectral mixing with other levels of the ground depends (Alavipanah, 2002: 451). The main objective of this study was to assess methods saline mining zones and provide a new method for monitoring the spatial extent of this phenomenon with the satellite images of Playa. With regard to the above and the saline playa zones, monitoring area of saline cover in this study using IRS-P6 satellite images LISSIII sensor can be studied in 2010. The study area for this research is the watershed cover at 35 degrees 53 minutes north latitude and 36 degrees 17 minutes and 54 degrees 35 minutes east longitude and 55 degrees 18 minutes East province is located in the southeastern city of Damghan which has a stretch east - west with an area of 2474700 hectares. Cover an area of ​​239,100 hectares where the desert playa Haji Aliguli (Chjam) with an area of ​​46,600 hectares is located. 2- The data used in this study, IRS-P6 satellite image sensor LISSIII 2010. This sensor is equivalent bands TM2, TM3, TM4 and TM5 and ground resolution 5/23 meter bands visible light and near- infrared and mid- latitude and their shooting is 140 kilometers (Alavipanah, 2006: 53). According to a study that evaluates conventional separation zones cover and thematic mapping of the salt processing satellite imagery, the methods of research proposed in this color eye pseudo seizure interpretation, use of the combine the gangs respect on the threshold Histogram images. After applying this correction, the entire image area of ​​study was attempting to cut a small part of the full frame range used in satellite images. Thus, the next operation was performed on the cropped area. Next, in order to separate the saline from the area of ​​the image with the proposed method, the images were ILWIS3.3 software. Due to the complex interaction of a range saline and other phenomena in the area of ​​Playa cover and requires high precision in the final output efficiency of each of the proposed methods mentioned were analyzed. 3– Powerful tool in the field of remote sensing to study different ecosystems, such as Playa environments in order to produce valuable data and useful. Threshold on the histogram of the common methods that can be used to blank the saline extracted from satellite images. Due to the fact that the spectral reflectance of salt compared to other phenomena in the mid-infrared bands is very small allotment and close to zero, so the blank extract saline from satellite imagery, the action threshold are one of the mid-infrared bands. It should be noted that the choice of the threshold value is difficult in practice because the same underlying removing salt from saline zones is not possible or careless. Although this method has high accuracy, but it can be easily extracted automatically and quickly raised. Ratio between the bands used to extract saline zones is also difficult because of the different coatings than in places where the ground does not have the results. 4– Due to the variable nature of the salt zone boundary lines are part of its natural features, its continuous monitoring does not appear very good based on visual interpretation. Due to the complex nature of these problems and Damghan playa new method presented in this study and were analyzed. This method is based on combining the method of threshold and ratio between bands. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of monitoring area Saline Damghan playa LISSIII sensor image processing was done in 2010 found that between two methods of spectral bands and threshold rationing on the image histogram for monitoring and mapping arid zones saline is a good way. The results also showed that measures of Damghan playa salt RSCI and NDSCI the resolution satellite imagery mapping and monitoring their performance.

Tabriz metropolitan is located in the area of the active fault which passes from the lower part of the Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed in the north of the city. The present research aims at studying the activity and seismic power of Tabriz fault using geomorphic indicators, remote sensing and GIS techniques. To achieve this goal, geomorphic indicators, including basin asymmetry, sinus mountain front, Sinus River, valley floor width to valley height, assessment of active tectonic index and experimental models, were applied as the topic and model tools. Satellite images ASTER sensor, geological maps, digital elevation model and ENVI4.8, ArcGIS10.2 software's are other physical means in this research. Processing the satellite data, the tectonic evidence of Tabriz fault as Ajichai deviation stream, cliff fault and lens-shaped phenomenon in the metropolitan were explained. The results were confirmed by field evidence area. Therefore, basin asymmetry 39.7 and 23.2, 1.4 and 0.93 sinus mountain front, 1.1 and 1.3 sinus river, valley floor width to valley height of 1.08 and 1.2 were calculated for Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed respectively. According to relative active tectonics index assessment, Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed have very high tectonic movements with values 1.5 and 1 respectively. Results indices show that Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed morphology influence Tabriz fault tectonic movements. According to empirical models, Tabriz fault has the potential to create the earthquakes with the magnitude over 6 on the Richter scale. The consequences of the expansion of Tabriz on faults and north highlandsare gradually emerging in this areadue to the geological formations. In addition the occurrence of earthquakes of magnitude 6.9 on the Richter scale average, and the consequences of inappropriate development in the future will be very dangerous.

Lake Urmia in the northwestern corner of Iran is one of the largest permanent hyper saline lakes in the world and the largest lake in the Middle East. It extends as much as 140 km from north to south and is as wide as 85 km east to west during high water periods. Qualitative and quantitative degradation of water resources is one of the major challenges in the way of sustainable development، Baghvand et al.، 2010; Nasrabadi et al.، 2010a; Nasrabadi et al.، 2010b; Rowshan et al.، 2007; Serbaji et al.، 2012; Guinder et al.، 2012; Li et al.، 2012; Siddiqui، 2011; Pei et al.، 2011; Ying et al.، 2011،. Features and phenomena in the earth’s surface have been changed over time; the lakes as one of these features and due to having a closed environment are not considered as an exception. Due to climatic changes such as reduced rainfall، increased temperature and also uncontrolled use of surface water resources in watershed areas، distinguished changes are exposed، Sadatipour et al.، 2012; Sandeep et al.، 2012; Madani et al.، 2012; Mirbegheri et al.، 2012; Arias et al.، 2012،. Monitoring such changes should be considered as an important issue in the national and regional development and natural resource management. Currently، monitoring the coastal areas and extraction of water at different intervals is regarded as an infrastructural research interest due to the significance of coastal zone management and dynamic nature e of such sensitive ecological environments، Reveshty and Maruyama، 2010; Nasrabadi et al.، 2009; Pamer et al.، 2011; Kavian et al.، 2011; Karbassi et al.، 2011; Mortazavi and Sharifian، 2011; Lei et al.، 2011; Hudak، 2011،. Urmia lake is the twentieth largest lake of the world and at the same time one of the most unique and invaluable global water ecosystems، Karbassi، et al.، 2010; Ahmadi et al.، 2011; Ahmadzadeh Kokya et al.، 2011; Farzin et al.، 2012، . The lake’s surface area has been estimated to have been as large as 5620 km2 but since 1989 it has generally been declining and was estimated from satellite data to be only 2032 km2 in August of 2011، Land sat data،. The decline is generally blamed on a combination of drought، increased water diversion for irrigated agriculture within the lake’s watershed and mismanagement. The main sight of this study are to Assessment and analyze of Urmia water levels fluctuation and increasing salt area، to model the lake surface fluctuation regime by linking the observed data to satellite data in the north west of Iran. Lake Urmia is an endorheic or terminal lake meaning that water leaves the lake only by evaporation. As is generally the case، this leads to a saltwater body and in the case of Lake Urmia، salinity is quite high. The lake is bounded between 37°5´ -38°16´ latitudes and 45°01´ - 46°longitudes at 1275 m above sea level. Its surface area ranges from4750 to 6100 km2 and the average and greatest depths account for 6 and 16 m، respectively. In order to study the fluctuations of Urmia Lake surface area، multi temporal Land sat Images، ETM، TM sensors، over a 23-year period، 1989 to 2011، were used. In the present study، the coastlines extraction for each year was done in two major steps using the ERADS software & ARC GIS. Firstly، geometric and radiometric corrections as well as different filters on the selected images were applied to make the spectral difference of objects more clear. Secondly، supervised classification method has been used to extract coastlines. To use the supervised classification، the preparation of the training area from the lake surface has been carried out. The reflection values in these areas have been generalized to the entire lake surface using the software and thus، the border between the lake and surrounding areas has been set precisely. Finally، through the algorithm for conversion of two vectors، the coastline limits have been drawn for different years. To carry out the analysis of images the ARC GIS software has been used. Satellite altimeter data measured the lake’s level in 1989 to be at its highest level of any time in the past 30 years. This is in agreement with Hassanzadeh and others، 2011، who state a measured water level of roughly 1 278 m above sea level for the same time. Both measures show a steady decline from that year forward with the most recent satellite altimeter data indicating a drop of approximately 7/40 meters between 1989 and 2011. Because Lake Urmia is a terminal lake with no significant water outflow the only way water leaves the lake is by evaporation. Therefore، if the lake declines it is either by increased evaporation or a decrease in water coming into the system. The Zarrineh Rood River is the largest of the thirteen main rivers discharging into Lake Urmia which are the source of the majority of the Lake’s water budget. Additional input comes from rainfall directly over the lake، floodwater from the immediate watershed and a very small fraction from groundwater flow. The main objective of this study was to assess lake water levels fluctuation using satellite images and geographic information system. To achieve this goal along with field observations and the satellite images of Land sat Multi-spectral images of the years، 2011-1989، sensors، TM، ETM +،. were used and processed. Based on the results achieved during the 23-year-old when the final models، an indication average height Lake water level to the level of 7/40 meter and the decrease in 3588 square kilometers of surface area of Lake water and land turned into the arid soil and sediment salts salt in the last few decades. Most changes due to water loss height، especially in the South East and the east coast of the lake is visible. The rise of water level fluctuations during the study period was significantly accelerated change and backward along the coastal lines 1 to 8/5 km coastline is.

Monitoring of salt lake dry areas is an important parameter for sustainable development and environmental protection. Monitoring of dried areas of the salt lake requires extraction of thematic maps at different times. Powerful tool for remote sensing of the earth different ecosystems, such as Playa environments, is to produce valuable and useful data. The major causes of widespread applications of remote sensing data are simple, fast and useful and valuable for a variety of indoor environments. Despite the available images, their use in geomorphological phenomena is very limited in a variety of fields such as playa salt lakes in arid and semiarid areas. Limitations on the use of satellite data to map the areas affected by the salts depends on the spatial distribution of salts on the surface, the changes in salinity, vegetation as a barrier and spectral mixing with other levels of the ground. Some compounds are mixed with saline playa lakes and separate the salt basin using satellite images processing. In low humidity conditions, the amount of land affected by salt range reflects more visible light and low reflectivity, and, for example, water is represented in the mid-infrared bands. In order to reduce the adverse effects on salt and increasing the information about them, at least two bands of the sensor can be combined to create the composition and formulation. This is the simplest way to interpret the results of visual computing the thresholds. The boundary thresholds below which the spectral space of a few pixels is supposed are assigned to unknown or non-categorized classes. The main purpose of this study was to assess common methods and provide a novel method for extracting the salt lakes areas by the satellite images to monitor the occurrence of spatial extent of Playa. Given the importance of salt playa lakes in this area of research, monitoring of salt Lake Maharlu was performed using the ASTER images and TERRA satellite in 2010.

The ASTER image data used in this study was taken in 2010. The sensor has wide spectral region with 14 bands from the visible to the thermal infrared in high spatial and spectral resolution. According to a study that evaluates conventional separation methods for Salt Lake Maharlu and thematic mapping using satellite image processing, the proposed method in this research include visual interpretation of false color composition and also the ratio between the band and threshold on the histogram of the image. Due to the complex interaction of a range of other phenomena in Salt Lake Playa Maharlu, it is required to employ output with high precision and to evaluate the performance of each of the above methods. The primary method is generating False Color Composite (FCC) and the Optimal Combination of Bands (OIF) through visual interpretation. By combining different bands of the ASTER application ILWIS, a large number of false-color images are used that the best color combination for the separation is combination of the bands 4,3,2(243RGB).. After producing the best color combination, the different detection techniques developed by linear histogram and edge detection filter, image contrast, and visual interpretation determined salt lake boundaries using the basic elements of visual interpretation (such as texture, tone, shape, color, function, shadows, location, etc.). The second way to distinguish the threshold on Runway 5 Salt Lake takes advantage of other phenomena.. Given that most of the other bands in the visible range are affected by the surface properties of salt, pure salt do not seem very good to separate the pixels. But mid-infrared bands of the area are more sensitive than salt water and salts are absorbed by water molecules rapidly than the visible bands are influenced by the surface properties of salt in the dry areas. so the bands of pure salt isolation of pixels from other pixels are better. Thus the separation of pure salts pixels from other pixels, the area of salt as they are not as Playa non salt, so the ASTER band 5 was chosen as the runway for extracting salt lake. In the third method of operation rating the ASTER spectral bands were used to extract the salt lake. The spectral characteristics of salt lakes with mean brightness values of image pixels can be mapped spectral reflection curves of the salt lakes and the formulas obtained and the desired parameters can be extracted.. Most bands that define the parameters used are salt lakes, in the range of visible and infrared bands are intermediate. The reason salt lake reflects the strong absorption in the visible and mid-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is so severe they had to be able to provide information parameters to increase the salt lakes. In this study, two of the indicators, new indicators of lake salt ratio (RSCI) and indicators of lake salt differential normalized (NDSCI) the characteristics of the ASTER dry and arid desert to distinguish this phenomenon from satellite images are presented, each characteristic, weaknesses and special abilities of their own. To evaluate the resulting maps, as a ground truth map for the semi-automatic method for measuring the accuracy of the map was produced, thus creating a ground truth image, the overall accuracy of the map was generated calculated. This accurately reflects accurately defined threshold for regional-scale studies of salt. Discussion and

The results showed that, depending on the satellite image of the imaging phenomena, the spatial resolution is less possible in mixed pixels increases, Therefore, the high spatial resolution of the image can be more accurately position the salt lakes in arid regions can be extracted reliably and accurately. Method of visual interpretation of satellite images, especially color composite images using different bands will be a quick and comprehensive view, In this way an accurate depiction of salt lakes, especially in the border areas with varying combinations of vegetation and soil types are difficult and complex And identify the precise location of the boundary line of salt lakes are typically associated with errors. One of the fundamental problems with this approach, the boundary pixels are correctly detected This can be a major cause of medium or low spatial resolution sensors are used, as this would lead to mixed pixels. Threshold on the histogram using the methods that can be extracted from satellite imagery of the salt lakes. This is a reflection of the salt compared to other phenomena in the mid-infrared bands, and very small allotment is close to zero; therefore to extract the salt lakes, on the threshold of the action takes place in the middle infrared bands. Although this method has high accuracy, but it can be easily extracted automatically and quickly raised. Use the bands to extract the salt lakes is also difficult because of the different coatings than in places where the ground does not have an acceptable result. Due to the complex nature of this study provide a new way to Playa Maharlu and tested. This method is based on the combination of the two thresholds and ratio between the bands. The results clearly show that by using simple visual computing easily be extracted useful information from satellite images. This study detected Salt Lake Playa Maharlu with the ASTER 2010images were processed, It was found that both the band and threshold rating range of the resulting image histogram for monitoring and mapping of salt lakes in arid areas is practiced. The results also showed that the overall accuracy indices NDSCI & RSCI and respectively 0.87 and 0.92 in saline lakes in arid and monitor resolution satellite imagery are effective.