نادعلی علوی بختیاروند

 Municipal landfill leachate is toxic due to its complex organic and inorganic compounds,demonstrating a high potential for pollution. Estimating the leachate pollution index (LPI) is crucial for predicting the long-term effects of leachate on the environment and for proposing suitable management and treatment solutions. Therefore, this study investigates the leachate pollution index (LPI) of the municipal waste landfill in Sanandaj.

 Six samples from the leachate storage pond situated downstream of Sanandaj municipal landfill were collected during the winter and spring seasons. Physicochemical analyses were conducted to determine the characteristics of the leachate. The leachate pollution index was calculated and evaluated based on 18 parameters, including pH, TDS, BOD, COD, TKN, NH4, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg, As, phenolic compounds, chloride, cyanide, and total coliform bacteria. Ethical and research considerations were taken into account at all stages of the study.

 The findings of this study revealed elevated concentrations of pH, COD, BOD, TKN, and NH4 in the leachate from the landfill being studied. Furthermore, the leachate pollution index, calculated from the measured parameters, was determined to be 30.19.

 The results of this study indicated that the leachate pollution index of the investigated site was slightly higher as compared to the corresponding values in active landfills; however, it was significantly elevated in comparison to closed landfills and the guideline LPI values for discharge into the environment and surface water. The high LPI indicates that the leachate in question is hazardous and has a high pollution potential, necessitating treatment before being discharged into the environment.

 Both the number of water treatment plants and their sludge volume increases by population. Considering the presence of high amounts of valuable coagulants in water treatment plant sludge, it’s recovery and reuse is sought to be one of the practical and cost effective solutions for sludge management in water treatment plants.

 Iron sludge was collected from the sludge dryer bed of Jalaliyeh water treatment plant in Tehran. A planetary mill device was used to prepare samples and to investigate the effect of mechanochemical process on sludge recovery as an Iron based coagulant. XRD, XRF, TEM، MP-AES tests were performed on the sludge sample before and after the mechanochemical process. Ethical considerations were observed in all stages of the study.

 The results of this study showed that the use of a planetary mill leads to more recovery of iron, so that at 1 N acid concentration, iron recovery increases from 23.5% in the unmilled sludge sample to 60.5% in the milled sludge. Phase and chemical structure changes of sludge after planetary mill were clearly visible in XRD analysis.

 The results showed that by combining mechanochemical and acid digestion, it is possible to significantly improve ferric chloride recovery in terms of acid consumption and final product quality; so that the iron based final product could be used for industrial wastewater treatment.

Increasing population and urbanization density and as a result increasing impermeable levels, led to an increase in the volume of urban runoff. Applying simulation models is a suitable way to know the amount of runoff quality parameters. This study aims at evaluating the quality of urban runoff in Shushtar city using storm water management model (SWMM).

Two given rainfall events in 1395 for calibration and validation of the model were considered. The parameters related to the first rainfall event were measured at the outlet of the urban drainage system. Quantitative and qualitative calibration of the model was performed using the first rainfall and model validation was performed using the second rainfall.

In the hydraulic calibration, mean values of impermeability, slope, catchment width and manning coefficient were estimated to be 50%, 75%, 25 m and 0.013, respectively. In the qualitative calibration, the coefficients of the Build-up equations for TSS, COD and Zn were equal to 95-25, 48-1, 1- 0.09, respectively. The coefficients of Wash-off equations for TSS, COD and Zn were estimated 0.21- 0.8, 0.2-0.8 and 0.19-0.78, respectively.

The results showed that the accurate calibration of the model enhances the ability of the model to estimate the quantitative and qualitative parameters in future rainfall events for the study area. According to the results, the modeling is a powerful tool that can be very useful to improve runoff management.

Ahvaz as the focal point of south western of Iran has impressed by Middle East Dust (MED) storms which has originated from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria and also Africa. The main objective of this study was to evaluate heavy metals contents of PM10during normal and dust event days in Ahvaz. High volume sampler device was selected to take sample at a high traffic area of the city. Result showed that during dust event days, the average concentrations of PM10were 300 and 278 μgm-3in the spring and summer, while during normal days, the corresponding values were 145 and 126, respectively. Findings of enrichment factors indicated that Al with low enrichment factor had crustal origin, whereas Pb and Zn with high EF had anthropogenic sources such as transportation as well as industrial emissions. In present study, the concentrations of PM10were higher than the standard values.

Medical waste is one of the most important environmental issues which have the dangerous factors. Planning of medical waste management is necessary to prevent waste from adverse effects on human and environmental health. The objectives of this study were to determine the quantity of different types of medical waste and waste management in Razi hospital of Torbat-e-Heydarieh. This descriptive cross-sectional study had both quantitative and quantitative analysis of infectious and non-infectious waste in Razi Hospital of Torbat-e-Heydariehover three years from 2010 to 2012. Data were collected daily. The data were analyzed using Exceland SPSS software. According to this study, the amount of medical waste generated had a normal distribution in all sectors. Results show that average waste production in Razi Hospital was 2.72± 0.35 kg/active / bed and average infectious waste was 1.07± 0.17kg/active / bed and general waste was 1.6± 0.17 kg/active / bed. Also 39.27 ± 2.99 infectious waste was generated which is the greatest amount in the maternity part of the hospital 15.04 ± 2.6 Kg and women sector was 15.34 ± 2.7 Kg. Maximum general and safe amount of waste 18.75 ± 2.2 Kg is produced in the innerpart. Increased rates of infectious waste showed that despite the plentiful efforts for managing of medical waste, there are still problems with the proper management system especially with regard to the separation of waste.

Backgrounds and Ambient particulate matter (PM) is considered to be an important indicator of outdoor air quality. Many adverse health effects are associated with high concentration of particulate matter in ambient air. Exposure to pollution due to bioaerosols is an almost inescapable feature of urban living throughout the world. Exposure to ambient air microorganisms is associated with wide range of adverse health effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of particulate matter and airborne bacteria in Ahvaz ambient air and investigation of the environmental parameters effects on airborne bacteria concentration. Air sampling for presence of bacteria was conducted using a microbial air sampler (Quick Take-30، SKC، USA). Tryptic Soy Agar which is a specific media for bacterial culture was used as a media. The number of cultivable bacteria on TSA media was counted using colony counter apparatus and was expressed as colony forming units per cubic meter (CFU m-3). The mean concentration of PM10، PM2. 5، PM1 and airborne bacteria at four sampling sites were 149. 35، 46. 58، 25. 6 µg/m3 and 446. 67 CFU /m3، respectively. The highest concentration was observed in the Day month (21 December to 21 June). The lowest concentration was detected in Bahman (21 June to 21 February) month. It was found that the more the human activities، the denser the urban environment، the lower vegetations، the higher the bacterial concentration، which bacterial concentrations have reverse relation with temperature and UV index.