نازیلا سقایی

Braconid wasps (Braconidae) are one of the most important pest parasitoids. The function of parasitoids can be affected by the use of insecticides. In order to use biological control agents and pesticides simultaneously in pest management, it is necessary to know the effect of pesticides on biological control agents. In this study, the lethal and sub lethal effects of the flubendiamide, emamectin benzoate+lufenuron, thiocyclam and spinosad on the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor</em> (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were investigated. The LC50</sub> of spinosad on parasitoid wasps were 1.25 mg/L of active ingredient, which showed that this insecticide is the most toxic compound on this insect and LC50</sub> of thiocyclam, emamectin benzoate+lufenuron and flubendiamide were 19.99, 7.56 and 6.45 mg/L of active ingredient respectively, which were more toxic to this wasp, respectively. The results of bioassays on adult insects of parasitoid wasps showed that spinosad with LC30</sub> was 0.71 mg /L of active ingredient with high toxicity on adult insects compared to flubendiamide, emamectin benzoate+lufenuron and thiocyclam, which were LC30</sub>, 3.67, 4.26 and 14.44 respectively. According to the classification of the International Organization for Biological Control, spinosad was in the group of harmful insecticides and emamtectin benzoate + lufenuron and flubendiamide were in the group of moderately harmful insecticides. According to this classification, thiocyclam was classified as harmless insecticide on bracon wasp.

We provide new findings on the distribution of 13 species of the family Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea) collected at 17 sampling localities in Fars and Hormozgan Provinces, south of Iran. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps during 2013–2019. Two species, Gasteruption sericeipes Kieffer, 1911 and G. syriacum Szépligeti, 1903 are new additions to the Iranian wasp fauna. Furthermore, 10 species are new provincial records. With the present additions, the total number of gasteruptiids recorded from Hormozgan, Fars and Iran is currently raised to 2, 14 and 29 species, respectively. For each species, provincial distribution in Iran and overall distribution, as well as the flight period, are presented and discussed together with the available references.

The Chrysididae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), commonly known as cuckoo wasps or emerald wasps, are a cosmopolitan family of aculeate wasps and include about 3,000 species in the world. Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761 is a large, cosmopolitan and diverse genus in this family (Chrysidinae, Chrysidini), with over 1100 described species and subspecies and many more to be discovered. A list of twelve species of the genus Chrysis collected in the Fars Province of Iran is presented. Specimens were collected by Malaise traps during 2013-2017. The specimens were identified based on morphological characters mentioned in different taxonomic keys and their original descriptions. Six species: Chrysis amneris Balthasar, 1953, Ch. dawahi Strumia, 2011, Ch. diacantha diacantha Mocsáry, 1889, Ch. laeta Dahlbom, 1854, Ch. santschii Linsenmaier, 1959 and Ch. taurica Mocsáry, 1889 are newly added to the Iranian wasp fauna. The total number of Iranian Chrysis currently increased to 130 species and subspecies

Two cuckoo wasp species (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Trichrysis lacerta (Semenov, 1954) from the subfamily Chrysidinae, and Cleptes striatipleuris Rosa, Forshage, Paukkunen & Soon, 2015 from the subfamily Cleptinae, are newly documented for the Iranian fauna. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps in the Fars Province, south of Iran during 2015-2016. Notes about taxonomy, relevant references as well as geographical distribution of both species are given. The total number of Iranian Trichrysis and Cleptes currently increased to four and three species, respectively.

The digger wasps fauna (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Fars province in southern Iran was partly investigated. Members of three families: Pemphredonidae (5 species of 3 genera), Psenidae (3 species of 2 genera) and Philanthidae (2 species of 2 genera) were collected and documented. The following eight species: Diodontus brevilabris de Beaumont, 1967, D. crassicornis Gribodo, 1894, D. insidiosus Spooner, 1938, Passaloecus corniger Shuckard, 1837, Pemphredon inornata Say, 1824, Mimesa punctipleuris (Gussakovskij, 1937), Psenulus laevigatus (Schenck, 1857) and Cerceris spinifera haladai K. Schmidt, 2000, are new to the Iranian wasp fauna. In addition, two species: Psenulus schencki (Tournier, 1889) and Philanthus variegatus Spinola, 1839, are new records for Fars province. For each species, we include available distributional data as well as comments on its taxonomy and geographical distribution.

The Chrysididae are a large, cosmopolitan and diverse family of wasps commonly known as cuckoo wasps or gold wasps that consists of over 3000 known species in 84 genera and many more to be discovered. In this study, the tribe Elampini (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) was studied in the Fars Province of Iran during 2013-2017. The specimens were collected using a standard Malaise trap from different vegetation at different places (i.e. Fasa, Lasrestan, Shiraz and Jahrom) in southern part of Fars province. The collected specimens dried, pinned, labeled, and put into collection boxes, subsequently. Eighteen species belonging to 9 genera (i.e. Colpopyga</em> Semenov, 1954, Elampus</em> Spinola, 1806, Haba</em> Semenov, 1954, Hedychridium</em> Abeille de Perrin, 1878, Hedychrum</em> Latreille, 1802, Holopyga</em> Dahlbom, 1845, Omalus</em> Panzer, 1801, Philoctetes</em> Abeille de Perrin, 1879, Pseudomalus</em> Ashmead, 1902) were collected and identified. Three species: Haba colonialis</em> (Mocsáry, 1911), Hedychridium hofferi</em> Balthasar, 1953 and Holopyga inaurata</em> Mocsáry, 1914 are new records for Iranian insect fauna. The total number of Iranian Elampini now increased to 98 species and subspecies in 10 genera.

In order to find a suitable alternative to conventional pesticides, fumigant toxicity of essential oils from Mentha longifolia, Tagetes minuta and Salvia macrosiphon were tested against adult of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on laboratory condition. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design of factorial experiment with five concentrations and three replications at 25±10C, 60±5% R.H in darkness. The results showed that the percentage of mortality was increased with increase in concentration and exposure of time. The results also showed the effect of fumigant toxicity of Mentha longifolia was weaker than Salvia macrosiphon on the studied insects. The LC50 values were evaluated by M. longifoli, T. minuta and S. macrosiphon were 9.595, 12.434 and16.649 μl/l after 12h as well as 7.422, 9.128 and 13.071 μl/l after 24h for T. castaneum, respectively. Mean adult mortalities of Tribolium castaneum, at the highest concentration of essential oils (25μl/l), by M. longifolia, T. minuta and S. macrosiphon as 76.6%, 73.3% and 63.3% after 12h as well as 90%, 76.6%, and 70% after 24h, were recorded, respectively. It was found that plant essential oils could be used as a safe pesticide or model for new synthetic pesticides to control of insect pests

In the present study, thirty specimens of Megaspilidae (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea) were collected by Malaise-traps from different area of Fars province in southern Iran. Three species namely, Dendrocerus laticeps (Hedicke, 1929), D. perlucidus Alekseev, 1983 and Conostigmus fasciatipennis Kieffer, 1907 are new records for Iran.

Walnut is one of the most important fruit trees in many parts of the world cultivating. In recent years, walnut aphid Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenb) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) is known as a serious pest of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in Iran and other parts of the world. Recently, the damage of the pest increased high on walnut trees in Bavanat region, northern Fars province, Iran. Effect of some pesticides on the pest was studied during growing season of 2014 in Bavanat. An experiment was performed in a Completely Randomized Block Design with treatments including coconut botanical soap (Palizin® SL70%, 2000 ppm), garlic extract (Sirinol® EC80%, 2000 ppm), imidacloprid (Confidor® SC35%, 750ppm) and hexaflumuron (Consult® EC10%, 750ppm) and control with 4 replications. Samplings were conducted before spraying and five times after the spray at 3, 7, 12, 18 and 21 days interval. Based on the results on days of 1, 3, 7, 12, 18 and 21 after spraying, imidacloprid had the highest and coconut oil soap had the lowest effect on walnut aphid. As a result, imidacloprid is the most effective compound to control walnut aphid. However, garlic extract can be recommended as alternative compound with low hazard on environment and human health.

The spherical mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae), is aserious pest of citrus and other cultural and non-cultural plants in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The damage of the pest increased highly on citrus trees in Fars province in recent years. High reproductive potential and wide distribution the pest and problems of chemical control have led to a greater need for the use of natural enemies as IPM programs. In present investigation, some biological parameters of the encyrtid wasp Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal & Alam, 1959, including developmental time, longevity, reproductive capacity and sex ratio were studied at laboratory conditions, 27±1.5°C, 60±5% RH and 16:8h L:D, on 18 (3rd-instar nymphs) and 24 days old (young adult females) of N. viridis. The developmental time of female parasitoids within the host was 14.40±0.79 and 13.45±0.52 days in 18 and 24 days old nymphs, respectively. For males, the developmental time was 12.65±0.68 and 12.30±0.87 days, respectively. The meanlongevity of female wasps was 14.25±0.78 and 14.70±0.69 days in 18 and 24 days old hosts; for males, this time was 6.40±0.83 and 7.10±0.74 days, respectively. The mean number of offspring per female was 32 and 47 in 18 and 24 d.o. mealybugs. The sex ratio (M/F) of the progeny was 1:1.11 in 18 d.o. and 1:1.33 in 24 d.o. mealybugs. The aggregate percentage of encapsulated eggs in the parasitized 18 d.o. mealybugs was 38.60% and 43.90% in 24 d.o. mealybugs. The percentage of efficient encapsulation was 14.40% and 20.10% in 18 and 21 d.o. mealybugs respectively.

The vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) has been found in most grape-production areas throughout the world. The damage of the pest has increased on grape in some parts of Fars province-Iran during recent years. Some ecological aspects of vine mealybug were studied in vineyards in Jahrom during 2008-2009. Seasonal abundance of vine mealybugwas monitored by time-consuming examination technique. In geographical condition of Jahrom vineyards P. ficus has 5 generations of seasonal abundance from April to November. After fifth generation all stages of P. ficus (female adult, nymphal instars and egg) overwintered on root from late November to next March. Population density of female adult and nymphal instars increased rapidly in May and has a great decline after harvest in August. Vine mealybugs were found in trunk in spring, leaves, buds and fruit in summer, however, the mealybugs always were found in protected locations (under the bark of the trunk).

This paper provides a report on Sphecidae and Crabronidae collected in a few localities of Fars province in southern Iran and belonging to the Department of Entomology, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom branch. Fourteen species belonging to 11 genera and 5 subfamilies were identified (as genus-species) from Sphecinae (4-5), Astatinae (1-2), Bembicinae (3-3), Crabroninae (2-3) and Philanthinae (1-1). Of these species, eight are first records for the Fars province.

During 2005, a faunestic study was carried out to identify the thrips of wheat in Marvdasht, Fars Province. A total of 13 species belonging to 6 genera and 3 families of Thysanoptera were identified. After making microscopic slides gathered samples were recognized by known keys. Thrips species are listed as follows: Terebrantia,Thripidae,Thripinae Chirothrips manicatus Haliday, 1836 Frankliniella pallida (Uzel, 1895) F. occidentalis (Pergande, 1895) Odontothrips confusus Priesner, 1926 Thrips meridionalis (Priesner, 1926) T. tabaci Lindeman, 1889 T. vuilleti (Bagnall, 1933) Terebrantia, Melanthripidae Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer, 1776) Tubulifera, Phlaeothripidae, Phlaeothripinae Haplothrips (Haplothrips) cerealis Priesner, 1939 H. (Haplothrips) iraniensis Priesner, 1954 H. (Haplothrips) knechteli Priesner, 1923 H. (Haplothrips) reuteri (Karny, 1907) H. (Haplothrips) tritici (Kurdjumov, 1912) The richest species was related to Haplothrips genera and H. reuteri has the most quantity between gathered samples. The identified species were confirmed by Dr. R. zur Strassen from Frankfurt Museum, Germany. All species are new records from Marvdasht.